主旨阅读题的解法PPT课件

.,1,仔细阅读主旨题的解法,.,2,主旨题的识别和形式,辨别和理解文章的中心思想是大学英语四级考试阅读测试的重中之重，2006年修订的新四级考试大纲仍然将对此项能力的考查置于首位。新四级仔细阅读部分(ReadinginDepth)与此项能力直接相关的一种题型称为主旨题。主旨题的识别一般都很简单，直接询问考生全文的中心思想是什么，通常包括三种形式：主题大意(mainidea)、写作目的(purpose)和文章标题(title)。常见的问法有以下几种：,.,3,主旨题的问题形式,ThemainideaofthispassageisThemajorpointofthispassageisThispassageismainlyaboutThispassagemainlytalksabout/discussesThispassagegivesageneraldescriptionofTheauthorspurposeinwritingthispassageisThetitleofthispassageisThispassagecanbeentitled,.,4,如何确定一篇文章的中心思想,新四级的仔细阅读部分，选择题型的篇章阅读共两篇文章，十道题目，要求考生在15分钟之内完成，平均每篇文章大约7-8分钟的时间，其中文章的阅读大约3-4分钟的时间。在这么短的时间内读完一篇300-350字的文章，逐字逐句通读全文寻找主旨的方法就显得不切合实际了，这必然要求考生采用适当的阅读技巧，如采用略读(skimming)和跳读(skip-reading)相结合的阅读方式。,.,5,略读,略读是一种浏览式的阅读方法，其主要目的是为了快速有效地把握文章的主旨大意，是平时为了大量获取信息和各种英语应试阅读中特别常用而且极为重要的一种阅读方法。这种方法主要是指在阅读过程中，只关注与全文大意密切相关的主题信息，而忽略其它支持性的细节信息。四级考试中，阅读文章主要以说明文、记叙文和议论文为主，一篇文章的主题信息通常会出现在以下几处：一、文章各段的首句和尾句。这些处于较明显、较特殊位置的句子往往是段落和文章的主题句，具有相当大的重要性;二、强转折处。通常以but,however,rather,yet,instead等词为标志，这些词汇后面的句子是主题性信息;三、因果关系处。通常以therefore,asaresult,thus,so,Thatiswhy等词语或句式为标志，这些词汇或句式后面的句子是主题性信息;,.,6,略读,四、递进处。通常以moreover,furthermore,whatsmore,whatsthemostimportant,mostimportantofall,mostimportantly等词汇或短语为标志，这些词汇或短语后面出现的信息是被强调的信息，即主题信息出现的地方;五、例证处。通常以forexample,forinstance,Letstake,Consider等词汇、短语或句式为标志，这些词汇、短语或句式表示举例，也是支持性的细节信息，位于例子前后的句子一般都是例子要说明的主题;六、并列处。通常以firstly,secondlyfinally,someothers,foronethingforanother,ontheonehandontheotherhand等组合为标志，这些组合都是支持性的细节信息，位于这些组合前后的句子一般都是这些细节信息所要支持的主题。,.,7,跳读,跳读可以作为略读的辅助。跳读旨在掌握文章的全貌和要点，但又不必将文章中所有的词句全部都读进眼帘，句子中期补充说明、修饰限定作用的，在跳读过程中就可以略去不读。因此，跳读主要是为了抓住句子的主干部分，忽略次要部分，这种阅读方法并不影响读者对于文章主题信息的把握。当主题信息处是长难句时，这种方式尤为有效。跳读可以分为以下三种形式：一、根据特殊的标点符号提示，采用跳读法。文章中的标点符号都有其一定的含义。如：两个逗号之间是插入成分或同位语;括号内表示举例或补充说明;冒号通常用来列举事物、附加解释说明性内容;破折号通常放在解释性分句或句子前，或是用来列举前面总括的若干内容，或是放在解释性的插入语之前或之后等。阅读时，可以将两个逗号之间的部分、括号内的部分、冒号后的部分、破折号后的部分和两个破折号之间的部分省略不读;,.,8,跳读,二、根据句法结构，采用跳读法。主要是在遇到长难句时，抓住句子的主干部分，即主语部分、谓语部分和宾语部分，而其它补充成分，即定语(从句)、状语(从句)和补语部分可以略去不读;三、根据文章结构和组织形式及段落间逻辑关系、主题句等，采用跳读法。阅读时，重点关注主题句、表明作者观点的词句，对于举例论证、引用论证、数据论证、正反论证、比喻论证等部分则一带而过，跳过不读。,.,9,选择性阅读题分类,根据历年四级考试真题中的文章结构，将四级仔细阅读文章中心思想获取的方式大致划分为五种。1、综合型2、开门见山型3、对比型4、问题型5、实验型,.,10,1、综合型,Faces,likefingerprints,areunique.Didyoueverwonderhowitispossibleforustorecognizepeople.Evenaskilledwriterprobablycouldnotdescribeallthefeaturesthatmakeonefacedifferentfromanother.Yetaveryyoungchildorevenananimal,suchasapigeoncanlearntorecognizefaces,wealltakethisabilityforgranted.Wealsotellpeopleapartbyhowtheybehave.Whenwetalkaboutsomeonespersonality,wemeanthewaysinwhichheorsheacts,speaksthinksandfeelsthatmakethatindividualdifferentfromothers.,.,11,Likethehumanface,humanpersonalityisverycomplex.Butdescribingsomeonespersonalityinwordsissomewhateasierthandescribinghisface.Ifyouwereaskedtodescribewhata“niceface”lookedlike,youprobablywouldhaveadifficulttimedoingso.Butifyouwereaskedtodescribea“niceperson”,youmightbegintothinkaboutsomeonewhowaskindconsiderate,friendly,warm,andsoforth.Therearemanywordstodescribehowapersonthinks,feelsandacts.GordonAllport,anAmericanpsychologist,foundnearly18,000Englishwordscharacterizingdifferencesinpeoplesbehavior.Andmanyofususethisinformationasabasisfordescribing,ortyping,hispersonality.Bookworms,conservatives,militarytypes-peoplearedescribedwithsuchterms.,.,12,Peoplehavealwaystriedto“type”eachother.ActorsinearlyGreekdramaworemaskstoshowtheaudiencewhethertheyplayedthevillains(坏人)ortheherosrole.Infact,thewords“person”and“personality”comefromtheLatinpersona,meaning“mask”.Today,mosttelevisionandmovieactorsdonotwearmasks.Butwecaneasilytellthe“goodguys”fromthe“badguys”becausethetwotypesdifferinappearanceaswellasinactions.70.Whichofthefollowingisthemajorpointofthepassage?A)WhyitisnecessarytoidentifypeoplespersonalityB)WhyitispossibletodescribepeopleC)HowtogettoknowpeopleD)Howbesttorecognizepeople,.,13,2、开门见山型,Mostepisodesofabsent-mindednessforgettingwhereyouleftsomethingorwonderingwhyyoujustenteredaroom-arecausedbyasimplelackofattention,saysSchacter.“Youresupposedtoremembersomething,butyouhaventencodeditdeeply.”Encoding,Schacterexplains,isaspecialwayofpayingattentiontoaneventthathasamajorimpactonrecallingitlater.Failuretoencodeproperlycancreateannoyingsituations.Ifyouputyourmobilephoneinapocket,forexample,anddontpayattentiontowhatyoudidbecauseyoureinvolvedinaconversation,youllprobablyforgetthatthephoneisinthejacketnowhanginginyourwardrobe(衣柜).“Yourmemoryitselfisntfailingyou.”saysSchacter.“Rather,youdidntgiveyourmemorysystemtheinformationitneeded.”,.,14,Lackofinterestcanalsoleadtoabsent-mindedness.“Amanwhocanrecitesportsstatisticsfrom30yearsago.”saysZelinski,“maynotremembertodropaletterinthemailbox.”Womenhaveslightlybettermemoriesthanmen,possiblybecausetheypaymoreattentiontotheirenvironment,andmemoryreliesonjustthat.Visualcuescanhelppreventabsent-mindednesssaysSchacter.“Butbesurethecueisclearandavailable.”hecautions.Ifyouwanttoremembertotakeamedication(药物)withlunch,putthepillbottleonthekitchentabledontleaveitinthemedicinechestandwriteyourselfanotethatyoukeepinapocket.,.,15,Anothercommonepisodeofabsent-mindedness:walkingintoaroomandwonderingwhyyourethere.Mostlikely,youwerethinkingaboutsomethingelse.“Everyonedoesthisfromtimetotime.”saysZelinski.Thebestthingtodoistoreturntowhereyouwerebeforeenteringtheroom,andyoulllikelyremember.30.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Theprocessofgradualmemoryloss.B)Thecausesofabsent-mindedness.C)Theimpactoftheenvironmentonmemory.D)Awayofencodingandrecalling.,.,16,3、对比型,Americansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whetheritistheuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofafive-stargeneral.WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilian(百姓的)Clothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Thetelevisionrepairmanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsincivilianclothes.Faithintheskillofagaragemechanicisincreasedbyauniform.Whateasierwayisthereforanurse,apoliceman,abarber,orawaitertoloseprofessionalidentity(身份)thantostepoutofuniform?,.,17,Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyaretax-deductible(可减税的).Theyareoftenmorecomfortableandmoredurablethancivilianclothes.Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperiencedbypeoplewhomustwearthem.Thoughtherearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearerofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwithit,withoutchange,untilretirement.Whenpeoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast.,.,18,Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.Thoughtheyarelong-lasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthanthecostofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealsoexpensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaningratherthanthehomelaunderingpossiblewithmanytypesofcivilianclothes.