《语用学常月圆》PPT课件

PragmaticsChangYueyuan1120140431,2020/5/21,2,Contents,1TheDefinitionofPragmatics2SpeechActTheory3ClassifyingSpeechActs4ConversationalImplicature4.1CooperativePrinciple(CP)4.2CategoriesofMaximsinCP4.3ViolationoftheMaxims5References,1DefinitionofPragmatics,Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Thestudyoflanguageinuse.,2SpeechActTheory,JohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)speechacts:actionsperformedviautterances,2.1PerformativesandConstatives,Constatives叙事句Performatives施为句,6,Constatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.,7,Performatives:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.,8,Ido.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.Ipromisetofinishitintime.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.,9,FeaturesofPerformativesFirstpersonsingularsubject第一人称单数主语Speechactverbs/performativeverbs:Simplepresenttense一般现在时Indicativemood陈述语气Activevoice主动态,10,Ipromisetobethere.Illbethere.IadmitIwaswrong.Iwasfoolish.Ithankyou.Imverygrateful.Iapologize.Imsorry.Iorderyoutositdown.Youmustsitdown.,2.2IllocutionaryActTheory行事行为/施为行为理论,Speechactscanbeanalyzedon3levels:,Level1,Alocutionaryact发话行为/言内行为:theactofsayingsomethinginthefullsenseof“say”.,12,Morning!,Level2,Anillocutionaryact行事行为:anactperformedinsayingsomething.Tosaysomethingistodosomething.,13,14,Morning!,Sheofferedagreeting.,Level3,Theperlocutionaryact成事行为/取效行为theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.Bysayingxanddoingy,Ididz(thewordsandactionswillhavedifferenteffectsonthehearer).,Level3,16,Ashowoffriendship,Aninstanceofhypocrisy,OR,Theeffectofthespeakerswordsmaybenotwhatthespeakeroriginallyintended,butitisstillaperlucutionaryactperformedbyhimorher.Illocutionaryactisrelatedtothespeakersintentionandperlocutionaryactisnot.,17,Briefly,18,Exercise,Canyourecognizethelocutionary,illocutionaryandperlocutionaryactperformedbythefollowingutterance?,19,Awifesaystoherhusband:“Theresnomilkinthefridge.”Locutionaryact:?Illocutionaryact:?Perlocutionaryact:?,20,Uttering“Thereisnomilkinthefridge.”,Makingarequest:husbandshouldgooutandbuysome.Offeringanexplanation:nomilkleft,soIwillbuysome.,Husbandfollowstherequestandbuysomemilk.Husbandunderstandswhyhiswifeisreadytogoout.Orhemaysuspectthereasonhiswifeoffers:isshereallygoingouttogetsomemilk?,3Classifyingspeechacts,alsomadehiscontributiontothestudyofillocutionaryspeechacts.Hespecifiedfivetypesofillocutionaryspeechacts.,21,JohnSearle(1932-),1)representative描述性Iguessthathehascome2)directive指示性Openthedoor!3)commissive承担性Ipromisetoloveyou!4)expressive表达性Itsverykindofyoutohavethoughtofme.5)declaration宣告性Ideclarethemeetingopen/Ifireyou!,4ConversationalImplicature会话含义,Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.HerbertPaulGrice(1913-1988)WilliamJameslecturesatHarvardin1967LogicandConversationin1975,4.1CooperativePrinciple(CP)合作原则,CooperativePrinciple:Makeyourcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.使你所说的话,在其所发生的阶段,符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向,4.2CategoriesofMaximsinCP,25,26,MaximofQuantity:数量准则/适量准则Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.MaximofQuality:质量准则/真实准则Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;,27,MaximofRelation:相关准则Berelative.MaximofManner:方式准则/明晰准则Beperspicuous.Avoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief.Beorderly.,4.3Violationofthemaxims,Whenweviolatethesemaxims,insomesituations,conversationalimplicaturewillarise.,29,4.3Violationofthemaxims(Quantity),Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.A:昨天上街买了些什么?B:就买了些东西。IdontwanttotellyouwhatIbought.,30,2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Aunt:HowdidJimmydohishistoryexam?Mother:Oh,notatallwell.Teachersaskedhimthingsthathappenedbeforethepoorboywasborn.Hersonshouldnotbeblamed.,31,4.3Violationofthemaxims(Quality),1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Youarethecreaminmycoffee.Xrunsasfastasadeer.Heismadeofiron.,32,2.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.A:NanjingisinJiangSu,isntit?B:AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.Itsridiculous.,33,4.3Violationofthemaxims(Relation),Berelevant.A:Prof.Wangisanoldbag.B:Niceweatherforthetimeofyear.IdontwanttotalkaboutProf.Wang.,34,4.3Violationofthemaxims(Manner),1.AvoidobscurityofexpressionA:Letsgetthekidssomething.B:Ok,butIvetoC-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.Dontgivethemchocolate.,35,2.Avoidambiguity买一赠一。,36,3.BebriefA:Didyougetmyassignment?B:Ireceivedtwopagesclippedtogetherandcoveredwithrowsofblacksquiggles.notsatisfied.,Exercise1,Mother:Wheresthecake?Jimmy:Lucywasjustinthekitchen.,37,MaximsofQuantityandRelation,Exercise2,Man:MayIknowyourname?Woman:DianaWang.Andyours?Man:David.DavidZhang.MyfriendsallcallmeDave.Iamadirectorinajointventure.ImgoingtoNewYorkonabusinesstripnextweek.,38,MaximsofQuantity&Relation&Manner,Exercise3,XiaoLiisabachelorwithagoodjobandahandsomeincome.Mrs.Chenisthinkingofdoingamatch-makingforhimandafriendsdaughter.ShehasthefollowingconversationwithMrs.Yang,acolleagueofXiaoLi:Mrs.Chen:ThatXiaoLiinyourdepartmentlookslikeaniceguy.Heisntmarriedyet,ishe?Mrs.Yang:Well,hesfromthecount