理工职场英语Unit2.ppt

Unit2DesignandTesting,Lessons,TeamProject,Review,AdditionalResources,EXIT,Unit2DesignandTesting,Lesson1.Establishingindustrialdesignasaprofession,Lesson2.Nosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesign,Lesson3.Compromisesandengineeringdesigns,Lesson4.Valueengineering,Lesson5.Testingyourproducts,Lesson6.Choosingtoperformance-testproducts,EXIT,Unit2DesignandTesting,AdditionalActivities,ReadingResources,WritingResources,UnitTest,GrammarResources,AdditionalResources,EXIT,LookatthephotosinExercisebanddiscussthequestionsinpairs.,Lesson1Establishingindustrialdesignasaprofession,a,1.Whatdoyouthinkalltheseitemshaveincommon?2.Whendoyouthinkeachoftheseitemswasdesigned?,ListenandcompletethesummaryofthelifeofRaymondLoewy.ThenlistenagainandcompletethenotesbelowwithexamplesofLoewydesigns.,b,Key,Script,leavesFrancefortheUnitedStates,1929,1918,RaymondLoewyisborninParis,France.,1893,1919,receivesdegreeinelectricalengineering,receivesfirstindustrialdesigncommissionstartshisowndesignfirm,Key,designswidevarietyofhouseholdproductswithroundedcornersandsimplifiedlines,e.g.,Frigidairerefrigeratorsandfreezers,1945,from1937,designsColdspotrefrigerator,1934,1930sand40s,redesignsCoca-Colabottle,formsRaymondLoewyAssociates,Key,1961,1955,designsGreyhoundsScenicruiserbus,1954,1960,designsAvantisportscarforStudebaker,redesignsCoca-Colabottle,196773,designsfive-centU.S.postagestamp,JohnF.Kennedy,1964,1971,designsShelllogo,worksforNASA,designsinteriorsforApolloandSkylab,designsCoca-Colasfirstaluminumcan,Key,1.householdconsumergoods:_2.transportation:_3.softdrinks:_4.miscellaneous:_,refrigerators,electricshavers,toothbrushes,radios,locomotivesandpassengercars,GreyhoundsScenicruiserbus,StudebakersAvantisportscar,ApolloandSkylabspacecraft,Coca-Colascontourbottle,Coca-Colasfirstaluminumcan,U.S.postagestamp,Shelllogo,Script,ReadthesentencesandcircleeachTrueorFalse.,c,1.By1920,LoewyhadalreadyleftFrance.TrueFalse2.By1940,LoewyhadworkedforthePennsylvaniaRailroad.TrueFalse3.By1958,hehaddesignedbothbottlesandcansforCoca-Cola.TrueFalse4.WhenhedesignedtheAvanti,hehadalreadydesignedothercars.TrueFalse5.By1928,Loewyhadestablishedhisowndesignfirm.TrueFalse6.By1965,LoewyhadstartedworkingforNASA.TrueFalse7.Bythe1970s,Loewyhadevendesignedpostagestamps.TrueFalse,Key,Readthetextandcompleteeachspacewiththecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.,d,Throughhisaccomplishmentsinproductdesign,RaymondLoewy(1)_(help)toestablishindustrialdesignasaprofession.Bytheendofhislife,hiscareer(2)_(encompass)allapplicationsofmodernindustrialdesign,fromconsumerproductstointeriorbuildingspace,packaging,andtransportation.Longbeforehisdeath,Loewy(3)_(become)oneofthebest-knownindustrialdesignersofthetwentiethcenturyandhisvisionofbeautythroughtheuseofstreamlined,highlyfunctionalforms(4)_(shape)modernindustrialdesignintheUnitedStates.Fordecades,hiswork(5)_(permeate)thenationslifestyleandinfluencedand(6)_(continue)toinfluencetodaycountlessaspectsofAmericanlife.,Key,helped,hadencompassed,hadbecome,hadshaped,permeated,continues,Discussthesequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups.,e,Inyouropinion,whatwereLoewysmostimpressivedesignachievements?WherecanLoewysinfluenceontheworldofindustrialdesignstillbeseen?3.WhatdoesLoewyscareerrevealabouttheworkofanindustrialdesigner?4.Whataspectsofindustrialdesigndoyoufindmostandleastappealing?,Researchandprepareanillustratedwrittenreportaboutawell-knownpresent-dayindustrialdesignerfromyourowncountryorfromabroad.,f,Narrator:RaymondLoewywasborninParis,Francein1893.Heobtainedadegreeinelectricalengineeringin1918.Oneyearlater,heleftFrancefortheUnitedStates.HefirstworkedasafashionillustratorforVoguemagazineandalsodesignedwindowdisplaysfordepartmentstoresinNewYorkCity.In1929,hereceivedhisfirstindustrialdesigncommissiontomodernizetheappearanceofGestetnersduplicatingmachine.Loewysdesignwastoremainunchangedforthenextfortyyears.Inthesameyear,Loewystartedhisowndesignfirm.In1934,hedesignedtheColdspotrefrigeratorforSears,RoebuckandCo.ItwasagreatcommercialsuccessanditwonfirstprizeattheParisInternationalExpositionof1937.Startingin1937,LoewybeganworkingforthePennsylvaniaRailroad,designingstreamlinedstylingfortheirpassengertrains.Overthefollowingyears,hedesignedvariouslocomotivesandpassengercars.Duringthe1930sand1940s,LoewydesignedawiderangeofhouseholdproductswithroundedcornersandsimplifiedlinessuchastheFrigidairerangeofrefrigeratorsandfreezers.Hemadeimportant,contributionstothedesignsofelectricshavers,toothbrushes,officemachines,ballpointpens,radios,bottlesforsoftdrinks,packages,etc.In1945,withfivepartners,heformedRaymondLoewyAssociates,whichwastobecomethelargestindustrialdesignfirmintheworld.In1954,hedesignedGreyhoundsScenicruiserbus.In1955,LoewyredesignedCoca-Colasfamouscontourbottleaddingthedistinctivewhiteletteringandin1960hedesignedCoca-Colasfirstaluminumcan.In1961,hedesignedthenowclassicAvantisportscarforStudebaker,forwhomhehadworkedpreviouslyonothercars.Asadesigner,Loewysrangewasimpressive.In1964,heevendesignedaUSpostagestampthefive-centstampfeaturingJohnF.Kennedy.From1967to1973,LoewyworkedforNASAdesigninginteriorsfortheApolloandSkylabspacecraft.In1971,hedesignedthedistinctiveyellowandredShelllogothatisstillusedtoday.,Narrator:RaymondLoewywasborninParis,Francein1893.Heobtainedadegreeinelectricalengineeringin1918.Oneyearlater,heleftFrancefortheUnitedStates.HefirstworkedasafashionillustratorforVoguemagazineandalsodesignedwindowdisplaysfordepartmentstoresinNewYorkCity.In1929,hereceivedhisfirstindustrialdesigncommissiontomodernizetheappearanceofGestetnersduplicatingmachine.Loewysdesignwastoremainunchangedforthenextfortyyears.Inthesameyear,Loewystartedhisowndesignfirm.In1934,hedesignedtheColdspotrefrigeratorforSears,RoebuckandCo.ItwasagreatcommercialsuccessanditwonfirstprizeattheParisInternationalExpositionof1937.Startingin1937,LoewybeganworkingforthePennsylvaniaRailroad,designingstreamlinedstylingfortheirpassengertrains.Overthefollowingyears,hedesignedvariouslocomotivesandpassengercars.Duringthe1930sand1940s,LoewydesignedawiderangeofhouseholdproductswithroundedcornersandsimplifiedlinessuchastheFrigidairerangeofrefrigeratorsandfreezers.Hemadeimportant,contributionstothedesignsofelectricshavers,toothbrushes,officemachines,ballpointpens,radios,bottlesforsoftdrinks,packages,etc.In1945,withfivepartners,heformedRaymondLoewyAssociates,whichwastobecomethelargestindustrialdesignfirmintheworld.In1954,hedesignedGreyhoundsScenicruiserbus.In1955,LoewyredesignedCoca-Colasfamouscontourbottleaddingthedistinctivewhiteletteringandin1960hedesignedCoca-Colasfirstaluminumcan.In1961,hedesignedthenowclassicAvantisportscarforStudebaker,forwhomhehadworkedpreviouslyonothercars.Asadesigner,Loewysrangewasimpressive.In1964,heevendesignedaUSpostagestampthefive-centstampfeaturingJohnF.Kennedy.From1967to1973,LoewyworkedforNASAdesigninginteriorsfortheApolloandSkylabspacecraft.In1971,hedesignedthedistinctiveyellowandredShelllogothatisstillusedtoday.,Lesson2Nosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesign,Readanddiscussthetextinsmallgroups.,a,Accordingtocurrentlyprevailingstandardsofindustrialdesign,aproduct,apartfrombeingcost-effectiveinitsuseofresources,shouldsatisfythefollowingcriteria,thoughtherelativeimportanceofanyofthesestandardswillvarydependingontheobject:expressionoffunctionintermsofformbeautyofline,color,proportion,andtextureconvenienceand/orcomfortinusehighefficiencyandsafetyofoperationdurabilityeaseofmaintenanceandrepair,Lookatthefollowinglistofproductsand,foreachone,writetheindustrialdesigncriteriathatyouthinkwouldhave,relatively,moreimportance.,b,1.alawnmower:_2.anofficedesklamp:_3.agarbagecollectiontruck:_4.amobilephone:_5.awashingmachine:_,Discussyouranswersinpairs.,C,Lookatthephotosanddiscussthequestionsinpairs.,d,Whichcomputermousedoyoupreferandwhy?Whichtoasterdoyoupreferandwhy?3.Whatdesignimprovements,ifany,wouldyousuggestforeitheritem?,Youaregoingtohearsomeonetalkingaboutfourtrendsinindustrialdesign.Listenandnumberthetopicsintheorderthattheyarediscussed.Fourofthetopicsbelowarenotmentioned.Thenlistenagainandtakenotesofthepositiveviewsexpressedabouteachtopic.,e,theoriginsofindustrialdesignanemphasisonimpersonalityartificiallyacceleratedobsolescencetheroleofartindesignpackaging“classics”ofindustrialdesignthecostofindustrialdesignstreamlining,Key,Script,1,4,3,2,Script,Key,Script,naturalpartofmassproductionmarketing,representsaveragetaste,protectiveshells,safeandclean,neatandattractive,smooth,cleandesignsveryappealingtotheeye,veryeffectivefromaneconomicpointofview,goesagainstindividualexpression,superficial,trendtakentoridiculousextremes,unacceptabletopersuadepeopletoreplacethingssoonerthanwouldusuallybenecessary,Nowlistentoanotherspeakerofferingacontrastingpointofviewandcompletetherestofthechart.,f,Script,Key,Insmallgroups,debatethemeritsofthetwospeakersrespectivepointsofview.,g,Writeanarticleaboutthewayyouthinkindustrialdesignwillchangeinthefuture.,h,HistorycapsuleGermanarchitectanddesignerPeterBehrens(18681940)isconsideredbymanytobethefirstindustrialdesigner.In1907,hecreatedtheentirecorporateidentityforAEG.AmonghisstudentswerearchitectsanddesignerslikeWalterGropius,MiesvanderRohe,andLeCorbusier.,SpeakerA:Thereisnosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignbuttherearefourtrendsthatwecanidentify.OneoftheseisastressonimpersonalityindesignsomethingthatPeterBehrenswasoneofthefirsttoestablish.Itischaracterizedbyacertainneutralityofexpression,whetheradesigncomesfromanindividualoragroup.Inmyopinion,thisisjustanaturalpartofmassproductionandmarketinganditrepresentsaveragetaste.Anothertrendwecanseeinindustrialdesignisthewaydesignerstrytowraporpackageproducts.Complexelectronicormechanicaldevicesperhapsdesignedbyotherengineershaveprotectiveshellsthatkeepthemsafeandcleanandthatalsolookneatandattractive.,Theresalsothecontinuingtendencytostreamlinedesigns.Thisdesignprinciplegoesbacktothe1930swithpeoplelikeRaymondLoewy,whowasaveryinfluentialindustrialdesigner.Streamlineddesignshavecontoursdesignedtoofferminimumresistancewhenmovingthroughairorwater.Thesedesignsaresmoothandcleanandextremelyappealingtotheeye.ThefourthtrendIcanidentifyisartificiallyacceleratedobsolescence.Thisreferstothepracticeofchangingadesignintentionallytotrytogetpeopletoreplacethethingstheyhavewithnewones.Itsnotjustthedesign,ofcourse.Advertisingandchangesinfashionplayalargepartaswell.Fromaneconomicpointofview,well,itsveryeffective.,SpeakerA:Thereisnosingle,unifiedstyleofindustrialdesignbuttherearefourtrendsthatwecanidentify.OneoftheseisastressonimpersonalityindesignsomethingthatPeterBehrenswasoneofthefirsttoestablish.Itischaracterizedbyacertainneutralityofexpression,whetheradesigncomesfromanindividualoragroup.Inmyopinion,thisisjustanaturalpartofmassproductionandmarketinganditrepresentsaveragetaste.Anothertrendwecanseeinindustrialdesignisthewaydesignerstrytowraporpackageproducts.Complexelectronicormechanicaldevicesperhapsdesignedbyotherengineershaveprotectiveshellsthatkeepthemsafeandcleanandthatalsolookneatandattractive.,Theresalsothecontinuingtendencytostreamlinedesigns.Thisdesignprinciplegoesbacktothe1930swithpeoplelikeRaymondLoewy,whowasaveryinfluentialindustrialdesigner.Streamlineddesignshavecontoursdesignedtoofferminimumresistancewhenmovingthroughairorwater.Thesedesignsaresmoothandcleanandextremelyappealingtotheeye.ThefourthtrendIcanidentifyisartificiallyacceleratedobsolescence.Thisreferstothepracticeofchangingadesignintentionallytotrytogetpeopletoreplacethethingstheyhavewithnewones.Itsnotjustthedesign,ofcourse.Advertisingandchangesinfashionplayalargepartaswell.Fromaneconomicpointofview,well,itsveryeffective.,SpeakerB:Iagreewithyourlistoftheprevailingtrendsinindustrialdesign.But,personally,Ihavedoubtsaboutanumberofthings.Forexample,thisemphasisonimpersonality.Tome,itgoesagainstindividualexpressionasifweallhavetosubmitto“themachine.”Asfortheexteriorpackagingthatcoversuptheengineeringinsides”ofaproduct,well,tomethisissortofsuperficial.Ithinksomeindustrialdesignersspendtoomuchtimeandmoneyonthis.Whatyousayaboutstreamliningistrue.Peopleseemtolikesmooth,sleeklines.Theysuggestspeedandmovement.But,Ithinkwevetakenthistrendtoridiculousextremes.Imean,whydowestreamlinethingsliketoasterswhentheyhavenothingtodowithmovementorspeed?Asforyourlastpoint,thisisalsotrue,regrettably.IcanunderstandandaccepttheideaofartificiallyacceleratedobsolescenceinthingsthatarejustfashionitemsbutIthinkitisunacceptabletotrytopersuadepeopletoreplacethingslikehouseholdappliancessoonerthanwouldusuallybenecessaryasaresultofnormalwearandtear.,Lesson3Compromisesandengineeringdesigns,Inpairsorsmallgroups,discussthequestions.,a,1.Whatdoestheword“dilemma”mean?2.Whatsortsofdilemmasmightyoufaceinyourstudiesorinyourwork?3.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm“trilemma”?,Workingroupsofthree.Youarepartofasoftwaredesignteam.Readtheinformationontherolecardsandassignonecardtoeachpersoninyourgroup.,b,_,Workingalone,makenotesaboutthesoftwareproductyouwanttomake.,c,Thiscomputergamewillhavealowcost.Wewilltrytolaunchitby.,Workagaininthesamegroupofthree.Taketurnssharingyourideaswiththeothermembersofyourgroup.,d,Youcanmakeahigh-qualityproductandyoucanbringittomarketquickly,but_.Youcanmakeahigh-quality,low-costproduct,but_.3.Youcanmakealow-costproductandyoucanbringittomarketquickly,but_.,Completethesentencestoexplainthesoftwareeconomics“trilemma.”,e,itwillhaveahighcost,youwillnotbeabletobringittomarketquickly,itwillnotbeahigh-qualityproduct,Key,Completethetextwiththenounsinthebox.Therearetwoextrawords.