反杜林论PPT(思政英语第一课)课件

Anti-Duhring反杜林论,FrederickEngels弗里德里希恩格斯,1,PPT学习交流,PartI:PhilosophyIX.MoralityandLawEternalTruths(excerpt),2,PPT学习交流,ParaOne,If,then,wehavenotmademuchprogresswithtruthanderror,wecanmakeevenlesswithgoodandevil.Thisoppositionmanifestsitselfexclusivelyinthedomainofmorals,thatis,adomainbelongingtothehistoryofmankind,anditispreciselyinthisfieldthatfinalandultimatetruthsaremostsparselysown.(1),3,PPT学习交流,Theconceptionsofgoodandevilhavevariedsomuchfromnationtonationandfromagetoagethattheyhaveoftenbeenindirectcontradictontoeachother.butallthesame(2),someonemayobject,goodisnotevilandevilisnotgood,ifgoodisconfusedwithevil,thereisanendtoallmorality,andeveryonecandoashepleases.,4,PPT学习交流,Thisisalso,strippedofalloracularphrases,HerrDuhringsopinon.Butthemattercannontbesosimplydisposedof.Ifitweresuchaneasybusinesstherewouldcertainlybenodisputeatallovergoodandevil;everyonewouldknowwhatwasgoodandwhatwasbad.Buthowdothingsstandtoday?3,5,PPT学习交流,Whatmoralityispreachedtoustoday?ThereisfirstChristian-feudalmorality,inheritedfromearlierreligioustimes;andthisisdivided,essentially,intoaCatholicandaProtestantmorality,eachofwhichhasnolackofsubdivisions,fromtheJesuit-CatholicandOrthodox-Protestanttoloose“enlightened”moralities.,6,PPT学习交流,Alongsidetheesewefindthemodern-bourgeoismoralityandbesideitalsotheproletarianmoralityofthefutrue,sothatinthemostadvancedEuropeancountriesalonethepast,presentandfutureprovidethreegreatgroupsofmoraltheorieswhichareinforce(4)simultaneouslyandalongsideeachother.,7,PPT学习交流,Which,then,isthetrueone?Notoneofthem,inthesenseofabsolutefinality;butcertainlythatmoralitycontainsthemaximuelementspromisingpermanencewhich,inthepresent,representstheoverthrowofthepresent,representsthefuture,andthatisproletarianmorality(5).,8,PPT学习交流,ParaTwoButwhenweseethatthethreeclassesofmodrensociety,thefeudalaristocracy,thebourgeoisieandtheproletariat,eachhaveamoralityoftheirown,wecanonlydrawoneconclusion:,9,PPT学习交流,thatmen,consciouslyorunconsciously,derivetheirethicalideasinthelastresort(6)fromthepraciticalrelationsonwhichtheirclasspositionisbasedFromtheeconomicrelationsinwhichtheycarryonproductionandexchange.,10,PPT学习交流,ParaThree,Butneverthelessthereisagreatdealwhichthethreemoraltheoriesmentionedabovehaveincommonisthisnotatleastaportionofamoralitywhichisfixedonceandforall(7)?thesemoraltheoriesrepresentthreedifferentstagesofthesamehistoricaldevelopment,havethereforeacommonhistoricalbackground,andforthatreasonalonetheynecessarilyhavemuchincommon.,11,PPT学习交流,Evenmore(8),atsimilarorapproximatelysimilarstagesofeconomicdevelopmentmoraltheoriesmustofnecessitybemoreorlessinagreement.Fromthemomentwhenprivateownershipofmovablepropertydeveloped,allsocietiesinwhichthisprivateownershipexistedhadtohavethismoralinjunctionincommon:Thoushaltnotsteal(9).,12,PPT学习交流,Doesthisinjunctiontherebybecomeandeternalmoralinjunction?Bynomeans.Inasocietyinwhichallmotivesforstealinghavebeendoneawaywith(10),inwhichthereforeatverymost(11)onlylunaticswouldeversteal,howthepreacherofmoralswouldbelaughedatwhotriedsolemnlytoproclaimtheeternaltruth:Thoushaltnotsteal(12)!,13,PPT学习交流,ParaFour,Wethereforerejecteveryattempttoimposeonusanymoraldogmawhatsoeverasaneternl,ultimateandforeverimmutableethicallawonthepretextthat(13)themoralworld,too,hasitspermanentprincipleswhichstandabovehistoryandthedifferencesbetweennations.,14,PPT学习交流,Wemaintainonthecontrarythatallmoraltheorieshavebeenhithertotheproduct,inthelastanalysis,oftheeconomicconditionsofsocietyobtainingatthetime.Andassocietyhashithertomovedinclassantagonisms,moralityhasalwaysbeenclassmorality;ithaseitherjustifiedthedominationandtheinterestsofrulingclass,oreversincetheoppressedclassbecamepowerfulenough,ithasrepresenteditsindignationagainstthisdominationandthefutureinterestsoftheoppressed.,15,PPT学习交流,Thatinthisprocesstherehasonthewholebeenprogressinmorality,asinallotherbranchesofhumanknowledge,noonewilldoubt.