如何做科学研究(英文~~)PPT课件

.,1,Howtodohighqualityresearch,Zheng-HongQin,PhDDepartmentofPharmacologySoochowUniversitySchoolofPharmacy,.,2,Whydoresearch?,ToexploreanunknownTobridgegapsbetweenexistingknowledgeToreviseexistingtheories,.,3,Whydoresearch,ForfilmentofgraduationrequirmentAtleastonepublishedresearchpaperAwaytodemonstrateyourcriticalthinking,skillsandresponsibility,.,4,Wheretostart,Discusswithsupervisoraboutongoingprojectsinhis/herlabAprojectsuitableforthesiswork:AnextentionofpreviousworksExpandanewdirectionofresearchCanbefinishedin3-4years,.,5,Wheretostart?,ReadliteraturesasmuchaspossibleIdentifyquestionsConstructhypothesisConductapilotexperimentWriteaproposal,.,6,Beginningwithreading,GettingaresearchideabyreadingpapersAskwhilereadingCanIextendthisconcepttomystudies?CanIusethesemethodsinmystudies?CanIextendthemethodsbyassessingsomethingnotassessedintheoriginalpaper,orincreasingqualityofassessment?CanIimproveandextendthisstudyusingdifferentstrategy?,.,7,Keepinyourmindofthesewords:,HowWhatWhenWhoWhichWhyWhere?,.,8,Formulatingyourresearchidea,GettingyourownideasDevelopmanyideassimultaneously.DontfocusprematurelyonasingleideaWritedowneveryideathatyouget,goodorbad.Identifyaprojectwhichwillberealistic,giventheresourcesavailabletoyou,.,9,Considerthesewhenyouformulateresearchidea:,Isinterestingtoyou,toyouradvisor,andtotheresearchcommunity.Isoriginal(youmustbeawareofongoingresearchinyourfield).Willaddressanimportantscientificissue.Canbefinishedquickly,itsusuallybesttopickanarrow,welldefinedtopic.,.,10,Definingthequestion,Thequestionmustbespecific.Askyourself:whatdoIwanttoknow?Whatisthepurposeofaskingthisquestion?Whatwilltheanswertellme?Canthisquestionbeansweredthroughresearch?WhatdoIexpecttofindonceIveconductedmyresearch?,.,11,Developingthehypothesis,Ahypothesisisanassertionsubjecttoverification,testingorproof.Ahypothesisshouldstatepreciselywhatwillbetested.Formulatingahypothesiswillhelpyoudesignyourexperimentsothatyoullknowwhattomeasureorwhatdatawillbeneeded.,.,12,ConstructaHypothesis:,Ahypothesisisaneducatedguessabouthowthingswork:If_Idothis_,then_this_willhappen.Youmuststateyourhypothesisinawaythatyoucaneasilymeasure,andofcourse,yourhypothesisshouldbeconstructedinawaytohelpyouansweryouroriginalquestion.,.,13,Onesidedvstwosidedhypotheses,Ifyouexpectthatachangeineitherdirectionispossibleandthatchangesineitherdirectionareinteresting,thenyoushoulduseatwosidedhypothesis.Ifchangesinonedirectionareuninterestingandunpublishable,thenuseaonesidedhypothesis.Alsoifachangeintheunexpecteddirectionisequivalentinpracticetonochange,thenuseaonesidedhypothesis.,.,14,Statingahypothesis,Generally,ahypothesiswillhavefourmajorcomponents:1.thesubjectgroup2.thetreatmentorexposure3.theoutcomemeasure4.thecontrolgroup,.,15,LocatingResources/GatheringInformationADoctoralthesisnecessarilyrequiresamoredifficultproblemtobesolved,andconsequentlymoresubstantialcontributions.ThecontributiontoknowledgeofaMastersthesiscanbeinthenatureofanincrementalimprovementinanareaofknowledge,ortheapplicationofknowntechniquesinanewarea.ThePh.D.mustbeasubstantialandinnovativecontributiontoknowledge.,.,38,AModelforConductingScientificResearch,1.Definingthequestion2.Locatingresources/Gatheringinformation3.Formingahypothesis/hypotheses4.Planningresearch,collectionmethods5.Collectingdata6.Organizing&analyzingdata7.InterpretingData&drawingconclusions8.Communicatingtheresults,.,39,几个实验设计的例子,Caspase-8线粒体定位先观察到颗粒状分布免疫组化推测procaspase-8可能主要存在与线粒体。,关键实验有两部份：1证明procaspase-8存在于线粒体内2功能意义？,.,40,实验方案,线粒体定位：光镜电镜生化,线粒体释放：试管内在体,.,41,Mitochondrialocalizationofpro-caspase-8,.,42,Mitochondrialocalizationofpro-caspase-8,.,43,Mitochondrialocalizationofp