《词类转换法》PPT课件

Lecture8Conversion词类转换法,1.让学生了解词类转换法的必要性。2.让学生掌握词类转换法的使用方法。,教学目标:,学生了解中、英词汇词类的区别。学生掌握具体的词类转换方法。,教学重点、难点:,一、翻译作业讲评二、词类转换法三、语篇翻译练习,教学内容:,一、翻译作业讲评,1.Hewhogivesnothoughttothefuthureissuretobebesetbyworriesathand.2.Theon-lookerseesmostofthegame.3.NoinventionhasreceivedmorepraiseandabusethanInternet.4.Inviewoftheseriousnessofthisproblem,effectivemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethingsgetworse.,1.人无远虑，必有近忧。2.旁观者清。3.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。4.考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化前，必须采取有效的措施。,5.Manycityresidentscomplainthatitissofewbusesintheircitythattheyhavetospendmuchmoretimewaitingforabus,whichisusuallycrowdedwithalargenumberofpassengers.6.Thereisnodenyingthefactthatairpollutionisanextremelyseriousproblem:thecityauthoritiesshouldtakestrongmeasurestodealwithit.7.Aninvestigationshowsthatfemaleworkerstendtohaveafavorableattitudetowardretirement.8.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplearebeginningtorealizethateducationisnotcompletewithgraduation.,5.许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。6.无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。7.一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。8.人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。,9.Itisindisputablethattherearemillionsofpeoplewhostillhaveamiserablelifeandhavetofactthedangersofstarvationandexposure.10.Propermeasuresmustbetakentolimitthenumberofforeigntouristsandthegreateffortsshouldbemadetoprotectlocalenvironmentandhistoryfromtheharmfuleffectsofinternationaltourism.,9.无可争辩，成千上万的人现在仍过着挨饿受冻的生活。10.必须采取措施限制外国游客的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。,FEARspreadsfasterthandisease.NewsonOctober6thofacaseofEbolainMadrid,thefirstcontractedoutsidewestAfrica,wherethediseasehaskilled3,400peoplesinceMarch,causedSpaniardstoworrynotonlyaboutitsspreadbutalsoaboutthecompetenceoftheirhealthauthorities.,恐惧的传播速度要比病毒快得多。10月6日马德里出现了第一位在西非之外感染埃博拉病毒的患者，埃博拉病毒自3月以来已致3400人死亡，消息一出，不仅引起西班牙人对疫情传播的担忧，还导致民众对卫生当局工作能力的怀疑。,Ebolaisnoteasytocontract.Itusuallyrequirescontactwiththebodilyfluidsofaninfectedperson.DoctorssaythatMsRomerorecalledtouchingherfacewithaglovedhandafterchanginganappyforonepatient.Theythinktherisksoffurthercontagionaresmall,thoughsixpeople,includingherhusband,wereinisolationasTheEconomistwenttopress.Some50healthworkerswhohadbeenincontactwithherarebeingcloselymonitored.Thecouplesdogwasalsoputdown.,埃博拉并不容易被感染。只有与感染者进行体液的接触后才能传染上。医生称罗梅罗回忆起在给一位患者换尿布后她曾经用带着手套的手触摸过自己的脸。虽然他们认为二次传染的危险性是很小的，但是包括她的丈夫在内的六名相关人员在经济学人出版时都已经被隔离。曾与罗梅罗接触过的50几名医务人员也被严密监控。这对夫妇的宠物狗同样被监控起来。,二、词类转换Conversion,Byconversion,wemeanthechangeofpartsofspeechintranslation.OwingtothesyntacticaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,itisusuallyimpossibleforatranslatortokeeptotheoriginalpartofspeechintheprocessoftranslation.Asamatteroffact,awordbelongingtoacertainpartofspeechinonelanguagesometimeshastobeconvertedintoadifferentpartofspeech,soastobringforthareadableandcoherentsentence.Therefore,conversionisoneoftheimportantandcommonlyadoptedtranslationtechniques.,名词、介词、形容词、副词、连词转换成动词,1.ConversionintoVerbs-NounsintoVerbs,A.由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比较多。（1）Oneafteranother,speakerscalledforthedownfallofimperialism,abolitionofexploitationofmanbyman,liberationoftheoppressedoftheworld.发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上的被压迫人民。,（2）The1967UNdocumentcallsforthesettlementoftheMiddleEastconflictonthebasisofIsraeliwithdrawalfromoccupiedterritoriesandArabacknowledgementofIsraelisrighttoexist.