6 阿西莫夫短文两篇.ppt

6500万年前，在地球上生活了1.6亿年的恐龙突然灭绝了，这成了生物史上最大的谜。不同地域恐龙化石的发现意味着什么？导致恐龙灭绝的原因是什么？我们一起来学习美国著名科普作家和科学幻想小说家阿西莫夫的科普短文两篇，看看他是怎样为我们揭开谜底的。,6阿西莫夫短文两篇,R八年级语文下册,1.了解文中揭示的恐龙灭绝的原因，把握作者在两篇短文中阐释的观点。(重点)2.理清说明顺序，分析说明方法及其作用，体会文章严谨的论证思路。(难点)3.激发对科学世界的兴趣，培养主动探究科学的精神。(重点),学习目标,阿西莫夫(19201992)，美国科幻、科普作家。曾获代表科幻世界最高荣誉的雨果奖和星云终身成就“大师奖”，是公认的当今美国科幻小说界的泰斗。代表作有机器人系列、基地系列、钢窟系列等。,作者名片,6500万年前，在地球上生活了1.6亿年的恐龙突然灭绝了，这成为了地球生命史上的一大悬案。20世纪70年代以来，有关恐龙灭绝的假说纷纷出现，展开了一场大争论。美国科普作家阿西莫夫从不同领域的科学发现中受到启发，追寻恐龙灭绝原因，写成此文。,背景链接,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,遗骸（）褶皱（）劫难（）追溯（）两栖（）鸟臀目（）骨骼（）衍射（）潮汐（）硅（）携带（）铱（）,hi,zh,ji,s,q,tn,yn,x,xi,y,u,字词学习,词语解释,俯冲：（飞机等）以高速度和大角度向下飞。天衣无缝：比喻事物没有一点破绽。褶皱：由于地壳运动，岩层受力而形成的波状弯曲构造形式。劫难：灾难，灾祸。致密：细致精密。,膨胀：由于温度升高或其他因素，物体的长度增加或体积增长。熔化：固体加热到一定温度变为液体。追溯：逆流而上，向江河发源处走，比喻探索事物的由来。,恐龙无处不在,1.听读课文，了解并复述课文内容。2.划分文章层次，理清作者的写作思路。,整体感知,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,南极发现恐龙化石,恐龙无处不在,恐龙不会迁徙,大陆漂移,南极外各洲发现恐龙化石,文章结构：,第一部分（1）：不同科学领域是紧密相连的。,第二部分（214）：举例说明南极洲恐龙化石的发现，证明大陆漂移假说，印证主旨。,第三部分（15）：总结南极洲恐龙化石的发现，为大陆漂移假说提供新的证据，结束全文，突出了主旨。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,一、快速读课文，回答问题：,本文依据_的事实，证明了_假说。,在南极发现恐龙化石,大陆漂移,课文说明的对象涉及两个学科，即：_。,生物学,从中我们明白一个什么道理？,课文解读,（恐龙）、地质学（板块理论）,想一想：作者把这两句放在开头有什么作用？,开头突发议论，这两句议论是全篇行文的逻辑基础。用“紧密相连”“影响”等词语揭示事物之间的联系。,不同科学领域之间是紧密相连的。在一个科学领域的发现肯定会对其他领域产生影响。,道理：,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,1.“板块构造”理论的依据是什么？,人们发现地壳是由一些紧密拼合在一起但又在缓慢运动的大板块构成的。一些板块被拉开，而另一些则挤压在一起，一个板块也许会缓慢地向另一板块下面俯冲。,2.“板块构造”理论为地质界的哪些问题提供了答案？,火山、地震、岛屿链、海洋深渊等问题。,二、默读课文，探究问题：,3.为什么要写恐龙化石？