高中英语语法-非谓语动词.ppt

SeriesOfEnglishGrammarNon-PredicateVerbs,鹿邑县第二高级中学王桂芹,非谓语,不定式（todo),V-ing,V-ed,asanoun,asadj.oradv.,现在分词,动名词,过去分词,非谓语动词的分类,使用条件,一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时,这些动词就充当了非谓语动词.,非谓语动词的,Smokingisbadforhealth.2.Hishobbyisswimming.3.Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.4.ThemantalkingwithmyfatherisMr.Wang.5.Hedecidedtotryagain.,找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）,is,is,heard,is,decided,一、考查非谓语动词作主语能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。二者的区别是：表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。动名词作主语时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it作形式主语放在句首。1)Smokingisprohibited(禁止)here.2)Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.3)Collectinginformationisveryimportanttobusinessmen.4)Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.,(抽象),(具体),Itbe名词/形容词todoItbe形容词forsb/ofsbtodoIttakes/tooksb+时间+todoItisnecessary_(spend)enoughtimeonEnglishifyouwanttolearnitwell.,tospend,1).Tomakeaplanfirstisagoodidea.,=Itisagoodideatomakeaplanfirst.,2).Ittakesthreehourstowalkthere.,Itispossibleforhimtomastertheartofspeaking.Itwascarelessofhimtobreakthecoffeecup.,=Hewascarelesstobreakthecoffeecup.,2.动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。,Itis/was,nouse/good,notanyuse/good,oflittleuse/good,useless,+doingsth.,Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.Itisoflittlegoodstayinguptoolateeveryday.,若主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一致。Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.,二、考查非谓语动词作宾语不定式和动名词都可作动词或介词的宾语。1.有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：want,wish,hope,manage,demand,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide,agree,expect等。,2.有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,forgive,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,suggest,deny.1)Icantstand_withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses_talkingwhilesheworks.A.working;stoppingB.towork;stoppingC.working;tostopD.towork;tostop2)Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldntrisk_thegoodopportunity.A.toloseB.losingC.tobelostD.beinglost,C,B,3.有些动词如intend,start,continue后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语，意义上无多大区别。Iintendtofinish/finishingthetaskthismorning.但love,like,hate,prefer后接动名词表示经常性的行为；接不定式表示具体的行为。1).Ilike_verymuch,butIdontlike_thisafternoon.A.swimming,swimmingB.toswim,toswimC.swimming,toswimD.toswim,swimming,C,2).LittleJimshouldlove_tothetheatrethiseveningA.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking,A,A,4.既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语,但不定式用被动式的形式；动名词用主动式的形式。句子的意思没有差别。但句子得主语一般是一表物的名词或代词。这类动词主要有：want、need、require等。,1)Yourwatchneedsrepairingtoberepaired.2)Thewindowsneedpaintingagaintobepaintedagain.,5.有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有区别。如forget,remember,mean,regret,stop,try,goon,canthelp等。remember/forget/regret+v-ing表已经发生的动作，remember/forget/regret+v-ing表动作还没有发生。meandoing意思是；意味着meantodo意欲，打算要做stoptodo停下来要做stopdoing停止正在做的动作trydoing试着做trytodosth.试图做canthelpdoingsth.情不自禁，不禁canthelp(to)dosth.不能帮忙做,1).Ifyouthinktreatingawomanwellmeansalways_herpermissionforthings,thinkagain.A.getsB.gotC.togetD.getting2).Whenaskedbythepolice,hesaidthatheremembered_attheparty,butnot_.A.toarrive;leavingB.toarrive;toleaveC.arriving;leavingD.arriving;toleave,D,C,6.1).Ihavenochoicebuttoacceptthefact.2).Isntittimeyougotdownto_thepapers?A.markB.bemarkedC.beingmarkedD.marking3).Victorapologizedfor_toinformmeofthechangeintheplan.A.hisbeingnotableB.himnottobeableC.hisnotbeingableD.himtobenotable介词后可接动名词或不定式作宾语。,D,C,PracticeAsthetwentiethcenturycametoaclose,therawmaterialsforagreatnationalliteraturewereathand,waiting_.A.touseB.tobeusedC.tohaveusedD.tobeusingAfterhebecameconscious,heremembered_and_ontheheadwitharod.A.toattack;hitB.tobeattacked;tobehitC.attacking;behitD.havingbeenattacked;hit,B,D,下面从二个方面来复习非谓语动词,1.非谓语动词的七大经典原则2.非谓语动词解题四大步骤,非谓语动词题的做题技巧,一.非谓语动词的七大经典原则,原则一：用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式Whenaskedwhyhewentthere，hesaidhewassentthere_foraspaceflight.A.trainingB.beingtrainedC.tohavetrainedD.tobetrained【解析】由于进行航空飞行训练是他被派往那儿的目的，所以要用不定式，因此可排除A和B。另外，由于“他”与“训练”为被动关系，故选D。,2._thiscake，youllneed2eggs，175gsugarand175gflour.A.HavingmadeB.MakeC.TomakeD.Making,3.Asthelightturnedgreen，Istoodforamoment，not_，andaskedmyselfwhatIwasgoingtodo.A.movedB.movingC.tomoveD.Beingmoved,【解析】由于与句子主语之间为主动关系，且表示当时持续了一会儿，故用-ing。句意为：当信号灯变绿时，我站在那儿一会儿没动，心想自己该怎么办。,原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上要用-ing.,4.Hesat_toher_thestairs.A.tolisten;toclimbB.listening;toclimbC.listening;climbD.listening;toclimbing【解析】listen是伴随sat而同时由主语he发出的，所以用-ing作伴随状语；listento后跟不带to的不定式/-ing作宾补。,listentodo/doing,用括号里的词的适当形式填空1.Writetotheeditor,_thattheeditorwouldbeabletohelpher（hope）2.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstoppedthere_onabigrock(rest)3.Thesecretaryworkedlateintonight,_alongspeech.(prepare)4._warm,weshutallthewindows.(keep),preparing,torest,hoping,Tokeep,ing形式作伴随状语与todo作目的状语的区别：作伴随状语的ing形式与谓语动词的动作同时发生且前面常常带一逗号;而作目的状语的不定式的动作要在谓语动词的动作之后发生前面不能用逗号。,原则三：用作结果状语时，可用-ing或不定式，其原则区别是，一般用-ing，表示一定逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之中。不定式用作结果状语表示非逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之外。5.Theglassdoorshavetakentheplaceofthewoodenonesattheentrance，_inthenaturallightduringtheday.A.toletB.lettingC.letD.havinglet【解析此处用-ing表示自然而然的结果。如：Itrainedheavily，causingseverefloodinginthatplace.大雨滂沱，造成了那个地方洪水泛滥。,6.Oilpriceshaverisenby32percentsincethestartoftheyear，_arecordUS$57.65abarrelonApril4.A.havereachedB.reachingC.toreachD.tobereaching,8.Hehurriedtothebookingofficeonly_thatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told,7.Hehurriedtothestation,only_thatthetrainhadleft.A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefound【解析】onlytodosth在此表示出人意料的结果。,原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。但是，如果所涉及的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；如果所涉及的动作正在进行，则用-ing的被动式.9.ThechildrentalkedsoloudlyatdinnertablethatIhadtostruggle_.A.tobeheardB.tohaveheardC.hearingD.beingheard【解析】根据句意，此处指的是“被听见”，故要用被动式，因此可排除B和C。另外，由于“设法被听见”为目的状语，动作当时尚未发生，故用不定式，即选A。,10.Atthebeginningofclass,thenoiseofdesks_couldbeheardoutsidetheclassroom.A.openedandclosedB.tobeopenedandclosedC.beingopenedandclosedD.toopenandclose,【解析】of后应接-ing，desks与openandclose之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，又因couldbeheard，所以选-ing的被动式表正在被进行的动作。,of,11.Whenshecamein,shewassurprisedtofindastranger_atthebackoftheclassroomwithhiseyes_uponher.A.seating;fixingB.toseat;fixingC.havingseated;fixedD.seated;fixed,astranger,hiseyes,sitting,seatvt.,Iseatedmyself.,=Iwasseated.,=Isatdown,fixoneseyesupon,1.seat和sit作为动词，都可以表示“坐”的意思。(1)seat是及物动词，比较正式，常以被动形式表示主动意义。如：HeisseatedbetweenJackandTom.她坐在杰克和汤姆之间。Pleasebeseated.(=Pleaseseatyourself.)(2)sit通常作不及物动词用，比较口语化。如：Thestudentsaresittingattheirdesks.学生们正坐在课桌旁。Sitdown,please.2.seat还可作名词用(而sit只能作动词用)，常见短语takeaseat(相当于haveaseat或takeonesseat)，意为“坐下，就座”。如：Takeyourseat,please.请就坐。,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致.,12.Facedwithabillfor$10,000，_.A.JohnhastakenanextrajobB.thebosshasgivenJohnanextrajobC.anextrajobhasbeentakenD.anextrajobhasbeengiventoJohn,(be)facedwith,Facedwith,13.Whilewatchingtelevision，_.A.thedoorbellrangB.thedoorbellringsC.weheardthedoorbellringD.weheardthedoorbellrings【解析】因为watching的逻辑主语一定是人，排除选项A和B；又因在hear后作宾补的是省略了to的不定式，所以选项D中的rings是错误的。