立信国际财务报告汉化版Chapter3

Chapter 3 IAS 2 inventories （存货）Introduction （介绍）Significant figure on both （两方面的重要性）Statement of financial position (current assets) and （资产负债表（流动资产）和Income statement (cost of sales and profit) （利润表（销售、利润的费用）Objective （目的）Prescribe the accounting treatment for inventories （规定存货的会计处理）a) Provides guidance on the determination of cost and its subsequent recognition as an expense （为成本的确定和之后费用的确认提供指导）b) Provides guidance on the cost formulas （提供成本计算方法指导）Inventories （存货）Inventories are defined as: （存货可以被定义为：）a) assets held for sale in the ordinary course of business, （企业日常持有待售的资产）b) in the process of production for sale and （在为销售而进行的生产过程中）c) in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services （以材料或用品形式在生产或服务过程中被消耗的）l Raw materials （原材料）l Work in progress （在产品）l Finished goods （产成品）l Merchandise （库存商品）l Amounts allocated to inventory （分配给库存商品的间接费用）Measurement: cost （计量：费用）Includes: （包括）a) Costs of purchase, including non-recoverable taxes, transport and handling (Net of trade volume rebates) （购买费用，包括不可返还的税费、运输费、处理费（交易额的回扣）b) Costs of conversion （转换费用）c) Other costs to bring inventory into its present condition and location （其他费用，使库存成为其目前的状态和位置）Measurement （计量）Cost （费用）Excludes: （排除）Abnormal waste （非正常损耗）Storage costs (unless necessary for the production process) （存储成本（除非必要的生产过程）Admin overheads not related to production （不涉及到生产的管理费用）Selling costs （销售费用）Interest cost (where settlement is deferred-IAS 23 Borrowing Costs identifies rare circumstances where borrowing costs can be included) （利息成本）Cost of purchase （购买成本）Purchase cost （直接购买费用）Import duties and other taxes （进口关税和其他税费）Transport, handling and other cost directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods （运输、处理和其他可直接归属于购买成品的成本）Less any trade discounts （扣除任何商业折扣）Cost of conversion （转换成本）Cost directly related to the units of production （与生产直接相关的成本）Fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods （把材料转变成产成品过程中发生的固定成本和变动成本）Fundamental principle （基本原则）Inventories are required to be started at the lower of cost and net realizable value (NRV). （存货以成本和可变现净值的低者计量-成本与可变现净值孰低法）Net Realizable Value （可变现净值）NRV is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs to make the sale. （可变现净值是日常经营活动中的售价减去完工所需的费用以及销售费用）Lecture example 1 （例一）Jessie is trying to value her inventory. She has the following information available: （Jessie想要对存货估价。她有以下信息：）$Selling price（出售价格）35Cost incurred to date（至今发生的费用）20Cost of work to complete item（完成这个项目工作的费用）12Selling costs per item（每个货物销售费用）1Required （问）What is the net realizable value of Jessies inventory? （Jessie存货的可变现净值是多少？）Measurement （计量）Cost Formulas: （成本计算方法）For non-interchangeable items: （非通用的项目）-specific identification （个别分析）For interchangeable items, either: （通用项目）-FIFO （first in first out，先进先出发）-weighted average cost （加权平均法）Use of LIFO is prohibited （late in first out，后进先出法的使用是被禁止的）Measurement Techniques （计量方式）l Standard cost method （标准成本法）l Takes into account normal levels of materials and supplies, labor, efficiency and capacity utilization. They are regularly reviewed and, if necessary, revised in the light of current conditions. （考虑材料、物资、劳动、效率和产能利用率的平均水平。他们定期审查，如有必要，会在当前的条件下进行修订）Retail method （零售方法）l Often used in the retail industry for measuring inventories of large numbers of rapidly changing items with similar margins for which it is impracticable to use other costing methods （常用于零售行业，用于计量大量快速周转的有类似利润率的存货，使用其他成本核算方法是不可行的）l The cost of the inventory is determined by reducing the sales value of the inventory by the appropriate percentage gross margin （存货的成本由适当比例的毛利率降低库存的销售值确定）Lecture example 2 （例二）On 1 January 20X7, a company held 200 units of finished goods valued at $10 each. During January the following transactions took place. （在20X7年的12月1号，一个公司拥有200个单价$10 的商品。在12月份发生了以下的交易）Date（日期）Units purchased（买入）Cost per unit（买入单价）10 January300$10.8520 January350$11.5030 January250$13.00Sales during January were as follows（12月的销售情况）Date（日期）Units sold（卖出）Price per unit（卖出单价）January 14280$18.00January 21400$18.00January 2880$18.00Required （问）Determine the valuation of closing inventories and cost of sales using: （计算期末存货的价值和销售成本）a) FIFO （先进先出法）b) Weighted average cost （加权平均法）Revenue（收入） XOther operating income（其他营业收入） XChanges in inventories of finished goods and work in progressX（完工产品