在南极发现恐龙化石说明了什么问题？,写恐龙化石是为了利用恐龙化石在南极的发现说明“恐龙无处不在”，再由“恐龙无处不在”给大陆漂移假说提供有力证据，进而说明大陆在漂移而不是恐龙自己在迁移。,4.“泛大陆”是怎样形成的？,地壳是由一些紧密拼合在一起但又缓慢运动的大板块构成的，板块背上驮着许多大陆，板块运动时大陆也随之一起运动。每隔一段时期，板块会将所有的大陆汇聚在一起，地球此时仅由一个主要陆地构成，这就是“泛大陆”。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,三、分析“大陆漂移”学说推断思路：,南极发现恐龙化石。,恐龙并不适应南极气候。,大陆在迁移而不是恐龙在迁移。,提出大陆板块构造理论。,“泛大陆”形成时，所有陆地都处在热带和温带环境中，适合恐龙生活。,由此推断“泛大陆”分裂成四部分。,每一块大陆都携带着自己的恐龙而去。,打比方,四、精读课文，理解方法。,本文运用了哪些说明方法？请举例说明。,运用打比方的方法，使得语言既生动又明白如话，例如：“位于南极中心部位的南极洲是全球的大冰箱”一句，形象地说明了南极洲寒冷的程度和南极洲在地球中的重要地位。,在文章中，作者举了许多例子来说明自己的观点。例如，为了证明不仅南极大陆有恐龙化石这一说法，列举“在地球的其他大陆上也都发现有恐龙化石”，“说明恐龙确实遍布于世界各地”；举“火山、地震、岛屿链、海洋深渊等等”的例子，说明“板块构造”理论为地质界几乎所有的问题提供了答案，解开了许多地质之谜。,举例子,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,“在四十多亿年的地球发展史中，泛大陆形成和分裂过多次，最后一次完整的泛大陆大约是在2.25亿年前形成的。”通过列数字，表明有科学依据，说服力强。“多次”“大约”等词表示估计，体现了说明文语言的准确性、严密性。“位于南极中心部位的南极洲是全球的大冰箱，地球上所有冰的十分之九都在南极冰盖。”通过打比方突出南极的气候特点寒冷、冰天雪地。,列数字,恐龙无处不在一文根据在南极发现恐龙化石的事实，证明了大陆漂移假说。说明不同领域的科学发现可以互相启发，从而发现新的论据或得出新的结论。,主旨概括,被压扁的沙子,恐龙的灭亡,本文对恐龙灭绝的原因提出了哪两种科学假说？请解释这两种学说。,快速阅读课文，思考：,整体感知,“火山说”,“撞击说”,什么是“撞击说”和“火山说”？,撞击说：一个巨大的小行星或彗星对地球毁灭性的撞击。“这种撞击也许深入到了地壳内部，引起火山喷发，造成大火和潮汐大浪。许多尘埃进入了平流层中，结果造成在很长一段时间内阳光无法抵达地球表面。这也许是导致包括所有恐龙在内的许多地球生物灭绝的原因。,火山说：“如果地球突然经历了一个火山爆发期，许多火山大致同时喷发，那么也能造成一个足以使生物大量灭绝的巨大灾难。”,作者认为哪一种学说正确呢？是怎样证明的？,作者认为“撞击说”是正确的。,一、默读课文，明确观点。,课文解读,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,科学家是怎样证明“撞击说”的？,（1）举斯石英和金刚石的例子：,分析科学家的证明思路：,普通的沙子在超高压的状态下会成为致密的“斯石英”。,“斯石英”在自然状态下经历数百万年的反弹，又会变成沙子。,在自然界，斯石英出现的地方肯定受到过巨大的撞击，产生了高压，而且肯定没有发生过火山活动。,推断,结论,（2）举新墨西哥州拉顿地区的岩石例子：,在一些地方已经发现了斯石英，而且有证据显示，这些地区曾经受到巨大陨石的撞击。