Charles-DarwinPPT课件

-,1,CharlesDarwin,OntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection,-,2,Questions,DoyouknowanythingaboutCharlesDarwin?Whatishismasterpiece?DescribeitmainconcerningHowdidhislovefornaturalsciencedevelop?WhatsthemainsignificanceofD.W.s?Whatisthesignificanceofvariationoflivingthing?DescribetheNaturalSelectioninyourownwordsWhatisthecauseofnaturalselection,-,3,WhowasCharlesDarwin?WhatdidDarwinlooklike?Whatweresomeofhisotherphysicalattributes?WhatwasDarwinlikeasachild?Howdidhisloveofnaturalsciencedevelop?WhatdidDarwinaccomplishwhileatmedicalschool?,AboutCharlesDarwin,-,4,WhowasCharlesDarwin?MostpeopleknowthatCharlesDarwinwasthefatherofevolutionarybiology.However,whatisnotwidelyknowniswhatsortofapersonCharlesDarwinwas.,-,5,WhatdidDarwinlooklike?CharlesDarwinstoodabout5feet,111/2inchestallandweighed,afterhisfamousBeagleVoyage,148pounds(10.5stone).Judgingfromolderphotographs,itislikelythathegainedabitofweightinhislateryears.Hehaddarkbrownhair,witharecedinghairlineonhisforehead,andthickcurlysideburns.Hispiercingblue-grayeyesweresetoffbylargeoverhangingbushyeyebrows.Inhiselderlyyearshishairlinerecededagreatdeal,hisfaceturnedahealthyruddycolor(hiscomplexionoftengavepeoplethemistakenimpressionthatDarwinwasinfinehealth!),andhisforeheaddevelopeddeephorizontalwrinkles.InJanuary1866hegrewalargeflowingunkemptgray-whitebeard,perhapstohidetheravagesofhealthproblems,ortopreventpeoplefromrecognizinghim.Hisplanworked,forwhileattendingameetingoftheRoyalSocietyon27Aprilhardlyanyonerecognizedhim,evenhisclosestfriend,JosephHooker!,-,6,Whatweresomeofhisotherphysicalattributes?MostofDarwinsphysicalcharacteristicsareknownfromhislateryears,asdescribedbyhischildren.CharlesDarwinhadnonaturalgraceofmovement,andwasawkwardwithhishands.Hewalkedwithaswingingaction,strikinghiscaneloudlyonthegroundashewent.Indoorshisstepwasslowandlabored.Hebecameexcitedwhenengagedinconversationandwasveryanimatedandbrighteyed,evenwhenhewasinillhealth.Heoftenusedhandgestureswhentalking,perhapsasanaidtohimself,ratherthantothelistener.InoldageDarwinstoopedagreatdeal.Hehadaheartylaugh,oftenraisinghishandsorbringingthemdownwithaslaponhisthighs.ItisknownthatDarwinsometimesspokewithastutter.Apparently,whenpuzzledduringaconversationhepronouncedthefirstwordofasentencewithaslightstammer,mainlywordsstartingwiththeletterW.Anotherinterestingattributeisthatunlessatopicofconversationwasrelatedtohiscurrentresearch,Darwinwasveryslowatformingthewordingofanargument.Theflowofhisconversationwithothersmusthavebeendifficulttofollow,forhewouldoftengooffonatangentthisway,thenanothertangentthatway,inwhatevertopichewasdiscussing.,-,7,WhatwasDarwinlikeasachild?(uptoaboutage9)InhisAutobiography,Darwin(calledCharleyandBobbyduringthistime)describeshimselfasbeingarathernaughtychild.Thisisborneoutinhisstoriesofstealingfruitfromtheorchardtreesonthesideofhisparentshouse,makingupwildstories,andstrivingtobethecenterofattentioninthefamily.Hissister,Caroline,mayhavehelpedhimbecomethecenterofattentionbyblaminghimforeverythingthatwentwronginthehousehold,muchtoDarwinsdismay.Hewasalsoaveryclumsyboy.,-,8,Darwinrecountsonestoryofhischildhoodinwhichhewasstrollingalongastonewall,apparentlylostinthought,andwalkedrightofftheedgeandfellabouteightfeettotheground!Darwinhadexcellentathleticabilities,beingaswiftrunnerandanexcellentrockthrower.Therearesomeindicationsthathewasarathergulliblechild.OnoneoccasionachildhoodfriendofDarwinsconvincedhimthatifhewentintoanyshopinShrewsburyandworeaspecialhatwhichhemovedinacertainwayfortheshopkeeper,hecouldtakewhateverhewantedforfree.Well,Darwintriedthehatinabakeryshop,tooksomecakes,movedthehatfortheshopkeeper,andheadedoutthedoor.ImaginetheshockwhenthemanmadearushforpoorDarwinashedroppedthecakesranfordearlife!,-,9,Ironicasitmayseem,CharlesDarwinwasalazyyoungman,andaslowlearnerinschool.Hewasatfirsteducatedbyhissister,Caroline,beforeattendingRevd.CasesgrammarschoolinShrewsbury.Hewasarathershystudentbuthedidtakegreatpleasureinshowingoffhisathleticskillstotheotherschoolboys.ItisnotknownhowwellDarwindidatRevd.Casesschool,butitissafetosaythathewaslikelyanunremarkablestudent.,-,10,Thefirstsparksofinterestinnaturalhistoryweredevelopedveryearlyinhischildhood.Darwinrelateshowhismother,Susannah,taughthimhowtochangethecolorofflowersbygivingthemwatermixedwithfoodcoloring.Hewasalso,ataveryearlyage,interestedinthevariabilityofplants,andwasperhapsinfluencedherebythegardenshisfatherkeptatthehouse.Asayoungboyhedelightedincollectingminerals,insects,coins,stampsandotheroddbits.Darwindidnot,however,putmuchstudyintotheseobjects,andseemstohavecollectedthemforthemerepleasureofit.Darwinalsohadanextremefondnessofdogs-easilywinningtheiraffection,andtookgreatpleasureinfishingalongtheRiverSevernthatflowedalongthebackofhisparentshouse.,-,11,Howdidhisloveofnaturalsciencedevelop?WhenDarwinwasnineyearsoldhisfathersenthimtoRevd.SamuelButlersschoolinShrewsbury.Itwasaboysboardingschool,butforDarwinithadthegreatadvantageofbeingjustacrosstheriverfromhisfathershouse,sohewasabletovisithomemanytimesaweek.AtthisschoolDarwinlearnedtheclassics,ancienthistory,andGreek,allofwhichhefoundentirelyboring.HehadaparticularlyhardtimelearningGreekandstruggledalongbymemorizingbitsofphrasesandstringingthemtogethertoformsentences(ofcourse,heentirelyforgotthesememorizedbitswithinafewdays).ItissafetosaythatDarwinwasaslowlearnerinhisyouth.Hewasnotinspiredmuchbyhisschooling,andfoundhisonlypleasuresthereinreadingShakespeareshistoricalplays,thepoemsofByron,Scott,Thomson,andtheOdesofHorace.Hisincreasedinterestinnaturalsciencewasspurredonbyeventsoutsidehisformaleducation.Theseeventswere:(1)themanyhikeshewentoninNorthernWales,(2)abookhereadmanytimesduringthisperiod,and(3)helpinghisbrother,Erasmus,inhischemistrylabinthebackyard.,-,12,WhatdidDarwinaccomplishwhileatmedicalschool?PooryoungDarwinhadnoparticularfocusinhislifeatthistime,sohisfatherdecidedhewouldfollowinthelonglineofdoctorsinthefamilyandstudymedicine.DarwinwastobeadmittedintoEdinburghUniversity,inScotland-knownashavingoneofEuropesmostdistinguishedmedicalschools.DuringthesummerDarwinactedasassistantinhisfathersmedicalpractice,treatingpoorpeople,childrenandwomen.Muchtohisfatherssurprise,youngDarwinseemedtoenjoymedicineagreatdeal.,-,13,InOctoberof1825DarwinstartedmedicalschoolattheUniversityofEdinburgh.Hisbrotherjoinedhimtheretostudyforhisexams,havingcompletedmostofhismedicalstudiesatCambridge.TheytooklodgingstogetheracrossthestreetfromtheuniversityonLothianStreet.AsitwasatRevd.Butlersschool,hisstudiesatEdinburghwereforthemostpartawasteoftimeforDarwin.TheonlylecturesthatinterestedhimwerethoseofProfessorThomasHopeschemistryclass.HeattendedthegeologylecturesofProfessorJamesonbut,ironicasitmayseem,thesubjectboredhim,andhevowednevertoreadorstudythesubjectagain.ItiscommonknowledgethatDarwinloathedthesightofblood,andthisissaidtohavepreventedhimfrompursuingamedicalcareer.Whilethisistruetoacertainextent,whatmostlystoppedhimwasthathefoundmedicalstudiesanextremebore-hewonderedwhathisfathereversawinhimthatledhimtothinkhewouldmakeagooddoctor.,-,14,OnceagainDarwinsincreasedinterestinnaturalsciencewasnurturedfromoutsidehisformalstudies.Thiswasaccomplishedinmanyways:(1)Darwinlearnedhowtostuffanimals,(2)hereadaveryinterestingbookonnaturalhistory,(3)hespentmuchofhistimeatthenaturalhistorymuseuminEdinburgh,(4)hejoinedthePlinianSociety,and(5)hebecameagoodfriendofProfessorRobertGrant.,-,15,MorningCharlesDarwingotupearlybeforesunrisetotakeashortwalkoutside.(atraditionhestartedinMarch1849atMalvernSpa)7:45-8:00Hadasmallbreakfastbyhimself.8:00-9:30Hedidhisbestresearchduringthistime.9:30-10:30Readlettersinthedrawingroom.Familyletterswerereadaloudbyhiswife,Emma,whileherelaxedonthesofa.Sometimesshewouldreadanoveltohimatthistime.10:30-12:00Hedidmoreresearch.,DarwinsDay,-,16,Afternoon12:00-1:00NomatterwhattheweathermightbelikehewentforastrollattheSandwalkwithhisdogPolly,awhiteterrier.Alongthewayhewouldoftenstopbythegreenhousetocheckuponhowhisplantexperimentsweredoing.1:00-1:30HadhisLunch1:30-2:00Readthenewspaperonthesofainthedrawingroom.Hewasverymuchinterestedinthepoliticalgoingson.2:00-3:00Satdowninhisbigchairinthestudybythefireplaceandwroteletters.3:00-4:00RestedinhisbedroomonthesofawhilelisteningtoanovelreadtohimbyEmma.4:00-4:30Camedownstairsforhislateafternoonstroll.4:30-5:30Moreresearchonwhateverprojecthewasworkingonatthetime.5:30-6:00Relaxedinthedrawingroomanddidmiscellaneousstuff,orjustbeingidle.,-,17,Evening6:00-7:30Anotherrestupstairswithanovelreadtohimbyhiswife.7:30-8:00HadalightdinnerwithEmmaandthechildren.8:00-8:30PlayedtwogamesofbackgammonwithEmmaeverynight.Hekeptscoreofeverygameformanyyears.8:30-9:00Readascientifictextinthedrawingroomorstudy.9:00-9:30ListenedtoEmmaplayingherBroadwoodGrandpianoforte.9:30-10:00EmmareadmorefromanovelwhileDarwinrelaxedinthedrawingroom.10:00-10:30Wentupstairstogetreadyforbed.10:30Wenttobed.,-,18,October14,2006-EvolutionisrejectedinPoland.Polandsdeputyeducationminister,MiroslawOrzechowski,willnotallowDarwinsTheoryofEvolutiontobetaughtinPolandsschools.OrzechowskisaidthatThetheoryofevolutionisalie,amistakethatwehavelegalizedasacommontruth,andWemustnotteachlies,justaswemustnotteachevilintheplaceofgoodanduglinessintheplaceofbeauty.TeachersinPolandfeartherecouldbeabacklashiftheycontinuetoteachevolutioninschools,andfeartheywillhaveadifficulttimemovinguptheranksinPolandseducationsystem.LastweekahighschoolinthecityofLodzhadremovedpostersshowingtheevolutionofmanfromAustralopithecustoHomoSapiens.InamovetocountertheEducationMinistrysanti-evolutionmessage,PoleshaveemphasizedamessagefromthelatepopeJohnPaulII,whoinaspeechtothePontificalAcademyofSciencesin1996said:Truthcannotcontradicttruth.,-,19,在达尔文200周年诞辰（2009年2月12日）来临之际，英国民调公司ComRes近日在一项针对2060人的调查中发现，越来越多的英国人不再认同进化论。