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.,f,compromisescostsdesignsengineersmarketsmathematicsmeritsmodelsrequirementssolutions,(1)_usetheirknowledgeofscienceand(2)_,alongwiththeirownrelevantexperience,tofindasuitablesolutionorsolutionstoaproblem.Theycreateappropriatemathematical(3)_ofaproblem,theyanalyzeit,andthentestpotential(4)_.Usuallythereareanumberofreasonablesolutionstoaproblem.So,engineersevaluateeachdesignoptiononits(5)_andchoosethesolutionthatbestmeetstheir(6)_.(7)_areattheheartofallengineering(8)_.The“best”designistheonethatmeetsasmanyofthegivenrequirementsaspossible.,Engineers,mathematics,models,solutions,merits,requirements,Compromises,designs,Key,Discussthetextandthinkabouthowtheseprinciplesapplytoyourstudiesortoyourwork.,g,Youhavebeenassignedthetaskofdesigninganewhand-heldcomputergamedevice.First,completethelistsofdesirabledesignvalueswiththecorrectnounsandadjectives.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.,h,h,attractive,reliability,safe,high-quality,efficiency,compactness,lightweight,Key,Addanyotherdesirabledesignvaluesthatyouthinkarerelevanttothisproduct.,i,Workingroups.Discussthewaysinwhichonedesigncharacteristicmightconflictwithothersandthedesigncompromisesyouwouldhavetomake.,j,Ifwemakeitmoredurable,thatwillincreasetheweightandalsothecost.,Butifwemakeitmorelightweight,itwontbesostrong.,Sharetheconclusionsofyourgroupsdiscussionwiththerestoftheclass.,k,Lesson4Valueengineering,a,Discussthequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups.,1.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm“valueengineering”?2.Whendidengineersfirststarttoapplyprinciplesofvalueengineering?3.Howdoengineersvalueengineeraproduct?,Valueengineering:_Value:_Originoftheconcept:_Applyingvalueengineering:1._2._3._4._,Listentoaninterviewaboutvalueengineeringandcompletethenotes.Checkandcompareyouranswers.,b,amethodforimprovingthevalueofproduct,theratiooffunctiontocost,byaccident,WorldWarII,GeneralElectric,shortages,lookforadequatesubstitutes,useofsubstitutesreducedproductioncostsorimprovedproducts,analyzethefunctionsofaproduct,thinkofalternatives,Key,Script,evaluateallthealternativesandcomparethemwiththeproduct,choosethebestoptionandpresentfindingsandrecommendations,1.ValueengineeringcameaboutasaconsequenceofWorldWarII.TrueFalse2.Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyincreasingcost.TrueFalse3.Thefirststepinvalueengineeringisananalysisofaproductsfunctions.TrueFalse4.Itisacceptabletosacrificequalityinthequestforbettervalue.TrueFalse5.Inthefinalstep,findingsarepresentedandrecommendationsaremade.TrueFalse,ThenlistenagainandcirclethestatementsTrueorFalse.,Key,c,Correctthefalsestatements.,1.ValueengineeringcameaboutasaconsequenceofWorldWarII.2.Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyincreasingcost.3.Thefirststepinvalueengineeringisananalysisofaproductsfunctions.4.Itisacceptabletosacrificequalityinthequestforbettervalue.5.Inthefinalstep,findingsarepresentedandrecommendationsaremade.,Valuecanbeincreasedeitherbyimprovingfunctionorbyreducingcost.,Whentryingtoachievebettervalue,youdonotmakesacrificesinthequalityoftheproduct.,Key,d,Readthetextandfillinthecorrectheadingforeachparagraph.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.,cheap