一九六七年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。,（3）Thegovernmentcalledfortheestablishmentofmoretechnicalschools.政府号召建立更多的技术学校。（4）Thenewsituationrequirestheformationofanewstrategy.新形势要求制定新的战略。,（5）Anacquaintanceofworldhistoryishelpfultothestudyofcurrentaffairs.读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。（6）Icallforcooperationintheeconomicandtechnicalsectorsamongthecountriestheworldover.我呼吁世界各国在经济、技术方面进行合作。,B.含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词。（1）Thesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。（2）Asaweekdrewtoaclose,theenemyroutwascomplete.一周快结束时，敌人彻底溃退了。,（3）TheabuseofdrugshasbecomeoneofAmericasmostserioussocialproblems.滥用毒品已经成为美国最严重的社会问题之一。（4）AviewofFujiMountaincanbeobtainedfromhere.从这里可以看到富士山。,C.英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，有时在句中不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。（1）ImafraidIcantteachyouswimming.IthinkmylittlebrotherisabetterteacherthanI.我未必会教你游泳，我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。,（2）Someofmyclassmatesaregoodsingers.我们班同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好。（3）Therewerevariouspossibleplayersfortherole.可能扮演这个角色的有好几个人。,D.作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词。（1）Thenextnewsbulletin,shorterthanusual,madenomentionofthedemonstration.下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。（2）Wedonthaveanyideawhentheboywasborn.我们不知道这个男孩什么时候出生的。（3）Sheistootiredtohavethefaintestdesiretodance.她太累了，一点也不想跳舞。,2.ConversionintoVerbs-PrepositionsintoVerbs,(1)Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagre（贫乏的）food,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.(A.L.Strong)党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。（2）Ibarreled（快速移动）straightahead,acrosstheharborandoutoverthesea.我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。,3.ConversionintoVerbs-AdjectivesintoVerbs,ManyEnglishadjectivesafteralinkverbindicatingonesconsciousness,feelings,emotions,desires,etc.arealwaysconvertedintoChineseverbs.英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后作表语用时，往往可以转译成汉语动词。常见的这类形容词有：Confident,certain,careful,cautious,angry,sure,ignorant,afraid,doubtful,aware,concerned,glad,delighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,anxious,grateful,able等。,（1）Iamsogratefultomyfatherforhiscontinuousencouragementduringmychildhood.我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时侯他总是不断地鼓励我。（2）Theyarenotcontentwiththeirpresentachievements.他们不满足于他们现有的成就。（3）Doctorshavesaidthattheyarenotsuretheycansavehislife.医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。,（4）Thefactthatshewasabletosendamessagewasahint.ButIhadtobecautious.她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。（5）NaturallytheNazisoldiersweremoreconcernedwithsavingtheirownlivesthanwithtakingours.当然，纳粹士兵对救他们自己的命，比起要我们的命，要关心得多了。,4.ConversionintoVerbs-AdverbsintoVerbs,(1)Mr.NixonhadsaidrepeatedlythattheAmericanwarinIndochinawouldsoonbeover.尼克松先生屡次声言，美国在印度支那的战争即将结束。(2)Sheopenedthewindowtoletsomefreshairin.她把窗户打开，让新鲜空气进来。,5.ConjunctionintoVerbs,(1)Eightandsevenisfifteen.8加7等于15。(2)Winteristhefourthandlastseasoninayear冬季是一年中第四个也是最后一个季节。,动词转换成名词verb-n.,1.ConversionintoNouns-VerbintoNouns,A.名词派生出来的动词，为符合汉语表达习惯，可将其还原成名词来译。(1)Hewasblacklistedandlosthisjob.他被列入黑名单，失去了工作。(2)Suchmaterialsarecharacterizedbygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。,(3)Tothem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。(4)MostU.S.spysatellitesaredesignedtoburnupintheearthsatmosphereaftercompletingtheirmissions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。,B.