,watching,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成式（根据情况可用不定式的完成式或ing的完成式）14._fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears，Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnotfoundinanyothercountriesintheworld.A.BeingseparatedB.HavingseparatedC.HavingbeenseparatedD.tobeseparated,【解析】因为Australia与separate是被动关系，且separate发生在谓语动词has之前，所以用-ing的完成被动式作原因状语。,has,15.Themanager，_itcleartousthathedidntagreewithus，leftthemeetingroom.A.whohasmadeB.havingmadeC.madeD.making,【解析】因为Themanager与make是主动关系，且make发生在谓语left之前，所以用-ing的完成式作状语，havingmade.相当于whohadmade.的意思。,left,16.LiMingissaid_abroad.DoyouknowwhatcountryYes,InLondon.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying,hestudiedin?hewillstudyin?hestudiesin?,C,A,B,is,sbissaidtodo据说,原则七：用于名词后作定语时，原则是：用不定式，表示动作尚未发生;用-ing，表示动作正在进行;用过去分词，表示动作被动、完成。17.Therewillbemorethanthreehundredscientistsattendingthemeeting_thedayaftertomorrow.A.holdB.holdingC.heldD.tobeheld18.Therearehundredsofvisitors_infrontoftheArtGallerytohavealookatVanGoghspaintings.A.waitedB.towaitC.waitingD.wait,themeeting,thedayaftertomorrow,visitors,19.“Things_nevercomeagain!”Icouldnthelptalkingtomyself.A.lostB.losingC.tolostD.havelost20.Thelastone_paysthemeal.Agreed!A.arrivedB.arrivesC.toarriveD.arriving,Things,Thelastone,losevt.losesb/sth,注：受thefirst，thesecond.thelast修饰的名词或代词后原则上要用不定式作定语。,Youarethesecondtomakethatmistake.你是第二个犯这错误的人。,原则一：用作目的状语，,原则二：用作伴随状语，,原则三：用作结果状语，,原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，,原则七：用于名词后作定语时，,原则一：用作目的状语，原则上用不定式.,原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上用-ing.,原则三：用作结果状语，可用-ing/todo,原则区别是：-ing表示一定逻辑的结果，todo表示非逻辑的结果。,原则四:凡是有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。如果动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动形式；如果动作正在进行，则用-ing的被动形式。,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，原则上其逻辑主语应与主句主语保持一致。,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，原则上要用完成式（-ing的完成式或不定式的完成式）,原则七：用于名词后作定语，原则是：不定式表示动作尚未发生；-ing表示动作正在进行：过去分词表示动作完成，被动。,二.非谓语动词解题四大步骤,（一）分析句子结构,辨别“谓语与非谓语”,_manytimes,buthestillcouldntunderstandit.,2._manytimes,hestillcouldntunderstandit.,HavingbeentoldB.BeingtoldC.HehadbeentoldD.Thoughhewastold,C,_,A,注意连词,3.It_ahotday,wedbettergoswimming.,4._arainyday;wedecidednottogothere.,isB.tobeC.beingD.ItbeingE.ItwasF.been,C,E,注意标点符号,没有连词连接,独立主格结构，其逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；一般有逗号与主句分开；名词或代词与其后的分词，形容词，不定式或介词是逻辑上的主谓关系。如：ItbeingChristmas,thegovernmentofficeswereclosed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息了。Therebeingnothingtodo,wewenthome.没别的事可做我们就回家了。,确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。,怎么加?,非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语，特别是当非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是主句的主语，若不然，则得加上自己的逻辑主语，这时就构成独立主格。,（二）找逻辑主语,1.Walkingalongthestreetoneday,shesawalittlegirlrunninguptoher.2.Sheisreadingabookfoundontheway.3.MostoftheartistsinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.,一般来说，非谓语动词作状语,逻辑主语是句子的主语；非谓语动词作宾补,逻辑主语是宾语；非谓语动词作定语,逻辑主语是被修饰词。,分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。,_fromspace,theearthlooksblue.2._fromspace,wecanseetheearthisblue.A.SeenB.SeeingC.ToseeD.See,A,B,解析：句1.“地球”被“看起来”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。句2.我们主动看.即表主动，故选B。,（三）分析语态,A.totakeB.takingC.tobetakenD.taken,D,B,Everything,they,1._everythingintoconsideration,theyoughttohaveanotherchance.,2.Everything_intoconsideration,theyoughttohaveanotherchance.,（四）分析时态,1.Thebuilding_nowwillbearestaurant.,2.Thebuilding_nextyearwillbearestaurant.,3.Thebuilding_lastyearisarestaurant.,havingbeenbuiltB.tobebuiltC.beingbuiltD.built,_,C,_,B,_,D,二.找逻辑主语,三、分析语态,四、分析时态,一.辨别“谓与非谓