欧洲文化入门复习资料

一 细节知识点（一） Greek Roman 1. dramal Aeschylus埃斯基洛斯：Prometheus Bound 被束缚的普罗米修斯,Persians波斯人，Agamennonl Sophcles索发克里斯：（tragic art）Oedipus the king, Electra，Antigonel Euripides欧里庇得斯：“problem plays”，Andromache，Medea，Trojan Womenl Aristophanes阿里斯多芬尼斯：Frogs，Clouds，Wasps，Birds2. Historianl Herodotus：*“father of history”* from Greek to Persians *full of anecdotes and dialogues ,interestingl Thucydides: *younger than Herodotus *Athens to Sparta and Athens to Syracuse希拉库萨 *style is imagination and power *the greatest historian that ever lived3. philosophy and sciencel Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯： *bold thinker *believe everything is numbers* scientific mathematics-point，line ，magnitude震级，surface，body，first proportionl Heracleitus赫拉克里克：*fire is the primary element of universe*sayings: all is flux，nothing stationary/you cannot step twice into the same river/fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you/ the sun is new every day.*believe mingling of opposites ,opposites produce harmony (二) Bible translationl Latin version：383-405AD by St .Jerome l English version：1382 John Wycliff (三)Middle ages/ Medieval 1. AD 476 Roman power was gone 2. after 1054 Church was divided into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church 3.The Crusades: 10961291 last for about 200 years 4.learning： Charlemagne查理曼大帝：*western and central Europe*father of Europe .Emperor of Romans in 800*Carolingian Renaissance加洛林*encourage Christian religion and ancient learning by setting monastery schools Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：*ruler of Anglo Saxon of Wessex*Encourage teacher and scholars , Wessex center of learning*Anglo Saxon chronicles英国编年史 St .Thomas Aquinas *Italian philosopher ,scholasticism经院哲学 *Summa Contra Centiles , Summa Theologiae 神学大全*building a society of “Gods rule”Gods will” ，Pope is“Christs plenipotentiary基督的全权代表 ” above secular rulers Roger Bacon罗杰培根*a British monk ,one of the earliest advocates of experimental scientific research and observation *works :Opus maius ,encyclopedia of the sciences of his time5Literature Beowulf :an Anglo Saxon epic Song of Roland ，La Chanson de Gestes: French Dante：the divine of comedy神曲 greatest poet of Italy Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：English poet ：canterbury tales坎特伯雷故事集，（first short story teller, first modern poet in English literature ）（四）Renaissance 1.started in Florence and Venice， Italy 2.heart of Renaissance philosophy is greatness of man ，humanism 3.masterpieces : Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日谈（the greatest achievement of prose fiction 散文小说in the middle ages） Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克：*discover Ciceros Oration Oro Arochia,a Roman defense of poetry *Works： Canzoniers（lyrical）, Africa，Metrical Epistles，On Contempt for the Worldly Life，On Solitude，Ecologues， The LettersGiotto乔托： *forerunner of Renaissance，led the way to humanism，realistic depiction of space *works: Flight into Egypt ,Betrayal of JudasGiorgione乔尔乔捏：Tempesta , Sleeping Venus （use of colour schemes to unify picture and most revolutionary result in this sphere)Leonardo da Vinci: *painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.*12 paintings 5000 books ,Renaissance man in the true sense of word.*Last Supper(most famous religious pictures), Mona Lisa(most portrait) Michelangelo Buonarroti: * an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer * David ，Sistine Chapel ，Dying Slave ,Moses Raphael：Madonna（Virgin Mary）各种圣母画，school of Athens Rabelais拉伯雷： French ，Gargantua and Pantagruel巨人传 Pleiade 七星诗社：French ,leader is Pirre de Ronsard(Sonnet Pour Helene) ，发扬保卫法兰西语言Cervantes塞万提斯：Spanish，Don Quixote 1062 Erasmus：Dutch， Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, teacher, and theologian，Greek edition of New Testament ,Praise of Folly愚人颂Durer : German ,follower of Martin Luther the four horsemen of apocalypse 天启四骑士knight ，death and the devil Thomas more：英国人，Utopia乌托邦，conclusion Shakespeare：英国人 Twelfth night ，As you like it ，Hamlet，Othello，King Lear ，Macbeth，Antony and Cleopatra，Sonnets, King Henry 5，6二 .名词解释1. RenaissanceRenaissance is a period of western civilization between 14-17th century. The word Renaissance means revival .it also means the revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture，which started in Florence and Venice ，Italy . the heart ofis humanism.2 . Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement ,which began with Martin Luthers 95 theses in 1517. The Reformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. 3Middle ages ： is also called Medieval ,”the year of faith”* or the thousand-year period following the fall of the western roman empire in the 5th century .it came between ancient times and modern times .During this period Germanic kingdom grew into nations such as England ,French ,Spain, Italy, Germany.4 . Feudalismis a system of holding land in exchange for military service .the wordwas derived from the Latin “feudum” , a grant of land.5 CatholicMeans” universal”. church was a highly centralized and disciplined international religious organization .in the middle ages ,almost every Europeans belonged to it. 6. old testament is one of the two parts of the Bible ,which is about the God and the laws of God. Testament means agreementthe agreement between God and man. 7. Pentateuch 摩西五书 The oldest first five parts of the Bible including Genesis ,Exodus，Leviticus, Numbers， Deuteronomy 8. doric ：one of Greek architecture styles，is also called masculine style .its sturdy坚定的，powerful，severelooking ，showing sense of proportions and numbers. Ionic： feminine style graceful and elegant，showing wealth of ornament装饰三.问答 1. What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire? After the Roman Empire lost its predominance优势, a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England, France, Italy, and Germany in its place. These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. There was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds years. 2. What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1000? Above all, the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.3.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance? Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature. For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas. And to spread the new ideas, libraries and academies were f