语言学精品课ppt-02.ppt

Chapter2,Phonology,2.1Theterminologyphonetics(1)phonologyphonemicsphonology(2)studyofspeechsoundsphonetics,Phonetics:thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworldslanguage.,SpeechProduction(Speaker)transmittedintheairSpeechPerception(Hearer)Theprocessofspeechproductionandperception,Subdivisions:articulatoryphoneticshowtoproducespeechsoundsauditoryphoneticsstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbytheheareracousticphoneticsstudiesthewayspeechsoundsaretransmittedintheair(usingspectrographs,analyzesoundwaves),2.2.TheSpeechOrgans,Thearticulatoryapparatusofhumanbeingsarecontainedintheimportantareasorcavities:thepharyngealcavitythethroattheoralcavitythemouththenasalcavitythenose,TheSpeechOrgans,2.3.Productionofasound,OralcavityNasalcavityUvularpharyngealcavity(glottis,vocalcords)(throughwindpipes)(air)lungs,2.4.Transcriptionofsounds,StandardandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptiontheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).Alistofsymbolsareusedtotranscribethesounds.ThevowelsTheconsonants,Englishvowels（monophthongsanddiphthongs）i:beatibitebetbatanother:burnu:moonput:swordlot:carbuteisayaibuyiboyusoanowipeerepairpoor,EnglishconsonantsppillbballttillddeskkkissggapmmembernnameringffeelvvealssozzoothinthyshymeasurechainJilllletterrreefwwaityard,VowelsofAmericanEnglishibeetbitebaitbetubootUfootoboatborebatbuttpot/barasitesofaboyaw/wbout,ConsonantsofAmericanEnglishppillbballttillddeskkkissggapmmembernnameringffeelvvealssozzoothighthy/shy/measurechainJilllletterrreefwwaitwhichyard,BroadTranscriptionwithonlyletter-symbolsspitpitNarrowtranscriptionletter-symbolswithdiacriticsphit,2.5.ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds,2.5.1.Vowelsvs.consonantsvowels(withnoobstructionthroughthespeechorgans)consonants(withobstructionthroughthespeechorgans),2.5.2.ClassificationofEnglishconsonants,BymannersofarticulationStops:pbtdkgmnFricatives:fvszAffricates:Liquids:laterallretroflexrNasals:mnGlides:w,ClassificationofEnglishconsonants,IntermsofplacesofarticulationBilabial:pbmLabiodental:fvDental:Alveolar:tdsznlrPalatal:Velar:kgGlottal:h,2.5.3.Descriptionofconsonants,Threesteps:vibrationofvocalcordsvoicedorvoicelessplaceofarticulationmannerofarticulation,2.5.4.Classificationofvowels,Throughanumberoffacts:thepositionofthetongue,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.thepositionofthetongue:front,central,backtheopennessofthemouth:closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,andopenvowels,theshapeofthelips:unroundedallthefrontandcentralvowelsrounded-allthebackvowelsexcepta:thelengthofthesound:shortandlongvowels,tenseandlax:longvowelsaretenseandtheshortvowelsarelax,Classificationofvowels,FrontCentralBacki:u:CloseiSemi-closee:Semi-open:Open:,Exercises1.Fillintheblankswiththemostsuitablewords.EachblankrepresentsONEword.1)_and_arethetwomajormediausedbynaturallanguagesforcommunication.2)Phoneticsisthestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage,i.e.,thestudyofthe_,_and_ofspeechsounds.,3)Phoneticsstudiesspeechsoundsfromthreedifferentangles.Accordingly,itcanbefurtherclassifiedintothreesub-branches:_phonetics,_phoneticsand_phonetics.4)Thespeechorgansarecontainedinthreeimportantareasorcavities:the_,the_andthe_.,5)Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Oneis_transcription;theotheris_transcription.6)_aresoundsproducedbysomeformofobstructionoftheairstreamandmaybeeithervoicedorvoiceless.,7)For_consonants,theobstructiontakesplacebetweenthelowerlipandtheupperteeth.8)_consonantsaremadebycompletelyshuttinguptheairpassageatsomepointsinthemouthandloweringthesoftpalatetolettheairgooutthroughthenose.,9)_vowelsaremadebyraisingthebackofthetonguetowardsthesoftpalate.10)_areproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanother.,2.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.1)Phoneticsalsostudiesthesoundofonescough.2)Phoneticsisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworldslanguages.,3)Thebranchofphoneticswhichstudiestheperceptionofspeechsoundsiscalledacousticphonetics.4)Thelungsarethepowerorganofspeech.,5)Whenthevocalcordsareheldtightly,thereisonlyanarrowpassagebetweenthem.Thisisthepositionwhenoneisbreathingnormally.6)Allvowelsandnoconsonantsareproducedwiththevibrationofvocalcords.,7)GlottalstopoccursintheEnglishlanguage.8)TheEnglishspokensounds,likethesoundsofanyotherlanguage,aregenerallydividedintotwomainclasses:vowelsandconsonants.,9)Semi-vowelsarenotvowels.10)TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetistheonlywaytotranscribespeech,3.Ineachofthefollowingpairsofwords,thebolditalicizedsoundsdifferbyoneormorephoneticproperties（features).Givethesymbolforeachoftheitalicizedsounds,statetheirdifferencesand,inaddition,statewhatpropertiestheyhaveincommon.Example:phone-phonicTheoinphoneismid,tense,roundTheoinphonicislow,unroundBotharebackvowels.,bathbathereducereductioncoolcoldcatsdogsimpoliteindecent,4.Englishhasanumberofexpressionssuchas“chit-chat”and“flip-flop”whichneverseemtooccurinthereverseor