语言学第八章

Chapter Eight Exercise I. Choose the best answer. 1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _ is considered. A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context 2. “Logic and Conversation” was written by _. A. H.P. Grice B. William James C. Stephen Levinson D. John Austin3. According to the conversational maxim of _ suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully. A. quantity B. quality C. relevance D. manner4. Speech act theory did not come into being until _. A. in the late 50s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950s C. in the late 1960s D. in the early 21st century 5. _ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance. A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act 6. All of the following are characteristics of implicature EXCEPT_. A. conventionality B. cancellability C. non-detachability D. calculability 7. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the things it refers to or stands for is known as the _. A. An integrated Theory B. Speech Act Theory C. The Conceptual Theory D. The Referential Theory8. Which of the following can best describe the relationship between “They have six cows” and “They have some animals”? _ A. presupposition B. synonym C. antonym D. entailment9. In which of the following aspects conversational implicature theory and speech act theory are different ? A. how contextual meaning is generated. B. how much the implied meaning is dependent on the context. C. how much role the conventional meaning of words plays. D.how indeterminate the implied meaning is.10. I hereby declare the starting of the war reflects the _ function of language. A. informative B. interpersonal C. performative D. emotive 11. Which of the following statements is true about John Langshaw Austin ? A. He classified the following five types of speech acts performed by sentences: representative, directive, interrogative, expressive and declarative acts. B. He accounted for why people always spoke indirectly in daily conversation. C. He finally realized that there was no clear boundary between performatives and constatives. D. Austin proposed the felicity conditions to stress performatives can be true or false. 12. Please point out how John in the following conversation succeeds in conveying his information implicitly. Tom: Lets get the kids something. John: Okey, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M-S A. By flouting the maxim of manner. B. By flouting the maxim of relevance C. By flouting the maxim of quality. D. By flouting the maxim of quantity.13. Please point out how Mary in the following conversation succeeds in conveying his information implicitly. Lily: Where do you work ? Mary: On Machang Road. A. By flouting the maxim of manner. B. By flouting the maxim of relevance C. By flouting the maxim of quality. D. By flouting the maxim of quantity.14. The fact that a conversational implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic form suggests conversational implicature has the characteristic of _. A. Calculability B. Non-detachability C. Conventionality D. Cancellability 15. _ can mean to do something concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. A. constatives B. locutionary act C. illocutionary act D. perlocutionary act. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. 2. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered. 3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 4. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. 5. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable. 6. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. 7. Speech act theory started in the late 50s of the 20th century. 8. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. 9. Utterance may be defined as a piece of actually used language. 10. The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized , while utterance meaning is concrete and context -dependent. Fill in the blanks. 1. Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of _ became known to the public.2. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an _.3. The meaning of a sentence is _, and decontexualized.4. _ _ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable （能证实的）.5. The characteristics of implicature can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, _ and non-conventionality. 6. A(n) _ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.7. A(n) _ act is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something.8.According to the conversational maxim of _ suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully. 9. _ is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first. 10. Conversational implicature as a type of implied meaning , which is deduced on the basis of the _ meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. . Explain the following terms, using examples.1. Performative2. illocutionary act/force3. P