近51%的英国人认为达尔文的进化理论并不足以解释地球生命的复杂构成，生命起源及发展演变的关键时期应该离不开某位“造物者”的干涉。有意思的是，调查还发现，约1/3的英国民众相信上帝创造了世界，而60%的人不相信上帝创造一说。相信进化论的英国人约占40%，仅25%的英国人相信进化论“绝对正确”。在美国，达尔文学说争议更大。去年，美国哥伦比亚广播公司的一项调查显示，56%的美国人赞同将宇宙创造说与进化论相结合起来认识生命起源，而36%的人反对这种观点。2006年，科学杂志调查显示，62%的美国人赞同人是上帝创造而出，并非进化而来。,六成美国人赞同上帝造人（来源:广州日报）,-,20,All25BooksofCharlesDarwin:1839lateMayThethreevolumenarrativeoftheBeaglevoyageJournalofResearchesintotheNaturalHistoryandGeologyoftheCountriesVisitedDuringtheVoyageofH.M.S.Beaglewaspublished.ThiswasthethreeauthoreditionbyCapt.PhilipKing,Capt.RobertFitzRoy,andCharlesDarwin.PublishedbyHenryColburnPublishersofLondon.1839AugustDarwinsnarrativeoftheBeaglevoyagewaspublishedseparatelyandgiventhetitle-JournalofResearchesintotheNaturalHistoryandGeologyoftheCountriesVisitedDuringtheVoyageofH.M.S.Beagle.PublishedbyHenryColburnPublishersofLondon.,-,21,1839Part-2ofZoologyoftheBeagleVoyage-MammaliawrittenbyGeorgeWaterhouse&publishedbySmith,ElderpublishersofLondon.1840Part-1ofZoologyoftheBeagleVoyage-FossilMammaliawrtiienbyRichardOwen&publishedbySmith,ElderpublishersofLondon.1841Part-3ofZoologyoftheBeagleVoyage-BirdswrittenbyJohnGould&publishedbySmith,ElderpublishersofLondon.1842Part-4ofZoologyoftheBeagleVoyage-FishwrittenbyLeonardJeyns&publishedbySmith,ElderpublishersofLondon.1842MayGeologicalObservationsofSouthAmerica-TheStructureandDistributionofCoralReefs.PublishedbySmith,ElderpublishersofLondon.,-,22,1843Part-5ofZoologyoftheBeagleVoyage-ReptileswrittenbyThomasBell&publishedbySmith,ElderpublishersofLondon.1844GeologicalObservationsofSouthAmerica-VolcanicIslands.PublishedbySmith,ElderpublishersofLondon.1846GeologicalObservationsofSouthAmerica-SouthAmericaPublishedbySmith,ElderpublishersofLondon.1851(and1854)Twomonographsonthesub-classofBarnacles,Cirripedia,werepublished.Eachwereoftwovolumes:LivingCirripediaandFossilCirripediaandpublishedbytheRaySocietyofLondon.,-,23,1851MonographoftheFossilLepadidaewaspublishedbythePaleontologicalSocietyofEngland.1854MonographoftheFossilBalanidaewaspublishedbythePaleontologicalSocietyofEngland.1859November22TheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection:Or,thePreservationofFavoredRacesintheStruggleforLifewaspublishedbyJohnMurraypublishersofLondon.1862May15OntheVariousContrivancesbywhichBritishandForeignOrchidsandfertilizedbyInsectswaspublishedJohnMurraypublishersofLondon.,-,24,1864September13Darwins118pagetreatise:TheMovementandHabitsofClimbingPlantswaspublishedbytheLinneanSociety.1868January30TheVariationsofAnimalsandPlantsunderDomesticationwaspublishedbyJohnMurraypublishersofLondon.1871earlyMarchTheDescentofManandSelectioninRelationtoSexwaspublishedbyJohnMurraypublishersofLondon.1872AugustWhileonholidayatLeithHill,DarwinfinishedtheproofsforhisbookTheExpressionoftheEmotionsinManandAnimalswaspublishedbyJohnMurraypublishersofLondon.,-,25,1875JulyInsectivorousPlantswaspublishedbyJohnMurraypublishersofLondonandsoldfasterandbetterthanOriginofSpecies.1876WinterTheVariousContrivancesbywhichOrchidsareFertilizedbyInsectsandTheEffectsofCrossandSelfFertilizationintheVegetableKingdomwerebothpublishedbyJohnMurraypublishersofLondon.1877JulyTheDifferentFormsofFlowersonPlantsoftheSameSpecieswaspublishedbyJohnMurraypublishersofLondon.,-,26,1878lateWinterThebiographyofhisgrandfathertitled,ErasmusDarwinwaspublishedbyJohnMurraypublishersofLondon.1879JuneDarwinfinished,TheMovementandHabitsofClimbingPlantsandsentittoJohnMurrayforpublication.1881OctoberTheFormationofVegetableMould,throughtheActionsofWorms,withObservationsonTheirHabitswaspublishedbyJohnMurraypublishersofLondon.,-,27,NaturalSelection,Chapter4,-,28,NaturalSelection:CharlesDarwin&AlfredRusselWallace,ThegeniusofDarwin(left),thewayinwhichhesuddenlyturnedallofbiologyupsidedownin1859withthepublicationoftheOriginofSpecies,cansometimesgivethemisleadingimpressionthatthetheoryofevolutionsprangfromhisforeheadfullyformedwithoutanyprecedentinscientifichistory.Butasearlierchaptersinthishistoryhaveshown,therawmaterialforDarwinstheoryhadbeenknownfordecades.,-,29,GeologistsandpaleontologistshadmadeacompellingcasethatlifehadbeenonEarthforalongtime,thatithadchangedoverthattime,andthatmanyspecieshadbecomeextinct.Atthesametime,embryologistsandothernaturalistsstudyinglivinganimalsintheearly1800shaddiscovered,sometimesunwittingly,muchofthebestevidenceforDarwinstheory.,-,30,Pre-DarwinianideasaboutevolutionItwasDarwinsgeniusbothtoshowhowallthisevidencefavoredtheevolutionofspeciesfromacommonancestorandtoofferaplausiblemechanismbywhichlifemightevolve.Lamarckandothershadpromotedevolutionarytheories,butinordertoexplainjusthowlifechanged,theydependedonspeculation.Typically,theyclaimedthatevolutionwasguidedbysomelong-termtrend.Lamarck,forexample,thoughtthatlifestroveovertimetorisefromsimplesingle-celledformstocomplexones.ManyGermanbiologistsconceivedoflifeevolvingaccordingtopredeterminedrules,inthesamewayanembryodevelopsinthewomb.Butinthemid-1800s,DarwinandtheBritishbiologistAlfredRusselWallaceindependentlyconceivedofanatural,evenobservable,wayforlifetochange:aprocessDarwincallednaturalselection.,-,31,AvisittotheGalapagosIslandsin1835helpedDarwinformulatehisideasonnaturalselection.Hefoundseveralspeciesoffinchadaptedtodifferentenvironmentalniches.Thefinchesalsodifferedinbeakshape,foodsource,andhowfoodwascaptured.,-,32,HMSBeaglemodelinMuseumofZoology(SaintPetersburg),-,33,AsfarasIcanjudgeofmyselfIworkedtotheutmostduringthevoyagefromthemerepleasureofinvestigation,andfrommystrongdesiretoaddafewfactstothegreatmassoffactsinnaturalscience.-CharlesDarwin,-,34,1.WhatwouldmostofDarwinscontemporariesthinkoftheexistenceoflivingthings?2.WhatdidDarwinsuspectwhenhenoticedthedifferencesintherheas,tortoises,andmockingbirds?3.HowdidLyellsandMalthustheoryinspireDarwin?4.Giveasimpleexplanationon“naturalselection”theory5.WhydidDarwinwaitformorethan20yearsbeforehemadehisideaspublished?6.TherouteofDarwinsexpeditionroundtheworld7.WhichofDarwinideasareagainsttheChristianreligion?8.Whatinspiresyoumostafterwatchingthevideo?,Questionsaboutthevideo,-,35,firstpublishedon24November1859aworkofsci