APBiology生物学术语中英对照.ppt

TheDynamicsofLife,Chapter1allorganismshaveanorderlystructure,produceoffspring,grow,develop,andadjusttochangesintheenvironment.,3.organization组织orderlystructureofcellsinanorganism;acharacteristicofalllivingthings,reproduction繁殖productionofoffspringbyanorganism;acharacteristicofalllivingthings,species物种agroupoforganismsthatcaninterbreedandproducefertileoffspringinnature,growth生长increaseintheamountoflivingmaterialandformationofnewstructuresinanorganism;acharacteristicofalllivingthings,environment环境bioticandabioticsurroundingstowhichanorganismmustconstantlyadjust;includesair,water,weather,temperature,otherorganismsandmanyotherfactors.,stimulus刺激anythinginanorganismsinternalorexternamlenvironmentthatcausestheorganismtoreact,response反应anorganismsreactiontoachanceinitsinternalorexternalenvironment,homeostasis稳态organismsregulationofitsinternalenvironmenttomaintainconditionssuitableforsurvival;cessofmaintaingequilibriumincellsinternalenvironments,energy能量theabilitytocausechance;organismsuseenergytoperformbiologicalfunction,adaptation适应evolutionofastructure,behaviororinternalprocessthatenablesanorganismtorespondtoenvironmentalfactorsandlivetoproduceoffspring,evolution进化gradualchangeinaspeciesthroughadaptationsovertime,scientificmethod科学方法proceduresthatbiologistsandotherscientistsusetogatherinformationandanswerquestions,includeobservingandhypothesizing,experimentingandgatheringandinterpretingresults.,hypothesis假设explanationforaquestionoraproblemthatcanbeformallytested,experiment实验procedurethattestsahypothesisbycollectinginformationundercontrolledcondidtions.,control控制inanexperiment,thestandardagainstwhichresultsarecompared.,independentvariable自变量inanexperimenttheconditionthatistestedbecauseitaffextstheoutcomeoftheexperiment,dependentvariable因变量inanexperiment,theconditionthatresultsfromchangesintheindependentvariable,data数据informationobtainedfromexperiments,sometimescalledexperimentalresults,technology科技applicationofscientificresearchtosocietysneedsandproblems,ecology生态学scientificstudyofinteractionsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironments,biosphere生态圈portionoftheearththatsupportslife;extendsfromhighintheatmospheretothebottomoftheoceans,abioticfactors非生物因素nonlivingpartsofanorganismsenvironment;aircurrents,temperature,moisture,lightandsoilareexamples.,bioticfactors生物因素allthelivingorganismsthatinhabitanenvironment,population种群groupoforganismsallofthesamespecies,whichinterbreedandliveinthesameplaceatthesametime,biologicalcommunity生态群落acommunitymadeupofinteractingpopulationsinacertainareaatacertaintime,ecosystem生态系统interactionsamongpopulationsinacommunity,thecommunitysphysicalsurroundingsorabioticfactors,habitat栖息地placewhereanorganismlivesoutitslife,niche小生境roleorpositionaspecieshasinitsenvironment,includesallbioticandabioticinteractionsasananimalmeetsitsneedforsurvivalandreproduction,symbiosis共生permanent,closeassociationbetweentwoormoreorganismsofdifferentspecies,mutalism互利共生asymboticrelationshipinwhichbothspeciesbenefit,commensalism共栖symbioticrelationshipinwhichonespeciesbenefitsandtheotherspeciesisneitherharmednorbenefited,parasitism寄生symbioticrelationshipinwhichoneorganismbenefitsattheexpenseofanother,usuallyanotherspecies,autotroph