撞击所产生的巨大压力形成了斯石英。,证明思路：,分析课文的25自然段：1.金属铱的发现说明了什么？,说明了地球可能遭到小行星或彗星的撞击。,二、研读课文，精段赏析。,2.导致恐龙灭绝的原因是什么？,由于巨大的小行星或彗星对地球的撞击，引起火山喷发，造成大火和潮汐大浪，使许多尘埃进入平流层，导致很长一段时间内阳光无法抵达地球表面，而导致了恐龙的灭绝。,3.我们研究恐龙灭绝的原因有什么现实意义？（用文中原话回答）,因为我们将来也许还会遇到这样或那样的大灾难。我们需要尽可能多地了解这种事件所产生的影响，希望将来一旦面临这种事件，我们可以采取某种应急措施。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,三、精读课文，体会语言的准确性。,1.在过去的9年里，科学家们一直对6500万年前恐龙灭绝的一个新观点争论不休，这个问题最终也许会得到解决。,“也许”表示推测，说明现在的结论只是大胆的推测，目前还没有十分确凿的证据。,2.1980年，曾经有报道说，在一个6500万年前形成的沉积物薄层中，发现了稀有金属铱，它的含量异常丰富。一些人认为，这可能是一个巨大的小行星或彗星撞击地球的结果。,“可能”表示推测，并不完全肯定，这样写体现了说明文语言的准确性。,3.“然而，并不是所有的科学家都认为这是由巨大撞击引起的。”能否把这句话中“所有”删去？为什么？,不能删。删去后就不能强调只是一部分科学家持这种观点，就不能突出作者在下文的说明内容，不符合实际情况。,4.他们在1989年3月1日宣布，利用测试固体物质中的原子排列的现代技术，即核磁共振和X光衍射，他们确实检测到了在斯石英中存在的一种原子排列。,“确实”一词充分肯定了科学家们的检测结果，语言严谨。,阅读全文，思考并讨论：1.两篇短文各自要说明的内容是什么？2.两篇短文都谈到了恐龙的灭绝，但说明的角度不同，试比较。,四、速读课文，比较阅读。,第一篇恐龙无处不在依据在南极发现恐龙化石的事实，佐证了大陆漂移假说。第二篇被压扁的沙子通过对“被压扁的沙子”的反思，证明外星撞击导致恐龙灭绝。,这两篇短文都谈到了恐龙的灭绝，但这一问题在每篇文章中所扮的“角色”不同。在第一篇中，作者谈到恐龙灭绝的历史，谈到它的化石无处不有，是为了证明另一科学理论(“板块构造”理论)的正确；而在第二篇中，恐龙的灭绝则成为探讨的主题，“被压扁的沙子”则成了证据。,1.作者是怎样证明“撞击说”成立的？,（1）科学的实验证明：二氧化硅处在超高压下会变成斯石英，在850的温度下把斯石英加热30分钟，会变成普通的沙子，证明自然界中不可能自然地产生斯石英。,深入探究,（2）有力的事实证明：巨大的陨石撞击地球后，产生了斯石英；在进行过原子弹爆炸实验的场地发现过斯石英，证明了自然界存在的斯石英是强大的外力造成的。,（3）严密的推理证明：在6500万年前的岩层中发现了斯石英不可能来自地壳深处只能来自外星撞击（那时还没有原子弹）6500万年前正是恐龙灭绝的年代结论：恐龙灭绝是因为外星撞击。,2.以这两篇短文为例，说说科学家们在科学研究中发挥了哪些创造性的思维。,被压扁的沙子一文通过对“被压扁的沙子”的产生、分布和特性等的介绍，证明了外星撞击地球导致了恐龙灭绝的观点。表明不同领域的科学发现可以互相启发，从而发现新的论据或得出新的结论。,主旨概括,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,阿西莫夫短文两篇,恐龙无处不在,被压扁的沙子,引出说明内容不同科学领域之间是紧密相连的,阐述说明内容由恐龙化石在南极的发现说明“恐龙无处不在”，再由“恐龙无处不在”这一发现推究原因,总结说明内容恐龙化石的发现给大陆漂移假说提供了有力证据,提出问题：恐龙灭绝的两种原因,分析问题：斯石英的性质及形成,得出结论：造成恐龙灭绝的原因是撞击,科学的实验,事实的证明,严密的推理,撞击说,火山说,结构梳理,1.恰当使用多种说明方法。,两篇文章都使用了多种说明方法，如作比较、打比方、列数字、作诠释等，尤其是举例子使用得十分恰当。如恐龙无处不在用“在地球的其他大陆上也都发现有恐龙化石”来说明“恐龙确实遍布于世界各地”。,艺术特色,被压扁的沙子中则列举“斯石英”“金刚石”“新墨西哥州拉顿地区的岩层”证明斯石英是由撞击产生的巨大压力形成的，从而得出恐龙的灭绝是撞击造成的。作者注意了行文材料的选择，利用人们熟悉的事物来说明深刻的道理，使被说明的事物浅显易懂。,2.语言简明、严谨、风趣。,作者的语言简明又不失生动。如在恐龙无处不在这篇文章的开头，作者仅用短短的两句议论就把科学领域之间的相互关系表达出来了。作者也很讲究语言的趣味性。如在被压扁的沙子中“你也可以在真空中对金刚石加热，从而把它恢复到原始碳的状态，但谁愿意这样做呢”，在幽默风趣中，把事理说得简明透彻。,人类很多伟大的发明都是在无意识中创造出来的，卫生纸的发明也是如此。在近一百年前的二十世纪初，美国史古脱纸业(ScottPaper)公司买下一大批纸，因运送过程中的疏忽，造成纸面潮湿产生皱折而无法使用。面对一仓库无用的废纸，公司所有人都不知该如何是好，在主管会议中，有人建议,卫生纸的由来,拓展迁移,将纸退回供应商以减少损失，这个建议获得所有人的赞同，唯有公司负责人亚瑟史古脱却不这么想，他想到在卷纸上打一排小洞，让卷纸变成容易撕成一小块一小块的纸巾。史古脱将这种纸命名为“桑尼”卫生纸巾，卖给火车站、饭店、学校等放置于厕所中，因为相当实用方便而大受欢迎，并慢慢普及到一般家庭中。,一这两篇短文都谈到了恐龙灭绝，但选用的材料不同，所说明的主要问题也不同。试结合课文做具体分析。,课后习题参考答案,参考答案：这两篇短文都谈到了恐龙的灭绝，第一篇短文谈到恐龙的化石无处不在，是为了证明另一科学理论（板块构造理论）的正确；而在第二篇中，恐龙的灭绝则成为探讨的主题，“被压扁的沙子”则成了证据。由此可见作者具有多角度、多侧面看问题的科学思维方法。,二这两篇短文都是从某一现象出发，通过分析事物间的内在联系，得出规律性的认识。试任选其中一篇，分析其思路。,参考答案：恐龙无处不在开篇提出科学领域是紧密相连的，各自的发明都有可能得到相互启发，以引起,读者的兴趣：“紧密相连”表现在哪里？有哪些事实能证明它们是互相“产生影响”的？然后举南极发现恐龙化石的例子，提出既然寒冷的气候不适应恐龙的生活，恐龙是如何越过大洋到另一个大陆去的问题。围绕这个问题，引出板块构造理论，说明是大陆在漂移而不是恐龙自己在迁移，得出在南极发现恐龙化石这一事件，为板块构造理论的成立提供了有力证明的结论。,被压扁的沙子起笔提出导致6500万年前恐龙灭绝原因的一个新观点：一个巨大的小行星或慧星对地球的撞击，引起人们对这一曾经主宰过地球的生灵突然灭绝的兴趣，并且说明科学家们研究的目的在于“尽可能多地了解这种事件所产生的影响，希望将来一旦面临这种事件，我们可以采取某种应急措施。”然后从地质学发现的证据上论证造成恐龙灭绝的原因应该是行星撞击。,三下列语句是作者在行文中放在括号里的补充说明文字。试结合上下文，说说它们各自的作用。1.如果看一张地图，并假定把非洲和南美