(14)Butwehavenotyetpassedbeyondclassmorality.Areallyhumanmoralitywhichstandsaboveclasantagonismsandaboveanyrecollectionofthembecomespossibleonlyatastageofsocietywhichhasnotonlyovercomeclassantagonismsbuthasevenforgottentheminpracticallife.,16,PPT学习交流,AndnowonecangaugeHerrDuhringspresumptioninadvancinghisclaim,fromthemidstoftheoldclasssocietyandontheeveofasocialrevolution,toimposeonthefutureclasslesssocietyandeternalmoralityindependentoftimeandchangesinreality.(15)Evenassumingwhatwedonotknowuptonowthatheunderstandsthestructureofthesocietyofthefutureatleastinitsmainoutlines.,17,PPT学习交流,X.MoralityandLawEquality(excerpt),18,PPT学习交流,ParaOne,ButeventhoughwehavefinishedwithHerrDuhringssshallow,botchedtreatmentoftheideaofequality,thisdoesnotmeanthatwehavefinishedwiththeideaitself,19,PPT学习交流,whichespeciallythankstoRousseau(16法国卢梭)playedatheoretical,andduringandsincethegreatrevolutionapracticalpoliticalrole,andeventodaystillplaysanimportantagitationalroleinthesocialistmovementofalmosteverycountry.Theestablishmentofitsscientificcontentwillalsodetermineitsvalueforproletarianagitation.,20,PPT学习交流,ParaTwo,Theideathatallmen,asmen,havesomethingincommon,andthattothatextenttheyareequal,isofcourseprimeval.Butthemoderndemandforequalityissomethingentirelydifferentfromthat;thisconssistsratherindeducingfromthatcommonqualityofbeinghuman,fromthatequalityofmenasmen,aclaimtoequalpoliticalandsocialstatusforallhumanbeings,oratleastforallitizensofastateorallmembersofaociety.,21,PPT学习交流,Beforethatoriginalconceptionofrelativeequalitycouldleadtotheconclusionthatmenshouldhaveequalrightsinthestateandinsociety,beforethatconclusioncouldevenappeartobesomethingnaturalandself-evident,thousandsofyearshadtopassanddidpass.(17),22,PPT学习交流,Inthemostancient,primitivecommunities,equalityofrightscouldapplyatmosttomembersofthecommunity;women,slavesandforeignerswereexcludedfromthisequalityasamatterofcourse.AmongtheGreeksandRomanstheinequlitiesofmenwereofmuchgreaterimportancethattheirequlityinanyrespect.,23,PPT学习交流,ItwouldnecessarilyhaveseemedinsanitytotheancientsthatGreeksandbarbarians,freemenandslaves,citizensandperegrines,RomancitizensandRomansubjects(touseacomprehensiveterm(18),shouldhaveaclaimtoequalpoliticalstatus.,24,PPT学习交流,UndertheRomanEmpireallthesedistinctionsgraduallydisappeared,exceptthedisctinctionbetweenfreemenandslaves,andinthiswaytherearose,forthefreemenatleast,thatequlityasbetweenprivateindividualsonthebasisofwhichRomanlawdeveloped(19)themostcompleteelaborationoflawbasdonprivatepropertywhichweknow.,25,PPT学习交流,Butsolongastheantithesisbetweenfreemenandslavesexisted,therecouldbenotalkofdrawinglegalconclusionsfromgeneralequalityofmen;wesawthisevenrecently,intheslave-owningstatesoftheNorthAmericalUnion.,26,PPT学习交流,ParaThree,Christianityknewonlyonepointinwhichallmenwereequal:thatallwereequallyborninoriginalsinwhichcorrespondedperfectlytoitscharacterasthereligionoftheslavesandtheoppressed(20).Apartfromthisitrecongnized,atmosttheequalityoftheelect(21),whichhoweverwasonlystressedattheverybeginning.,27,PPT学习交流,Thetracesofcommunityofgoodswhicharealsofoundintheearlystagesofthenewreligioncanbeascribedtosolidarityamongtheproscribedratherthantorealequalitarianideas.,28,PPT学习交流,WithinaveryshorttimetheestablishmentofthedistinctionbetweenpriestsandlaymenputanendeventothisincipientChristianequality.theoverrunningofWesternEuropebytheGermansabolishedforcenturiesallideasofequality,throughthegradualbuildingupofsuchacomplicatedsocialandpoliticalhierarchyashadneverexistedbefore.,29,PPT学习交流,ButatthesametimetheinvasiondrewWesternandCentralEuropeintothecourseofhistoricaldevelopment,createdforthefirsttimeacompactculturalarea,andwithinthisareaalsoforthefirsttimeasystemofpredominantlynationalstatesexertingmutualinfluenceoneachotherandmutuallyholdiongeachotherincheck(22).,30,PPT学习交流,Therebyitpreparedthegroundonwhichalonethequestionoftheequalstatusofmen,oftherightsofman,couldatalaterperiodberaised.,31,PPT学习交流,ParaFour,ThefeudalMiddleagesalsodevelopedintheirwombtheclasswhichwasdestined,inthecourseofitsfurtherdevelopment,tobecomethestandard-bearer(23)ofthemoderndemandforequality:thebourgeoisie.,32,PPT学习交流,Originallyitselfafeudalestate,thebourgeoisiedevelopedthepredominantlyhandicraftindustryandtheexchangeofproductswithinfeudalsocietytoarelativelyhighlevel,whenattheendofthefifteenthcenturythegreatmaritimediscoveriesopenedtoitanewcareerofwiderscope.,33,PPT学习交流,TradebeyondtheconfinesofEurope,whichhadpreviouslybeencarriedononlybetweenItalyandLevant(24),wasnowextendedtoAmericaandIndia,andsoonsurpassedinimportanceboththemutualexchangebetweenthevariousEuropeancountriesandtheinternaltradewithineachindividualcountry.,34,PPT学习交流,AmericangoldandsilverfloodedEuropeandforceditswaylikeadisintegratingelementinto(25)everyfissure,rentandporeoffeudalsociety.Handicraftindustrycouldnolongersatisfytherisingdemand,intheleadingindustriesofthemostadvancedcountriesitwasreplacedbymanufacture.,35,PPT学习交流,ParaFive,Butthismightyrevolutionintheconditionsoftheeconomiclifeofsocietywas,howerver,notfollowedbyanyimmediatecorrespondingchangeinitspoliticalstructure.Thepoliticalorderremainedfeudal,whilesocietybecamemoreandmorebourgeois.,36,PPT学习交流,Tradeonalargescale,thatistosay,particularlyinternationaland,evenmoreso,worldtrade,requiresfreeownersofcommoditieswhoareunrestrictedintheirmovementsandassuch(26)enjoyequalrights;whomayexchangetheircommoditiesonthebasisoflawsthatareequalforthemall,atleastineachparticularplace.,37,PPT学习交流,Thetransitionfromhandicrafttomanufacturepresupposestheexistenceofanumberoffreeworkersfreeontheonehandfromthelettersoftheguildandontheotherfromthemeanswherebytheycouldthemselvesutilisetheirlabourpowerworkerswhocancontractwiththemanufacturerforthehireoftheirlabourpower,andhence,aspartiestothecontract,haverightsequaltohis.,38,PPT学习交流,Andfinallytheequalityandequalstatusofallhumanlabour,becauseandinsofarasitishumanlabour(27),founditsunconsciousbutclearestexpressioninthelawofvalueofmodernbourgeoispoliticaleconomy,accordingtowhichthevalueofacommodityismeasuredbythesociallynecessarylabourembodiedinit.,39,PPT学习交流,However,whereeconomicrelationsrequiredfreedomandequalityofrights,thepoliticalsystemopposedthemateverystepwithguildrestrictionsandspecialprivileges.,40,PPT学习交流,Localprivileges,differentialduties(28),exceptionallawsofallkindsaffectedintradenotonlyforeignersandpeoplelivinginthecolonies,butoftenenoughalsowholecategoriesofthenationalsofthecountryconcerned;everywhereandeveranew(29)theprivilegesoftheguildsbarredthedevelopmentofmanufacture.,41,PPT学习交流,Nowherewastheroadclearandthechancesequalforthebourgeoiscompetitorsandyetthatthisbesowastheprimeandevermorepressingdemand(30).,42,PPT学习交流,ParaSix,Thedemandforliberationfromfeudalfettersandtheestablishmentofequalityofrightsbytheabolitionoffeudalinequalitieswasboundsoontoassumewiderdimensions,oncetheeconomicadvanceofsocietyhadplaceditontheorderoftheday(31).,43,PPT学习交流,Ifitwasraisedintheinterestsofindustryandtrade,itwasalsonecessarytodemandthesameequalityofrightsforthegreatmassofthepeasantrywho,ineverydegreeofbondage,fromtotalserfdomonwards(32),werecompelledtogivethegreaterpartoftheirlabourtimetotheirgraciousfeudallordwithoutcompensationandinadditiontorenderinnumerableotherduestohimandtothestage.,44,PPT学习交流,ParaSeven,Ontheotherhand,itwasinevitablethatademandshouldalsobemadefortheabolitionofthefeudalprivileges,ofthefreedomfromtaxationofthenobility,ofthepoliticalprivilegesoftheseparateestates.,45,PPT学习交流,AndaspeoplewerenolongerlivinginaworldempiresuchastheRomanEmpirehadbeen,butinasystemofindependentstatesdealingwitheachotheronanequalfoolingandatapproximatelythesamelevelofbourgioisdevelopment,itwasamatterofcoursethatthedemandforequalityshouldassumeageneralcharacterreadingoutbeyondtheindividualstate,thatfreedomandequalityshouldbeproclaimedhumanrights.,46,PPT学习交流,AnditissignificantofthespecificallybourgeoischaracterofthesehumanrightsthattheAmericanconstitution,thefirsttorecognizetherightsofman,inthesamebreathconfirmstheslaveryofthecolouredracesexistinginAmerica:classprivilegesareproscribed,raceprivilegessanctified(33).,47,PPT学习交流,ParaEight,Asiswellknown,however,fromthemomentwhenthebourgeoisieemergedfromfeudalburgherdom,whenthisestateoftheMiddleAgesdevelopedintoamodernclass,itwasalwaysandinevitablyaccompaniedbyitsshadow,theproletariat.Andinthesamewaybourgeoisdemandsforequalitywereaccompaniedbyproletariandemandsforequality(34).,48,PPT学习交流,Fromthemomentwhenthebourgeoisdemandfortheabolitionofclassprivilegeswasputforward,alongsideitappearedtheproletariandemandfortheabolitionoftheclassesthemselvesatfirstinreligiousform,leaningtowardsprimitiveChristianity,andlaterdrawingsupportfromthebourgeoisequalitariantheoriesthemselves.,49,PPT学习交流,Theproletarianstookthebourgeoisieatitsword(35):equalitymustnotbemerelyapparent,mustnotapplymerelytothesphereofthestate,butmustalsobereal,mustalsobeextendedtothesocial,economicsphere.AndespeiallysincetheFrenchbourgeoisie,fromthegreatrevolutionon,broughtcivilequalitytotheforefront,theFrenchproletariathasansweredblowforblow(36)withthedemandforsocial,economicequality,andequalityhasbecomethebattle-cryparticularlyoftheFrenchproletariat(37).,50,PPT学习交流,ParaNine,Thedemandforequalityinthemouthoftheproletariathasthereforeadoublemeaning.Itiseitheraswasthecaseespeciallyattheverystart,forexampleinthePeasantWarthespontaneousreactionagainstthecryingsocialinequalities,againstthecontrastbetweenrichandpoor,thefeudallordsandtheirserfs,thesurfeitersandthestarving;assuchitissimplyanexpressionoftherevolutionaryinstinct,andfindsitsjustificationinthat,andinthatonly.,51,PPT学习交流,Or,ontheotherhand,thisdemandhasarisenasareactionagainstthebourgioisdemandforequlity,drawingmoreorlesscorrectandmorefar-reachingdemandsfromthisbourgeoisdemand,andservingasanagitationalmeansinordertostiruptheworkeragainstthecapitalistswiththeaidofthecapitalistssownassertions;andinthiscaseitstandsorfallswithbourgeoisequalityitself(38).,52,PPT学习交流,Inbothcasestherealcontentoftheproletariandemandforequalityisthedemandfortheabolitionofclasses.Anydemandforequalitywhichgoesbeyondthat,ofnecessitypassesintoabsurdity.Wehavegivenexamplesofthis,andshallfindenoughadditionaloneswhenwecometoHerrDuhringsfantasiesofthefuture.,53,PPT学习交流,ParaTen,Theideaofequality,bothinitsbourgeoisandinitsproletarianform,isthereforeitselfahistoricalproduct,thecreationofwhichrequireddefinitehistoricalconditionsthatinturnthemselvespresupposealongprevioushistory.Itisthereforeanythingbutaneternaltruth.,54,PPT学习交流,Andiftodayitistakenforgratedbythegeneralpublic(39)inonesenseoranotherif,asMarxsays,it“alreadypossessesthefixityofapopularprejudice”(40),thisisnottheeffectofitsaxiomatictruth,buttheeffectofthegeneraldiffusionandthecontinuedappropriatenessoftheideasoftheeighteenthcentury.,55,PPT学习交流,IfthereforeHerrDuhringisablewithoutmoreadotolethisfamoustwomemconducttheireconomicrelationsonthebasisofequlity,thisissobecauseitseemsquitenaturaltopopularprejudice.AndinfactHerrDuhringcallshisphilosophynaturalbecauseitisderivedsolelyfromthingswhichseemtohimquitenatural.Butwhytheyseemnaturaltohimisaquestionwhichofcoursehedoesnotask.,56,PPT学习交流,Exercises,1.Answerthefollowingquestions:(1)Whatdomenderivetheirethicalideasfrom?(2)AccordingtoEngels,whatarethethreegreatgroupsofmoraltheoriesinthemostadvacedEuropeancountries?Andwhichonecontainsthemaximumelemetpromisingpermanence?(3)Whyisthemoralinjunction“Thoushaltnotsteal”notaneteurnaltruth?(4)Whatisthepretextoftheattempttoimposeonusanymoraldogma(教条)asaneternal,ultimateethicallaw?,57,PPT学习交流,1.Answerthefollowingquestions:,(5)Whendoesareallyhumanmoralitywhichstandsaboveclassantagonismsandaboveanyrecollectionofthembecomepossible?(6)Inwhatsenseareworkersinthecapitalistsystemcalled“freeworkers”?,58,PPT学习交流,1.Answerthefollowingquestions:,(7)HowistheamericanconstitutionsignificantofthespecificallybourgeoischaracterofhumanrightspreachedbytheWestbourgeoisie?(8)Whatistheessentialdifferencebetweenthebourgeoisdemandforequalityandtheproletariandemandforequality?,59,PPT学习交流,2.Decidewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse.,1.Theproletarianmoralityistrueinthesenseofabsolutefinality.2.TheideaofreallyhumanmoralityisnotinaccordancewithMarxism.3.Rousseauestablishedtescientificcontentoftheideaofequality.4.Inmostancient,primitivecommunities,everypersonhadrights.5.Romanlawdidnotdevelopuntilthedistinctionbetweenfreemanandslavesdisappeared.,60,PPT学习交流,2.Decidewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse.,6.Therightofmanisaveryancientquestion.7.ThoverrunningofWesternEuropebytheGermansabolishedoldideasofequality,butatthesametimecreatedthebasefornewideaofequality.8.HerrDuhringcallshisphilosophynaturebecauseofhisshallowandignorance.,61,PPT学习交流,3.Fillinblankswiththeappropriatewordsgivenbelow:,Dispute,enlighten,alongside,transition,embody,original,represent,stress,exchange,background,insanity,distinction,comprehensive,primitive(1)Themembersofthetowncouncilforhoursaboutwhethertobuildanewmuseum(2)MyfatherissoproficientinEnglishthatcanreadShakespeareinthe.(3)wecanneverthecountrysinterestsforourown.,62,PPT学习交流,3.Fillinblankswiththeappropriatewordsgivenbelow:,(4)thebaldeagletheUnitedstages.(5)Thefrequentofweathecaneasilycausepeopletocatchcold.(6)Thereisnoappreciablebetweenthetwins.(7)Hethepointthatweshouldbepunctual.(8)Theneweditionoftheencyclpediamanyimprovements.(9)Listentobothsidesandyouwillbe.,63,PPT学习交流,3.Fillinblankswiththeappropriatewordsgivenbelow:,(10)Theprincipalgaveaveryexplanationoftheplanfortheconstructionofspiritualcivilization.(11)manmadetoolsfromsharpstonesandanimalbones.(12)Themurdererwasjudgednotguiltyforreasonsof.(13)Iamusedtolisteningtomusicwhenreadingorwriting.(14)Webroughtourboatandplayedonthebeach.,64,PPT学习交流,5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.,(1)Theconceptionsofgoodandevilhavevariedsomuchfromnationtonationandfromagetoagethattheyhaveoftenbeenindirectcontradictiontoeachother.,65,PPT学习交流,5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.,(2)Evenmore,atsimilarorapproximatelysimilarstagesofeconomicdevelopmentmoraltheoriesmustofneccesitybemoreorlessinagreement.Fromthemomentwhenprivateownershipofmovablepropertydeveloped,allsocientiesinwhichthisprivateownershipexistedhadtohavethismoralinjunctionincommon:Thoushaltnotsteal.,66,PPT学习交流,5.