英美国家概况 Australia 澳大利亚.ppt

Australia,Nation-buildingfromaConvictSettlement,TheintroductionofAustraliahistoryEventsandpeoplethatmadeanation,Australiahistory,Theearlypre-colonialperiodThecolonialperiodbeforeFederationModerntimesafterFederation,Theearliestresidents,AboriginesAround50,000to60,000yearsagoBeforethearrivalofthewhitesettlersin1788,Didgeridoo,ThecolonialperiodbeforeFederation,EuropeandiscoveryofAustraliaAustraliaastheconvictsettlement/penalcolony,EuropeandiscoveryofAustralia,1770CaptainJamesCookdiscoveredtheeasterncoastofAustralia(NewSouthWales),ThefirstdiscoveryofAustraliabyDutchexplorerswasin1606,buttheydidntrealizeit.,1642DutchnavigatorAbelTasmansightedtheTasmaniaandnameditVanDiemansland,1688WilliamDampierwasthefirstEnglishnavigatortoseeAustralia(northwestcoast),CaptainJamesCook,AnationalheroinAustraliathegreatestBritishexplorerandnavigatorContributiontotheEuropeanknowledgeoftheSouthernHemisphereandprovidingimportantinformationfortheFirstFleetthatwasgoingtosetupoverseascolonyforBritainin1788,1755RoyalNavy1768anexpeditiontothesouthpacificwithasecretpurposetofindthesoutherncontinent1770discoveredtheeasterncoastofAustralia(NewSouthWales)andsoonclaimedtheentirecontinentfortheBritain,Australiaastheconvictsettlement,Time:beganin1788Background:theindependenceofthe13Americancoloniesin1776meantBritainhadlostitsoverseasprisoninNorthAmerica.Reason:toalleviatepressureontheoverburdenedprisonsandreducethecrimerateinBritainEvent:theFirstFleet,TheFirstFleet,AdmiralArthurPhillip:theGovernorofthecolony,OnJanuary18,1788,theFleetarrivedatBotanyBay(notsuitableforsettlement;infertile;shortageofwater;unfriendlyAborigines),OnJanuary26,1788,enteredPortJacksonandchosethesiteSydneyCoveasthefirstBritishsettlementinAustralia.(thatswhyJanuary26iscelebratedasAustraliaDay),OnMay13,1787,theFirstFleetof11shipssailedfromBritaintoAustralia.,AdmiralArthurPhillip,thefoundingfatherofAustraliaReasons:foundedthefirstBritishsettlementinAustraliaatasiteinPortJackson(SydneyHarbor)setupciviladministrationwithcourtsoflawinsteadofestablishingthecolonyasamilitaryprison.WhenheleftNewSouthWalesin1792,thecolonywaswell-established.,SydneyHarbor,Britishsettlement,From1788to1888,sevencoloniesweresetupundertheBritishrule,andtheeconomiesofthecoloniesdevelopedwell.Goldrush(1851)In1868,transportationofconvictstoAustraliaendedandfreemigrantsfromBritainbegansettlingdown.,TheGoldRushThediscoveryofgoldinAustraliabeganin1851andoccurredintheaftermathofaworldwideeconomicdepressionmarkedaturningpointinAustraliascolonialhistorytransformedAustraliaeconomically,politically,anddemographicallycausedmoreandmorefreesettlerscomingandariseoftheanti-transportationmovementsawoutburstsofracistviolenceagainsttheChinesegoldminers,ThefederationofAustralia,OnJanuary1,1901,theestablishmentoftheCommonwealthofAustralia1931anindependentnationoftheBritishCommonwealth19141918,worldwarI19391945,worldwarIIAfterworldwar,alargeamountofimmigrantswenttoAustraliaandcontributedtothedevelopmentofAustralia,Moderntimesafterfederation,rapideconomicdevelopment:theembracementofmulticulturalismandAsianeconomicboomChallenges:racerelation(r