英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1

1.3考研真题与典型题详解I.Fillintheblanks.1.Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalled_features.(北二外2006研)2.Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthe_studyoflanguage.(北二外2003研)3.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof_communication.4.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed_ 5.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof_.6.Modernlinguisticis_inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.7.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof_overwriting.8.Thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsofalanguageiscalled_.(北二外2003研)9.Thebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsiscalled_.(北二外2004研)10._mainlystudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.(北二外2005研) 11.Semanticsand_investigatedifferentaspectsoflinguisticmeaning.(北二外2007研)12.Inlinguistics,_referstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationassentence.(中山大学2008研)13._canbedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuse.Sociolinguistics,ontheotherhand,attemptstoshowtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.14.Thebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofsentenceiscalled_.(北二外2008研)15.Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances)asand.Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguistic linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andthelatteristheconcretemanifestationoflanguageeitherthroughspeechorthroughwriting.(人大2006研)16.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa_study.17.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussureslangueandChomskys_.18.Oneoftheimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsis_andparole.TheformeristheFrenchwordfor“language”,whichistheabstractknowledgenecessaryforspeaking，listening，writingandreading.Thelatterisconcernedabouttheactualuseoflanguagebypeopleinspeechorwriting.Paroleismorevariableandmaychangeaccordingtocontextualfactors. 19.Oneoftheimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsisandperformance.(人大2006研)20.Chomskyinitiatedthedistinctionbetween_andperformances.(北二外2007研)II.MultipleChoice1. WhichofthefollowingisNOTafrequentlydiscusseddesignfeature?(大连外国语学院2008研)A.ArbitrarinessB.ConventionC.Duality2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?(西安交大2008研)A.tree B.crashC.typewriterD.bang3.Alinguistregardsthechangesinlanguageandlanguagesuseas_.A.unnaturalB.somethingtobefearedC.naturalD.abnormal4.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.Transferability. B.Duality.C.Displacement.D.Arbitrariness:5.Thestudyofphysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeechiscloselyconnectedwith_.(大连外国语学院2008研)A.articulatoryphoneticsB.acousticphoneticsC.auditoryphonetics6.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofJacobsonsframeworkoflanguagefunctions?A.Thereferentialfunctionistoindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake.B.Theemotivefunctionistoconveymessageandinformation. C.Theconativefunctionistoclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.D.Thephaticfunctionistoestablishcommunionwithothers.7.Whichofthefollowingisamainbranchoflinguistics?(大连外国语学院2008研)A.MacrolinguisticsB.PsycholinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics8._referstothesystemofalanguage,i.e.thearrangementofsoundsandwordswhichspeakersofalanguagehaveasharedknowledgeof.(西安外国语学院2006研)A.LangueB.Competence C.CommunicativecompetenceD.Linguisticpotential9.Thestudyoflanguageatonepointintimeisa_study.(北二外2010研)A.historicalB.synchronicC.descriptiveD.diachronic10.“AnrefertoConfuciuseventhoughhewasdead2,000yearsago.”Thisshowsthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureof_.A.arbitrarinessB.creativityC.duality D.displacement11.Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreeCentigrade”is.A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performative12.Saussureiscloselyconnectedwith_.(大连外国语学院2008研)A.LangueB.CompetenceC.EticIII.TrueorFalse 1.Onomatopoeicwordscanshowthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.(清华2000研)2.Competenceandperformancereferrespectivelytoalanguageusersunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesandtheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.3.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage4.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Asaforeignlanguagelearner,thelatterismereimportantforus.5.ThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalledDESIGNFEATURES.(大连外国语学院2008研) 6.Bydiachronicstudywemeantostudythechangesanddevelopmentoflanguage.7.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematicwhileparoleissubjecttopersonalandsituationalconstraints.8.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.9.Inlanguageclassroomsnowadaysthegrammartaughttostudentsisbasicallydescriptive,andmoreattentionispaidtothedevelopinglearnerscommunicativeskills.10.Languageisasystemofarbitrary,writtensignswhichpermitallthepeopleinagivenculture,orotherpeoplewhohavelearnedthesystemofthatculture,tocommunicateorinteract. 11.Saussuresexpositionofsynchronicanalysisledtotheschoolofhistoricallinguistics.12.Appliedlinguisticsistheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.13.Whereverhumansexist,languageexists.(对外经贸2006研)14.Historicallinguisticsequalstothestudyofsynchronicstudy.15.Dualityisoneofthecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage.Itreferstothefactthatlanguagehastwolevelsofstructures:thesystemofsoundsandthesystemofmeanings.16.Prescriptivelinguisticsismorepopularthandescriptivelinguistics,becauseitcantellushowtospeakcorrectlanguage. IV.Explainthefollowingterms.1.Duality(北二外2010研；南开大学2010研)2.Designfeatures3.Competence4.Displacement(南开大学2010研；清华2001研)5.Diachroniclinguistics6.Descriptivelinguistics7.Arbitrariness(四川大学2006研)V.Shortanswerquestions1.Brieflyexplainwhatphoneticsandphonologyareconcernedwithandwhatkindofrelationshipsholdbetweenthetwo.(北外2002研) 参考答案及解析I. Fillintheblanks.1.Design(人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。)2.scientific(语言学通常被定义为研究科学的语言，或对语言的科学研究。)3.verbal(语言是一种口头交流的手段。)4.productivity(用有限表现无限就是能产性。)5.language(语言学是对语言的科学研究。) 6.descriptive(发现语言的规律而不是规定就是描述性。)7.speech(语言学研究是以口头为基础而不是书面。)8.Phonology(音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。)9.Morphology(形态学研究词语的内部结构组织。)10.Phonetics(语音学研究语音，以及语音的描写和分类。)11.pragmatics (语义学研究词作为词的意义，语用学是在语境中研究意义。)12.Syntax(句法学研究形成正确句子的规则。)13.Pragmatics(语用学是在语境中研究意义。)14.Syntax(句法学研究语言中组合成句子的支配规则，或简单地说，研究句子的构造。)15.langue；parole(语言指一个语言集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统，言语是指语言在实际使用中的实现。)16.Diachroniclinguistic(历时语言学集中研究几十年或几百年的时 期内两个或比两个更多的语言状况的差异。)17.Competence(索绪尔的语言与乔姆斯基的语言能力相似，因为二者都指抽象的语言知识，不是实际使用中的语言。)18.langue(索绪尔用语言和言语来区分说话者的语言能力和言语上(表达的)的实际表现或语料。)19.Competence(语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。)20.Competence(乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。)II.MultipleChoice 1.B(语言的区别性特征主要是指任意性，双重性，创造性和移位性。)2.A(crash是一个缩略语，typewriter是复合词，bang是拟声词，所以只有tree的形成比较任意。)3.C(语言学家认为语言和语言使用中的变化是自然的。)4.C(移位性指的是语言可以描述不是此时