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_.A)UniformsandSocietyB)TheImportanceofWearingaUniformC)PracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniformD)AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUniforms,.,19,4、问题型,Amtrak(美国铁路客运公司)wasexperiencingadownswinginridership(客运量)alongthelinescomprisingitsrailsystem.OfmajorconcerntoAmtrakanditsadvertisingagencyDDBNeedham，werethelong-distancewesternrouteswhereridershiphadbeendecliningsignificantly.Atonetime，trainsweretheonlypracticalwaytocrossthevastareasofthewest.Trainswerefaster，luxurious，andquiteconvenientcomparedtootherformsoftransportationexistingatthetime.However，timeschangeandtheautomobilebecameAmericasstandardofconvenience.Also，airtravelhadeasilyestablisheditselfasthefastestmethodoftravelinggreatdistances.Therefore，thetaskforDDBNeedhamwastoencourageconsumerstoconsiderotheraspectsoftraintravelinordertochangetheirattitudesandincreasethelikelihoodthattrainswouldbeconsideredfortravelinthewest.,.,20,Twoportionsofthetotalmarketweretargeted:1)anxiousfliers-thoseconcernedwithsafety，relaxation，andcleanlinessand2)travel-lovers-thoseviewingthemselvesasrelaxed，casual，andinterestedinthetravelexperienceaspartoftheirvacation.Theagencythendevelopedacampaignthatfocusedontravelexperiencessuchasfreedom，escape，relaxation，andenjoymentofthegreatwesternoutdoors.Itstressedexperiencesgainedbyusingthetrainsandportrayedwesterntraintripsaswonderfuladventures.,.,21,Advertisementsshowedpicturesofthebeautifulscenerythatcouldbeenjoyedalongsomeofthemorefamouswesternroutesandemphasizedtheromanticnamesofsomeofthesetrains(EmpireBuilder，etc.).Theseadswerestrategicallyplacedamongfamily-orientedTVshowsandprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericainordertomosteffectivelyreachtargetaudiences.Resultswereimpressive.TheEmpireBuilder,whichwasfocusedoninonead.enjoyeda15percentincreaseinprofitsonitsChicagotoSeattleroute.(,.,22,Whatstheauthorspurposeinwritingthispassage?A)Toshowtheinabilityoftrainstocompetewithplaneswithrespecttospeedandconvenience.B)TostresstheinfluenceoftheautomobileonAmericasstandardofconvenience.C)Toemphasizethefunctionoftravelagenciesinmarketpromotion.D)Toillustratetheimportantroleofpersuasivecommunicationinchangingconsumerattitudes.,.,23,5、实验型,Communicationstechnologiesarefarfromequalwhenitcomestoconveyingthetruth.Thefirststudytocomparehonestyacrossarangeofcommunicationsmediahasfoundthatpeoplearetwiceaslikelytotellliesinphoneconversationsastheyareinemails.Thefactthatemailsareautomaticallyrecorded-andcancomebacktohaunt(困扰)youappearstobethekeytothefinding.,.,24,JeffHancockofCornellUniversityinIthaca,MewYork,asked30studentstokeepacommunicationsdiaryforaweek.Inittheynotedthenumberofconversationsoremailexchangestheyhadlastingmorethan10minutes,andconfessedtohowmanyliestheytold.Hancockthenworkedoutthenumberofliesperconversationfoeeachmedium.Hefoundthatliesmadeup14percentofemails，21percentofinstantmessages,27percentofface-to-faceinteractionsandanastonishing37percentofphonecalls.,.,25,Hisresultstobepresentedattheconferenceonhuman-computerinteractioninVienna,Austria,inApril,havesurprisedpsychologists.Someexpectedemailerstobethebiggestliars,reasoningthatbecausedeceptionmakespeopleuncomfortable,thedetachment(非直接接触)ofemailin