American-Education美国教育.ppt

,AmericanEducation,AmericanEducation,MainContents:1.History2.System3.Comparison4.Somefamousuniversities5.Thefuture,TwofactorsmadetheeducationofAmericastart.,Thisimmigrationofhighereducationbackgroundmadethemattachgreatimportancetoeducation.AndtheearlyimmigrantsfromEnglandneededakindofculturetohelpthemunderstandTheBiblebythemselvesbecauseoftheirdevotiontoreligion.,EducationintheU.S.-History,ThePuritanssetupschoolsasinstinctivelyastheysetupchurches:(1).TheBostonLatinSchoolin1635,(2).HarvardCollegein1636,(3).Theytooktheirfirststeptowardestablishingasystemofpublicschools.(4).In1647,Massachusettspassedaradicallaw,whichrequiredeverytowntoprovideitschildrenwithschoolsandschoolmasters.,InJune1753,BenjaminFranklindecidedthenew-modelcollegewouldfocusontheprofessions,withclassestaughtinEnglishinsteadofLatin,havesubjectmatterexpertsasprofessorsinsteadofonetutorleadingaclassforfouryears,andtherewouldbenoreligioustestforadmission,EducationintheU.S.-History,TheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates,whothemselveswereeducators,laiddowntheprinciplesandinstitutionsofeducationwhichstillflourish.OfalltheFoundingFathers,itwasThomasJeffersonwhocontributedmosttoAmericaneducationalphilosophyandpractice.ItwasJeffersonwho,inhisoldage,builtalmostsingle-handed,thefirstgreatstateuniversityinAmerica-theUniversityofVirginia.,TheoriginabouttheEducationoftheUSA,EducationinAmericancanbetrackedbacktothepuritansintheearly17thcentury,theythinkeverypersonshouldbeabletoreadtheBibleIn1634theyopenedaLaingrammerschoolforthosewhowantedtopreperforcollege;In1636,Harydwasfoundedforthetrainingofreligiousministers.During1630s-1640s,Lawswerepassedforcompulsoryeducationforallchildrenandpublictaxationforschools.In1647,Massachusettspassedaradicallaw,whichrequiredeverytowntoprovideitschildrenwithschoolsandschoolmasters.,TheLaws,ElementaryandSecondaryEducationAct美国中小学教育法isthebasiceducationactoftheUnitedStates,whichreflectsthefederalgovernmentsrequirementsforthenationalpublicbasiceducationschools.TheHigherEducationAct高等教育法案AdoptionoftheHigherEducationActAmendmentsof1992formalizedasignificantshiftinfederalfinancialaidpolicyfromgrantstoloansHigherEducationOpportunityAct高等教育机会法案TheHigherEducationOpportunityAct(PublicLaw110-315)(HEOA)wasenactedonAugust14,2008,andreauthorizestheHigherEducationActof1965,asamended(HEA).GeneralProvisionofEducationAct教育总则法,EducationintheU.S.-EducationalSystems,GeneralintroductionEarlychildhoodeducationPrimaryandsecondaryschoolsHighereducationSupplementaryinformation,GeneralIntroduction,Americansareproudofthefactthatthewindowofknowledgeisneverslammedshutforanyofthenationscitizens.Childrenareallowedtoattendclasseswithkidsofvariousraces,schoolshaveequalopportunitiesforbothmalesandfemales,andforchildrenwithdisabilitiesorhandicaps.Noweachandeverystudentcangetanequalchancetobeeducated.Americanpublicschoolshavefourbasiccharacteristicsincommon:theyarelocallycontrolled,freefromreligiousinfluence,coeducational,andpubliclysupportedbytaxes.,TheAmericaneducationofalltypesandatalllevelsjoineachotherinstructureandcommunicatewitheachotherupanddown.Atanyrate,fromelementaryschoolthroughcollege,Americansholdthebeliefthateveryonedeservesafairandequalopportunitytogetagoodeducation,andthatpartoftheresponsibilityofthegovernmentistomakesurethatsuchanopportunityisnotdeniedtoanyoneofthem.Oneofthestrikingfeatures,differAmericaneducationsystemfromotherEuropeancountrieseducationsystem,callamonorailsystem.Itformedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandcanbespecificallydividedintothebottom-upstructure:primaryschool,secondaryschool,andthenuniversity.Railisthenumberofclassinonegrade.,ElementarySchool,MiddleSchool,HighSchool,HigherEducation,TypesofSchools,PublicSchools:Financedwithtaxmoney.Facetoall(K-12)PrivateSchools:ReligiousorwithaparticulareducationalphilosophyHomeSchools:Parentsteachingchildrenathome,publiceducation,Between1825and1850,publiceducationwasestablishedinAmerica.PubliceducationisuniversallyrequiredattheK12level,andisavailableatstatecollegesanduniversitiesforallstudents.K12publicschoolcurricula,budgets,andpoliciesaresetthroughlocallyelectedschoolboards,whohavejurisdictionoverindividualschooldistricts.Stategovernmentssetoveralleducationalstandards,oftenmandatestandardizedtestsforK12publicschoolsystems,andsupervise,usuallythroughaboardofregents,statecollegesanduniversities.Fundingcomesfromthestate,local,andfederalgovernment.,Privateschools,Privateschoolsaregenerallyfreetodeterminetheirowncurriculumandstaffingpolicies,withvoluntaryaccreditationavailablethroughindependentregionalaccreditationauthorities.About87%ofschool-agechildrenattendpublicschools,about10%attendprivateschools,andmorethan3%arehomeschooled.,HomeSchools,Inhomeschooling,parentsteachtheirownchildrenUsuallydoneforreligiousreasonsorbecauseparentsareunhappywithpublicschoolsApproximately2.2%ofAmericanchildrenarehomeschooled,Tests,SAT:ScholasticAssessmentTest学术评价测验ScholasticAptitudeTest学术性向测验ACT:AmericanCollegeTestingGRE:GraduateRecordExamination美国研究生入学考试,Degrees,Collegegrades,fromhighesttolowest,runABCDF.AnFisafailinggrade.Aftercompletingfouracademicyearswithacceptablegradesinanapprovedcourseofstudy,thestudentearnsBachelorofArtsorBachelorofSciencedegree.Amastersdegreecanbeearnedbyoneortwoacademicyearsofstudybeyondthebachelorsdegree.APh.D.degreeusuallytakesatleastthreeyearsbeyondthemasters.,AmericanvsBritainvsChina,finalexaminations,mid-termexaminations,China:Studyinclassroomallday,America:Emphasizesocialpractice,China:EmphasizemechanicalmemorizingAmerica:Emphasizechildren“powerofunderstanding,CharacteristicsofAmericanEducationInmanyfieldsandindustries,theAmericaneducationalsystemisrecognizedasofferingthemostcutting-edge,sought-afterprogramsattheworldsbestschools.ThatiswhywebelievegraduatingfromanaccreditedAmericanschoolandbeingexposedtotherigorsoftheAmericaneducationalsystemisasoundinvestmentinyourchildsfuture.Americanschoolsofferaholisticprogramthatencouragesabroadeducationalexperienceinbothcurricularandco-curricularareas.,TheIvyLeague(常青藤盟校）,Someofthebest-knownprivateuniversitiesintheUnitedStatesarelocatedintheNortheast.TheyaretheoldestonesinAmericaaswell,knowninformallyastheIvyLeague.TheseincludeHarvard,Yale,Princeton,Brown,Columbia,Cornell,Dartmouth,andUniversityofPennsylvania,withthefirstthreeknownas“TheBigThree”.,HarvardUniversity,HarvardCollegewasestablishedin1636.,Itwasnamedforitsfirstbenefactor,JohnHarvardofCharlestown,ayoungministerwhouponhisdeath,lefthislibraryandhalfhisestatetothenewinstitution.,YaleUniversity,YaleUniver