自养型生物anorganismthatusesenergyfromthesunorenergystoredinchemicalcompundstomanufacturetheirownmaterials,heterotroph异养型生物organismthatcannotmakeitsownfoodandmustfeedonotherorganismsforenergyandnutrients,decomposers分解者organisms,suchasfungiandbacteria,thatbreakdownandabsorbnutrientsfromdeadorganisms,foodchain食物链simplemodelthatshowshowmatterandenergymovethroughanecosystem,trophiclevel营养级organismthatrepresentsafeedingstepinthemovementofenergyandmaterialsthroughanorganismsthananyotherbiome,foodweb食物网modelthatshowsallthepossiblefeedingrelationshipsateachtrophiclevelinacommunity,biomass生物量（或生物的数量）thetotalmassorweightofalllivingmatterinagivenarea,Chapter2-5,limitingfactor限制因素anybioticorabioticfactorthatrestrictstheexistence,numbers,reproduction,ordistributionoforganisms.,biome生物群系groupofecosystemsthathavethesameclimateanddominantcommunities,estuary河口湾Acoastalbodyofwater,partiallysurroundedbyland,inwhichfreshwaterandsaltwatermix,taiga针叶树林地带biomejustsouthofthetundra;characterizedbyanorthernconiferousforestcomposedofpine,fir,hemlock,andsprucetreeandacidic,mineral-poortopsoils,rainforest雨林abiomeneartheequatorwithwarmtemperatures,wetweather,andlushplantgrowth,tundra苔原Biomethatsurroundsthenorthandsouthpoles;treelessland;characterizedbytopsoilthatisalayerofpermafrost.,carryingcapacity承载量themaximumnumberoforganismsofonespecies,orthemaximumpopulationsize,whichanenvironmentisabletosupportindefinitely,density-dependentfactor密度制约因子limitingfactors,suchasdisease,parasitesorfoodavailabilitythataffectgrowthofapopulation,density-independentfactor非密度制约因子factorsuchastemperature,storms,floods,drought,orhabitatdisruptionthataffectsallpopulations,regardlessoftheirdensity,exponentialgrowth指数增长populationgrowthpatternwhereapopulationgrowsfasterasitincreasesinsize,birthrate出生率thenumberofbabiesbornper1,000peopleinanareainagivenyear,deathrate死亡率numberofdeathsper1000populationinagivenyear,biodiversity生物多样性varietyoflifeinanarea;usuallymeasuredasthenumberofspeciesthatliveinanarea,endangeredspecies濒危物种aspeciesinwhichthenumberofindividualsfallssolowthatextinctionispossible,extinction灭绝thedisappearanceofaspecieswhenthelastofitsmembersdies,habitatdegradation栖息地退化damagetoahabitatbyair,water,andlandpollution,habitatfragmentation栖息地断裂theseparationofwildernessareasfromotherwildernessareas,ozonelayer臭氧层layeroftheatmospherethathelpstoprotectlivingorganismsonEarthssurfacefromdamagingdosesofultravioletradiationfromthesun,captivity笼养（或樊笼）whenmembersofaspeciesareheldbypeopleinzoosorotherconservationfacilities,conservationbiology保护生物学fieldofbiologythatstudiesmethodsandimplementsplanstoprotectbiodiversity,succession演替orderly,naturalchanges,andspeciesreplacementsthattakeplaceinecosystemcommunitiesovertime.,desert沙漠aridregionwithsparsetoalmostnonexistentplantlife,grassland草地biomecomposedoflargecommunitiescoveredwithrichsoil,grasses,andsimilarsmallplants,temperatedeciduousforest温带落叶林biomecomposedofforestsofbroad-leavedhardwoodtreesthatlosetheirfoliageannually,BiologyChapter6(Glencoe,DynamicsofLife),acid酸anysubstancethatformshydrogenions(H+)inwater,pHbelow7;sourtaste;turnsbluelitmusred;phenolphthaleinremainsclear;example:lemonjuice,atom原子smallestparticleofanelementthatstillretainsthesamecharacteristicsoftheelement;composedofneutrons,protonsandelectrons,base碱anysubstancethatformshydroxideionsinwater(OH-);pHabove7;bittertaste;slippery;turnsredlitmusblue;phenolphthaleinturnspink;example:soap,compound化合物composedofatomsoftwoormoredifferentelementsthatarechemciallycombined;canbeeithercovalentlyorioniclycombined,covalentbond化学键abondformedbetweentwoormoreatomsbythesharingofelectrons;mostorganismshavecovalentcompoundswithintheirstructure;examplesincludelipids,protiensandwater,element元素asubstancethatcannotbebrokendownintosimplerchemicalsubstances;composedofthesametypeofatoms,ion离子chargedparticlemadeofatoms;canbepositvewhentherearemoreprotonsthanelectronsorcanbenegativewhentherearemoreelectronsthanprotons,ionicbond离子键attractiveforcebetweentwoionsofoppositecharge;example:salt,NaCl;Na+hasapositivechargeandCl-hasanegativecharge,isotope同位素atomsofthesameelementthatdifferentnumberofneutrons;hasthesamenumberofprotons;canberadioactive,metabolism新陈代谢Allofthechemicalreactionsthatoccurwithinanorganism,mixture混合物combinationofsubstancesinwhichtheindividualcomponentsretainthierownproperties;example-sugarinwaterorsaltinwater,molecule分子groupofatomsheldtogetherbycovalentbonds;nooverallcharge;examples:glucoseandwater,nucleus原子核centerofanatom;containstheprotonsandneutrons;postivelycharged.Atomicmassisthecombinationoftheneutronsandprotons,atomicnumberisthenumberofprotonsonly,PH酸碱度measureofhowacidicorbasicasolutionis;pHscaleisfrom0to14.0to7isacidic;7to14isbasic;7isneutral,solution溶液amixtureinwhichonreormoresubstances(solute)aredistributedevenlyinanothersubstance(solvent);wateristheuniversalsolvent;example:sweeticedtea,aminoacid氨基酸builingblocksofproteins;20aminoacids,carbohydrate碳水化合物biomoleculecomposedofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygeninaratioofoftwohydrogenatomstoonecarbonatomtooneoxygenatom;starch,glycogenandcelluloseareformsofthisbiomolecule,enzyme酶proteinthatchangestherateofachemicalreaction;isnotchangedinreaction;isaffectedbyheatandpH;ifnolongercanfunction-issaidtobedenatured,iosmercompoundsthathavethesamechemicalformulabuthavedifferentthreedimensionalstructures;examplesincludeglucoseandfructose,bothhavethesamechemicalcomposition:C6H12O6.,lipid脂质largemoleuclescomposedmostlyofcarbonandhydrogenatomswithafewoxygenatoms;examplesincludewaxes,fats,oilsandsteroids;insolubleinwater;makeuppartofcellmembrane,nucleicacid核酸complexbiomoleculethatstorescellularinformationintheformofacode;DNAandRNAareexamples,nucleotide核苷酸consistofcarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogenandphosphorus;buildingblocksofnucleicacids;threegroups:nitrogenousbase,simplesugarandaphosphategroup,peptidebond肽键covalentbondformedbetweenaminoacids;createsproteins,polymer多聚物largemoleculeformedwhenmanysmallermoleculesbondtogether;canbeformedbycondensation-removalofwaterorcanbeformedbythecreationofpeptidebonds,protein蛋白质largecomplexpolymercomposedofcarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogenandsometimessulfur;buildingblocksareaminoacids;enzymes;createdatribosomes,polarmolecule极性分子moleculewithanunequaldistributionofcharge,resultinginthemoleculehavingapositiveendandanegativeend.,hydrogenbond氢键weakchemicalbondformedbytheattractionofpositivelychargedhydrogenatomstoothernegativelychargedatoms,diffusion扩散randommovementofparticlesfromanareaofhigherconcentrationtoanareaoflowerconcentration,dynamicequilibrium动态平衡resultofdiffusionwherethereiscontinuousmovementofparticlesbutnooverallchangeinconcentration,Chapter7Biology:dynamicsoflife,Cell细胞thebasicstructuralandfunctionalunitofallorganisms,Nucleus细胞核apartofthecellcontainingDNAandRNAandresponsibleforgrowthandreproduction,Prokaryote原核细胞界aunicellularorganismhavingcellslackingmembrane-boundnuclei,Phospholipid磷脂anyofvariouscompoundscomposedoffattyacidsandphosphoricacidandanitrogenousbase,SelectivePermability选择渗透性aprocessinwhichtheplasmamembraneofacellallowssomemoleculesintothecellwhilekeepingothersout,CellWall细胞壁athinmembranearoundthecytoplasmofacell,CellTheory细胞理论thetheorythatcellsformthefundamentalstructuralandfunctionalunitsofalllivingorganisms,Eukaryote真核细胞anorganismwithcellscharacteristicofalllifeformsexceptprimitivemicroorganismssuchasbacteria,Organelle细胞器aspecializedpartofacell,FluidMosaicModel流动镶嵌模型Thecurrentlyacceptedmodelofcellmembranestructure,whichenvisionsthemembraneasamosaicofindividuallyinsertedproteinmoleculesdriftinglaterallyinafluidbilayerofphospholipids.,TransportProteins运输蛋白质Atransmembraneproteinthathelpsacertainsubstanceorclassofcloselyrelatedsubstancestocrossthemembrane.,Chorophyll叶绿素greensubstanceinachloroplastthattrapsenergyfromsunlight,Chloroplast叶绿体plastidcontainingchlorophyllandotherpigments,Cilia纤毛short,hair-likestructuresmadeofmicrotubulesthatenablemovementofcellsormovementofmaterialsoutsideacell,Cytoskeleton细胞骨架amicroscopicnetworkofactinfilamentsandmicrotubulesinthecytoplasmofmanylivingcellsthatgivesthecellshapeandcoherence,Flagella鞭毛whipliketailsfoundinone-celledorganismstoaidinmovement,Lysosome溶酶体anorganellefoundinthecytoplasmofmostcells(especiallyinleukocytesandliverandkidneycells),Mitochondria线粒体Powerhouseofthecell,organellethatisthesiteofATP(energy)production,Nucleous核仁largemembrane-enclosedstructurethatcontainsthecellsgentic,aterialintheformofDNA,Ribosome核糖体anorganelleinthecytoplasmofalivingcell,Chromatin染色质thereadilystainablesubstanceofacellnucleusconsistingofDNAandRNAandvariousproteins,Cytoplasm细胞质ajellylikefluidinsidethecellinwhichtheorganellesaresuspended,EndoplasmicReticulum内质网aninternalmembranesysteminwhichcomponentsofcellmembraneandsomeproteinsareconstructed,GolgiAppartus高尔基体tomodify,sort,andpackageprotiensandothermaterialsfromtheERforstorageinthecellorsecretionoutsidethecell,Microfilament微丝solidrodofprotein,thinnerthanamicrotubule,thatenablesacelltomoveorchangeshape,Microtubules微管hollowtubesofproteinabout25nanometersindiameter,supportthecellandmoves,organelles细胞器withinthecellEx:looklikestraws,Plastid质体anyofvarioussmallparticlesinthecytoplasmofthecellsofplantsandsomeanimalscontainingpigmentsorstarchoroilorprotein,Vacuole液泡atinycavityfilledwithfluidinthecytoplasmofacell,Biology:TheDynamicsofLifeCh8,osmosis渗透（作用）diffusionofwateracrossaselectivelypermeablemembranedependingontheconcentrationofsolutesoneithersideofthemembrane,isotonicsolution等渗溶液incells,solutioninwhichtheconcentrationofdissolvedsubstancesinthesolutionisthesameastheconcentrationofdissolvedsubstancesinacell,hypotonicsolution低渗溶液incells,solutioninwhichtheconcentrationofdissolvedsubstancesislowerinthesolutionoutsidethecellthantheconcentrationinsidethecell;causesacelltoswellandpossiblyburstaswaterentersthecell,hypertonicsolution高渗溶液incells,solutioninwhichtheconcentrationofdissolvedsubstancesoutsidethecellishigherthantheconcentrationinsidethecell;causesacelltoshrinkaswaterleavesthecell,passivetransport被动运输movementofparticlesacrosscellmembranesbydiffusionorosmosis;thecellusesnoenergytomoveparticlesacrossthemembrane,facilitateddiffusion辅助扩散passivetransportofmaterialsacrossaplasmamembranebytransportproteinsembeddedintheplasmamembrane,activetransport主要运输energy-expendingprocessbywhichcellstransportmaterialsacrossthecellmembraneagainstaconcentrationgradient,endocytosis内吞作用activetransportprocesswhereacellengulfsmaterialswithaportionofthecellsplasmamembraneandreleasesthecontentsinsideofthecell,exocytosis胞外分泌（或胞吐作用）activetransportprocessbywhichmaterialsaresecretedorexpelledfromacell,chromosome染色体cellstructuresthatcarrythegeneticmaterialthatiscopiedandpassedfromgenerationtogenerationofcells,chromatin染色质longstrandsofDNAfoundintheeukaryoticcellnucleus;condensetoformchromosomes,cellcycle细胞周期continuoussequenceofgrowth(interphase)anddivision(mitosis)inthecell.,interphase间期cellgrowthphasewhereacellincreasesinsize,carriesonmetabolism,andduplicateschromosomespriortodivision,mitosis有丝分裂periodofnuclearcelldivisioninwhichtwodaughtercellsareformed,eachcontainingacompletesetofchromosomes,prophase前期firstandlongestphaseofmitosiswherechromatincoilsintovisiblechromosomes,sisterchromatid姊妹染色单体identicalhalvesofaduplicatedparentchromosomeformedduringtheprophasestageofmitosis;thehalvesareheldtogetherbyacentromere,centromere着丝粒着丝点cellstructurethatjoinstwosisterchromatidsofachromosome,centriole中心粒inanimalcells,apairofsmallcylindricalstructurescomposedofmicrotubulesthatduplicateduringinterphaseandmovetooppositeendsofthecellduringprophase,spindle纺锤体cellstructurescomposedofmicrotubulefibers;formsbetweenthecentriolesduringprophaseandshortenduringanaphase,pullingapartsisterchromatids,metaphase中期shortsecondphaseofmitosiswheredoubledchromosomesmovetotheequatorofthespindleandchromatidsareattachedbycentromerestoaseparatespindlefiber,anaphase后期thirdstageofmitosisinwhichthecentromeressplitandthechromatidpairsofeachchromosomearepulledapartbymicrotubules,telophase末期finalphaseofmitosisduringwhichnewcellspreparefortheirownindependentexistance,cytokinesis胞质分裂cellprocessfollowingmeiosisormitosisinwhichthecellscytoplasmdividesandseparatesintonewcells,tissue组织groupsofcellsthatworktogethertoperformaspecificfunction,organ器官groupoftwoormoretissuesorganizedtoperformcomplexactivitieswithinanorganism,organsystem器官系统multipleorgansthatworktogethertoperformaspecificlifefunction,cancer癌症amalignantgrowthresultingfromuncontrolledcelldivision,gene基因asegmentofDNAthatcontrolstheproductionofaprotein,Biology:TheDynamicsofLife.Chapter9,ATP(adenosinetriphosphate)三磷酸腺苷（ATP）energymoleculethatisstoreschemicalbondsandcanbeusedquicklyandeasilybythecell.,ADP(adenosinediphosphate)双磷酸腺苷（ADP）asecondphosphategroupisaddedandmoreenergyisusedtoforcethetwogroupstogether,phosphategroups磷酸基团chargedparticlesthatdonotlikebeingclosetogether,adenosinemonophosphate(ADM)单磷酸腺苷（ADM）whenonlyonephosphategroupsbonds,andasmallamountofenergyisrequiredasthechemicalbonddoesnotstoremuchen