skopos theory翻译功能目的论.ppt

SkoposTheory,检索人：张源博、胡富田整理人：叶子萌PPT制作：武墨函、丁锦勤讲解人：刘铠恺,Content,HansVermeerandSkopostheory,Chapter1,Chapter2,three“skoposrules”,Chpter3,commentontheSkopostheory,ClicktoaddTitle,Chapter1HansVermeerandSkopostheory,Part1HansvermeerProf.Dr.h.c.Hans-JosefVermeer(September24,1930-Heidelberg,February4,2010),Germanlinguistandtranslationscholar.HewasappointedProfessorofGeneralandAppliedLinguisticsattheUniversityofMainzinGermersheim(19711983).AfterthatheheldthechairofTranslationStudieswithspecialreferencetoPortugueseatHeidelbergUniversity(19841992).HewasalsoavisitingprofessoratLeopoldFranzensUniversityinInnsbruck(19992002),BosphorusUniversityinIstanbul(20022003)andOkanUniversityinIstanbul(20042008).HefinallyreturnedtotheuniversitiesofMainzandHeidelbergtoteachinhisfinalyears.Heestablishedtheskopostheory.,Part2翻译目的论的产生背景,In1970s,withthepragmaticturnbothinlinguistics(leadingtoapragmatics-basedtexttheory)andliterarytheory(leadingtoreceptionaestheticstexttheory)aswellascommunicationtheoryinmind,VermeerandotherSkoposscholarsstartedtoviewtranslationasapurposefulinterculturalcommunicativeactingbetweenindividualsinsteadofsomethingthatisdonetoatextbyatranslator.,HavingbeentrainedasaninterpreterbyKatharinaReiss,Vermeertookupgenerallinguistics,thentranslationstudiesandalsodesiredtobreakwithlinguistictranslationtheorybyproposinganewtranslationtheory.SkopostheorieisexplainedindetailinthebookAFrameworkforaGeneralTranslationTheoryco-authoredbyVermeerandReissin1984.,Part3ThenewtheorySkopostheory,Whatisskopos?,SkoposistheGreekwordforaimorpurposeandwasintroducedintotranslationtheoryinthe1970sbyHansJ.Vermeerasatechnicaltermforthepurposeofatranslationandoftheactionoftranslating.,Skopostheory,translationisakindofactionthathasapurpose.Thefocalpointsofthistheorylieinthreeaspects:substanceoftranslation,participantsoftheprocessoftranslationandprinciplesoffunctionalconceptoftranslation.ItintroducedtheideathatatranslationshouldalwaysbeconductedtofulfilthepurposeoftheTT（targettext）intheTTssituation.Theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthepurpose(Skopos)oftheoveralltranslationalaction.,大王有令,有破刺客长空者,赏千金,封千户侯。ByorderofHisMajesty,hewhokillsSkywillreceivegoldandland.这句台词中,千金,千户侯都含有文化信息,若全部保留文化信息,其译文应该是:ByorderofHisMajesty,hewhokillsSkywillbeawardedonethousandtalesofgoldandbedubbedmarquis(爵候，世袭贵族）withapossessionofonethousandhouseholds,将千金译为gold,而不是onethousandtalesofgold,将万户侯译为land而不是marquiswithapossessionofonethousandhouseholds,显然是删减了其中的文化信息,但基本意却都在,丝毫不影响观众对故事的理解。这样简单易懂的字幕就能使观众更充分的欣赏画面、色彩和精彩的武打场面。,Thereisnosuchthingastimetravel.你穿越剧看多了吧。原意是“穿越这种事根本就不存在啊。”“穿越剧”在国内观众中是比较流行的剧种，译者直接用“穿越剧”来指代“穿越”。产生幽默的作用,TheSkoposrule目的规则,Coherence(Intra-texualCoherence)连贯规则,TheFidelityrule(Inter-textualCoherence)忠实规则/互文连贯性,three“skoposrules”,Chapter2目的论的基本原则,目的准则,目的准则指翻译应能在译语情境和文化中，按译语接受者期待的方式发生作用。决定翻译过程的根本原则是整个翻译活动的目的（skopos），即“结果决定方法”。这种目的有三种解释：1）译者的基本目的；2）译文的交际目的；3）特定翻译策略或手段要达到的目的。但通常“目的”是指译文的交际目的。即翻译过程的发起者，决定译文的交际目的，发起者出于某一特殊需要，在理想状况下，他会给出需要译文的原因，译文接受者、使用译文的环境、译文应具有的功能以及与原因有关的细节等。所有这些构成了“翻译要求”。,举例,Wecaretoprovideserviceaboveandbeyondthecallofduty.-ups一问：殷勤有加，风雨不改（UPS快递）若直译这则广告，应是“我们愿意提供高于或者超出责任感的服务”。虽然译文在语义和词义上都属于忠诚对等翻译，但四字结构“殷勤有加，风雨不改”更能向目的与消费者传达该公司的服务精神，达到意义上的忠诚，是广告在目标文化的诱惑功能得以最大程度地实现。,Coherence连贯准则,Coherence（IntratextualCoherence）:atranslationshouldbeacceptableinasensethatitiscoherentwiththereceiverssituation,beingpartofthereceiverssituation.连贯准则是指译文必须考虑接受者的背景知识和实际情况，最大限度地做到语义连贯，以便译文接受者能够理解其义符合译入语的表达习惯。Thetargettextmustbetranslatedinsuchawaythatitiscoherentforthetargetreceivers,giventheircircumstancesandknowledge.Translatorshouldconformtothecannonsandethnicrulesinthetargetlanguageandculture,andreproducetheinformationofferedinthesourcetextinanacceptableandaccessiblewaytothetargetreader,takingtheirbackgroundknowledgeandsituationalcircumstancesintoaccount.,TheFidelityRule忠实准则,Fidelityrule(IntertextualCoherence):atranslationshouldbeasfaithfulaspossibletotheoriginal.忠实准则是指原文和译文中应该存在某种对应关系，并不要求原文和译文在内容上一字不差。Theremustbeaninter-textualcoherencebetweenthesourcetextsandtargettexts,whichissimilartothefidelitytothesourcetexts.,例1.WaterlooBridge魂断蓝桥（直译为滑铁卢桥）不仅避开了中国观众由于地域文化差异、历史背景知识缺乏而引起的迷惑;而且蓝桥蕴含着中国文化的特色,与牛郎织女的鹊桥相会相仿,能够使观众一看到片名就能心领神会,而且具有很高的审美价值。译者要把握观众的审美需求,达到形式美和内容美的统一以及要考虑到观众的心理需求。最终在实现电影片名翻译的目的:吸引观众看电影。,Relationshipsbetweenthethreerules,ItseemsthatVermeerprescribesthehierarchicalruleinlinewithactiontheoryandliteraryreceptiontheory:theSkoposistheboss,intratextualcoherencethesecondandfidelitythelowest;thelasttworulesaresubordinatedtotheSkoposofthetranslation.忠实准则服从于连贯准则，而这二者服从于目的准则。,Chapter3CommentontheSkopostheory,advantagesofskopostheory,Advantage1TranslationisaDECISIONMAKINGprocess.Thecriteriaforthedecisionsareprovidedbytheskopos,i.e.theconcretepurposeandaimsinaconcretetranslationcommission.目的论提供给翻译界一个更为合理，科学的判断标准。目的论摆脱了对等论的束缚，判断的标准不再是单纯目的语和源语之间纯文字间的对等，着重指出判断翻译的标准是目的语的目的达到与否。,Advantage2Itsemphasisontheintentionalnatureoftranslationoffersanewwayofexaminingandchoosingfinishedtranslationsaswellasopeningnewresearchavenuesintranslationreceptionandtranslatortraining.目的论为广告文稿、旅游介绍、政治文献、食品等实用文体的翻译奠定了理论基础。Eg.Wherethereisaway,thereisatoyota.车到山前必有路,有路就有丰田车Applethinksdifferent.苹果电脑,不同凡“想”。(苹果电脑),Advantage3Skopostheoryhashelpedtobringthetargettextintofocus.Asatext,atranslationisnotprimarilydeterminedbyasourcetext,butbyitsownskopos.ThisaxiomprovidesatheoreticalargumentfordescribingtranslationsintermsoforiginaltextproductionandagainstdescribingtheminthemoretraditionaltermsofEQUIVALENCEwithanothertextinanotherlanguage(Jakobsen1993:156).它把翻译的定义拓宽了，使得翻译变成了一种语言和文化的双转换活动,创新了翻译理论。,Forexample,Islifeworthliving?Itdependsupontheliver!生命值得活下去吗？那得看你怎么个活法。（那得看你是否心满意足。）,Advantage4Translatorshavecometobeviewedastarget-textauthorsandhavebeenreleasedfromthelimitationsandrestrictionsimposedbyanarrowlydefinedconceptofloyaltytothesourcetextalone.目的论提升了译者的地位。译者根据翻译行为的目的从而决定译文的形式和内容。并授予了译者更为灵活、合理的翻译准则。Asattentionhasturnedtowardsthefunctionalaspectsoftranslationandtowardstheexplanationoftranslationdecisions,theexpertiseandethicalresponsibilityofthetranslatorhavecometothefore.,Criticismofskopostheory,Theemphasisontranslationpurposehasalsobeenthesourceofmanyoftheobjectionstoitsuse.Someobjectionsconcernthedefinitionoftranslationandtherelationshipbetweensourcetextandtargettext.Somecomemainlyfromlinguisticallyorientedapproachestotranslationthatfocu