英语中的被动语态在翻译成汉语时，原被动句中的谓语动词可根据需要转换成汉语的名词，与“遭到”、“受到”等动词连用。(1)Hisimageasagoodstudentwastarnished.他作为一个好学生的形象已经遭到了玷污。(2)Hewassnubbedbythosetop-rankingofficials.他受到那些高级官员们的冷落。,(3)Throwatennisballonthefloor.Theballbouncesback.Inthesameway,whenlightfallsoncertainthingsitbouncesback.Whenthishappens,thelightissaidtobereflected.将网球扔到地板上，球会弹回来。同样，光照到某些物体上时也会弹回来。这种情况叫做光受到反射。,2.AdjectiveintoNouns,A.Adjectiveswiththedefinitearticlestoindicatecategoriesofpeople,things,oradjectivesusedaspredicativetoindicatethenatureofthingsmayalsobeconvertedintonouns.(1)Theyaregoingtobuildaschoolfortheblindandthedeaf.他们将为盲人和聋人修建一所学校。(2)Inthefissionprocessesthefissionfragmentsareveryradioactive.在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性。,(3)Theydidtheirbesttohelpthesickandthewounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。(4)RobinHoodandhismerrymenhatedtherichandlovedandprotectedthepoor.罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。,B.此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。(1)Stevensonwaseloquentandelegant-butsoft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。(2)TheWildefamilywerereligious.王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。(3)Theywereconsideredinsincere.他们被人认为是伪君子。,名词、副词转换成形容词,1.ConversionintoAdjectivesA.Nounintoadj.,有时名词在句子中充当表语，前面通常有冠词，翻译时可转换为形容词。Thisexperimentwasagreatsuccess.这个实习很成功。Independentthinkingisanecessityinstudy.学习中的独立思考是必须的。,有些形容词派生出的名词也可转译为形容词。(1)Thepuppet-showwasperformedwithgreatregularity.木偶戏的演出井然有序。(2)Havingheardthegoodnews，theirhappinesswascomplete.他们快乐到了极点。,B.Aoadj.,有些副词是由形容词派生出来的，可转译为形容词。(1)Theyweredeeplyimpressedbywhathedidinthecriticalmoment.他在关键时刻的行为给他们留下了深刻的印象。(2)Boysthinkdifferentlyfromgirls.男孩子的思维方式和女孩子是不同的。,名词、形容词转换成动词,A.ConversionintoAdverbs-Nounsintoadv.,(1)JohnandKate,theinstanttheyweremarried,setoutingreathasteforVenice.刚行完婚礼，马上匆匆忙忙地动身到了威尼斯。(2)Shehadthekindnesstoshowmetheway.她好意地给我指路。,B.ConversionintoAdverbs-Aoadv.,1)Theyregardedhimasapotentialadversary.他们认为他可能是一个对手。2)Hewhisperedahurriedgood-byetohishost.他匆匆地向主人轻声道别。,三、语篇翻译练习,TheKeyofaCar,Ayoungmanwasgettingreadytograduatefromcollege.Formanymonthshehadadmiredabeautifulsportscarinadealersshowroom,andknowinghisfathercouldwellaffordit,hetoldhimthatwasallhewanted.,从前，有位年轻人即将大学生毕业。数月来，他一直渴望得到某汽车商产品陈列室中的一辆跑车。他知道，他那富有的父亲肯定买得起这辆车，于是，他便跟父亲说他很想得到那辆漂亮的跑车。,AsGraduationDayapproached,theyoungmanawaitedsignsthathisfatherhadpurchasedthecar.Finally,onthemorningofhisgraduation,hisfathercalledhimintohisprivatestudy.Hisfathertoldhimhowproudhewastohavesuchafineson,andtoldhimhowmuchhelovedhim.Hehandedhissonabeautifulwrappedgiftbox.Curious,butsomewhatdisappointed,theyoungmanopenedtheboxandfoundalovely,leather-boundBible,withtheyoungmansnameembossedingold.Angrily,heraisedhisvoicetohisfatherandsaid,“WithallyourmoneyyougivemeaBible?”Hethenstormedoutofthehouse,leavingtheBible.,在毕业典礼即将来临的日子里，年轻人等待着父亲买下跑车的消息。终于，在毕业典礼那天上午，父亲将他叫到自己的书房，并告诉他，有他这么出色的儿子自己感到非常自豪而且非常爱他这个儿子。接着，父亲递给儿子一个包装精美的礼品盒。年轻人感到好奇，但带着些许失望地打开礼品盒，却发现里面是一本精美的精装本圣经，上面以金子凸印着年轻人的名字。看罢，年轻人怒气冲冲地向父亲大喊道：“你有那么多钱，却只给我一本圣经?”说完，便丢下圣经，愤怒地冲出房子。,Manyyearspassedandtheyoungmanwasverysuccessfulinbusiness.Hehadabeautifulhomeandawonderfulfamily,butrealizinghisfatherwasveryold,hethoughtperhapsheshouldgotoseehim.Hehadnotseenhimsincethatgraduationday.Beforehecouldmakethearrangements,hereceivedatelegramtellinghimhisfatherhadpassedaway,andwilledallofhispossessionstohisson.Heneededtocomehomeimmediatelyandtakecareofthings.,多年以后，年轻人已事业有成。他拥有一所漂亮的房子，一个温馨的家庭。但当得知父亲年事已高，他想，或许应该去看看他。自从毕业那天起他就一直不见父亲。就在起程时，他收到一封电报父亲已逝世，并已立下遗嘱将其所有财产转给儿子。他要立即回父亲家处理后事。,Thenhearrive