翻译的语言对比规律(语义.词法.句法.思维).ppt

1,新编英汉翻译教程ANEWCOURSEBOOKONENGLISH-CHINESETRANSLATION,Chapter5RulesofLanguageComparisons第五章翻译的语言对比规律,2,DifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,I.SemanticdifferencesII.DifferencesinlexicologyIII.SyntacticdifferencesIV.Differencesofmodeofthinking,3,GeneralintroductionDifferentlanguagefamilies:EnglishbelongstoIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyorIndo-Germanicsystem(includingEurope,WesternAsiaandIndia).ChinesebelongstoSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(includingChinese,TibetanandBurmese).Englishisanalphabeticcharacter(拼音文字),Chineseisanideographiccharacter(表意文字).,4,Differentnatureoflanguage:Englishisacomprehensivelanguage.So-calledcomprehensivelanguagereferstothatthemeaningofthelanguageisexpressedbythechangeoftheformoftheworditselfsuchascase,number,tenseandsoon.Chineseisananalyticlanguage.So-calledanalyticlanguagemeansthattherelationshipofwordsisexpressednotbytheformofworditself-butbyemptyword,particleandwordorderandsoon.,5,Differenceofsentencestructure:Englishsentencesarewell-knit,closeandcompactInEnglish,nouns,especiallytheabstractnounsandprepositionsarewidelyused,justlikeaseriesofGrapes.ChinesesentencesareconciseandexplicitInChinese,verbsarewidelyused,justlikeaBamboo,6,I.Semanticdifferences,1.FullcorrespondenceOnlyfoundingenerallyadoptedtechnicaltermsorcoincidenceamongcommonwordsRadar=雷达NewYork=纽约TianjinUniversity=天津大学TheU.S.StateDepartment=美国国务院ThePacificOcean=太平洋helicopter=直升飞机,7,2.Partialcorrespondenceormostlycorrespondencemarriage娶、嫁sister姐、妹gun枪、炮Wife:妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆；president:总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长；Morning:早晨、上午,8,部分对应造成翻译时的选择，如对于morning的翻译：Lateinthemorning接近晌午Earlyinthemorning一大早Midmorning:上午十点左右Mid-afternoon:下午三、四点,9,3.Non-correspondenceoralmostnon-correspondenceTeenager:13至19岁的青少年Clockwatcher:老是看钟等下班的人Dink=doubleincomenokids丁克家族,10,糖葫芦Tanghulu,asugar-coatedfruitonthestick文房四宝thefourtreasuresofthestudy(writingbrush,inkstick,inkstoneandpaper)文明礼貌月SocialistEthicsandCourstyMonth特困生themostneedystudents一穷二白poorandblank乌纱帽anofficialpost五岳theFiveSacredMountains五经TheFiveClassics(TheBookofPoetry,TheBookofHistory,TheBookofChanges,TheBookofRitesandTheSpringandAutumnAnnuals),11,.Wordcollocationcut：cutwheat割麦子cutcake切蛋糕cutfinger-nails剪指甲wear：Heworedarkglasses,andthickjersey,andstoppeduphisearswithcottonwool.他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。,12,II.Differencesinlexicology,古英语：Syntheticlanguage词与词的关系是靠词本身的形态变化来表现的,汉语：Analyticlanguage通过词序或虚词（助词）等手段来表示的。,英语：synthetic+analyticlanguage通过形态变化包括性、数、格、时、体、语态、语气、人称、比较级等来表示的。,13,English:Tense;Chinese:Particle,汉语有几类时态助词：（）Preposedadverbs前置的时态副词（过去，曾经，已经，现在，正在，将要）（）tenseauxiliarywords附着的时态副词（过，着，了，起来）（）postposedauxiliarywords后置的时态语气词（了，来着）翻译时应使用这些时态结构助词来表示原文的时态意义:Mr.Smithusedtobeanarmyofficer,butheisinprisonnow.史密斯先生过去是一个军官，而现在在监狱里。,14,2.measurewords:Unitwordsofnouns(个，只，份，把，块，张）Unitwordsofverbs（趟，遭，次，遍，场，回）翻译时要作适当增补：一张纸，一块肥皂，一条巧克力（表状态特征）一个忠告，一条消息，一段时间（表抽象名词）,15,3.Modalparticle：auxiliarywordsthatindicatesmoods:emotionalparticles语气助词；英语借助语调（intonation)翻译时需要译者加以增补1)declarativemood:的，了，呢，罢了，而已，啦2）questionmood:吗，吧，啦，啊，么3）imperativemood:吧，罢，呀，啊，啦,16,4.PronounsSheandheHeasks,shereplied.It,theye.g.Thefirstpointaboutchoresisthattheyarerepetitive.Andoncedonetheyrequireafteracertaintimetobedoneagain.关于家务事，第一点要说的就是它们的重要性。它们差不多每天都有，而且做完后隔一段时间还得再做。家务事的第一个特点就是反反复复，几乎每天都有，而且做完后隔一段时间又要重做一番。,17,英语里的指示代词处理方法：,1)pronounequivalent2)omission3)nounequivalent4)“其,之”,18,5词序ironandsteelourselvesandtheenemyfireandwateroldandnewrightandleftsoonerorlaterbackandforthtwosandthreestablesandgraphics,19,III.Syntacticdifferences,1hypotaxisvsparataxis2ComplexvsSimplex3End-weightvsTop-heavy4Subject-prominentvsTopic-prominent5StaticvsDynamic6Sentenceorder,20,1.hypotaxis（形合）inEnglish;parataxis（意合）inChinese,AsE.A.Nidapointsoutinhis“TranslatingMeaning”,sofarasEnglishandChineseareconcerned,themostimportantdifferencelinguisticallyisthecontrastbetweenhypotaxisandparataxis.,21,形合（Hypotaxis）Hypotaxisreferstoaconstructionwhereconstituentshavebeenlinkedthroughtheuseofconjunction.英语句子的特点是强调形式和功能，因而英语句法特征是形合（hypotaxis）.句子成分之间的关系要求用形式标记表明：英语名词的性、数、格;谓语动词的时态、语态;主句与从句之间的关系代词、关系副词和连词等形态和形式词;都行使其语法功能,起着纽带作用，将句子各成分衔接在一起。英语语法外显性的表现。,22,意合(Parataxis)Parataxisreferstoaconstructioninwhichthememberswithinasentence,orelseasequenceofsentences,areputoneaftertheotherwithoutanyexpressionoftheirconnectionorrelations.汉语句子的特征是“以意统形”，强调逻辑关系与意义关联(logicandsemanticcoherence),不在意词语之间和句际之间形态和形式词等的形式连接(formalcohesion)，靠词语与句子本身意义上的连贯与逻辑顺序而实现的连接，汉语语法隐含性的一种表现（covertness)。汉语语法隐含性还表现在:词类无标记动词无时态或语态标记名词和代词的主格和宾格没有形式变化主语和谓语只要求在意义上一致，无需在形式上对应等方面。,23,e.g.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？e.g.HehasneverbeenbacktoBeijingsinceheleftfiveyearsago.离开北京五年了，从未回去过。,24,E.g.IwenttodancewithagirlwhoisfromRussiaandwhohasaSouthernaccent.我同一位操南方口音的俄罗斯姑娘跳舞。E.g.Thesnakecatchesthetoadthateatstheinsectthatnibblesthegreengrass.蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃绿叶。,25,E.g.Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?,不吃苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？,26,2Complexvs.Simplex,TheEnglishcomplexsentencesareoftenlikechainswithclauseslinkingclauses.TheChinesesentencesorclausestendtobeshortandsimpleinstructure.Theyareflowingandsimplex,withoneclausefollowingtheotherratherinaline.,27,1.Themoonissofarfromtheearththatevenifhugetreesweregrowingonthemountainsandelephantswerewalkingabout,wecouldnotseethemthroughthemostpowerfultelescopeswhichhavebeeninvented.月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在移动，我们用当今发明的最高倍率的望远镜，也不能看见它们。,28,Anypersonleavinglitteraboutinsteadofputtingitinthisbasketwillbeliabletoafineof5pounds.废物入筐，违者罚款5磅。,29,3End-weightvs.Top-heavy,InanEnglishsentence,theshorterelementsusuallygobeforelongeronesinarrangementorder,thustheweightofthesentenceisputattheend,andthewholesentencelookslikeapyramid.ThatalsoexplainwhytherearesomanyinvertedsentencesinEnglish.ThearrangementofaChinesesentenceseemsquitetheopposite,wheretheimportantelementsareoftensaidatthebeginningofasentence.Soitlookslikeaninvertedpyramidortriangle.,30,1.GonearethedayswhenweChinesepeopledependedonforeignsteel.中国人民靠洋钢的日子已一去不复返了。2.Thetimehascomewhenordinarypeoplecanuseelectroniccomputersbothintheofficeandathome.普通人在办公处和家庭中使用电子计算机的时代已经到来。,31,3.ItisimportanttostudyEnglishaswellasscienceandtechnologyforoursocialistmodernizationdrive.学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。4.Beforethemlaymilesofmilesofbeautifulplainwithlotsofwildanimalsamongthegrass.美丽的草原，茵茵的绿草，野生动物成群结队，绵延数英里，展现在眼前。,32,4.Subject-prominentvs.Topic-prominent,InanEnglishsentence,prominenceisusuallygiventothesubject.TherearefivebasicsentencepatternsinEnglish:SV,SVC,SVO,SVO1O2,SVOC,allwithSVasitsessentials.AnEnglishsentenceisbuiltonthesubject-predict-pivot,withthesubjectandpredicateinagreement.AChinesesentenceoftenlaysemphasisonthethoughtornotion,soitisbasedonthethoughtpivot.,33,1.1到了铁公祠前，2朝南一望，只见对面千佛山上，梵宇僧楼，与那苍松翠柏，3高4下相间，红的火红，白的雪白，青的靛青，绿的碧绿，更有那一株半株的丹枫夹在里面，5仿佛宋人赵千里的一幅大画，作了一架数十里长的屏风。（刘鹗：老残游记，齐鲁书社，1985，14页）Whenhereachedthetemple,helookedsouthwardsandsawontheothersideofthelaketheMountofaThousandBuddha.Thereweretemplesandmonasteries,somehighandsomelow,scatteredamongthegreyedpinesandgreencypresses:theredwereasredasfire,thewhiteaswhiteassnow,theblueasblueasindigoandthegreenasgreenasemerald,whilehereandtherewereafewredmaples.ItlookedlikeabigpaintingbyZhaoQianli,theSong-dynastypainter,onlymadeintoascreenadozenmileslong.(fromTheTravelsofLaoCan,tr.ByYangHsienyiandGladysYang,PandaBooks,1983,p24-25),34,2.Youdontgrowthegrainyoueatandyoudontmaketheclothesyouwear.你吃的粮食不是你自己种的，你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。,R,35,5.Staticvs.Dynamic,EnglishtendstouselessverbsthanChinese.InasimpleEnglishsentenceorinanEnglishclause,onlyoneverbisusedasthepredicateofthesentenceorclause.InaChinesesentence,anumberofverbscanbeusedasitspredicateatthesametime.sowemaysaythattheEnglishis“static”.whiletheChineseisrather“dynamic”,36,1.AmasteryofChineseandEnglishisessentialforE-CorC-Etranslation.做英汉/汉英翻译必须掌握好汉语与英语。2.Engineeringdesignisadecision-makingprocessusedforthedevelopmentofengineeringforwhichthereisahumanneed.工程设计是为发展人类所需工程而作决定的过程。,37,3.Afewstepswillbringyoutothelaboratorybuilding.再走几步就到实验大楼了。,38,4.Laserisoneofthemostsensationaldevelopmentsinrecentyears,becauseofitsapplicabilitytomanyfieldsofscienceanditsadaptabilitytopracticaluses.激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适用于各种实际用途，因此成了近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。,39,6.Sentenceorder,(1)inversion(2)attributives(3)adverbials(4)negation,40,(1)Invertedsentence英语的倒装句，用汉语的正常“主谓”结构e.g.Feministfellthatitisaninvasionoftheirprivacytobeobligedtoindicateviathetitle“Mrs.”or“Miss”whetherornottheyaremarried.女权运动者们认为，必须用“太太”或“小姐”的称呼来表明她们已婚或未婚，这种做法是对她们私事的干涉。e.g.Howbeautifulthehillslookwiththecloudsbehindthem!衬着后面的云彩，这些山看起来多美呀！,41,(2)Attribute定语的位置单词作定语e.g.somethingimportant重要的事情theancientChineseprintingtechnique中国古代的印刷术短语作定语e.g.acandidatewithlittlechanceofsuccess一个当选希望极微的候选人,42,（3）Adverbial英语的状语一般在被修饰的谓语动词之后，译成汉语后一般在谓语动词之前，强调时，放在主语之前单词作状语Modernscienceandtechnologyaredevelopingrapidly.现代科技正在迅速发展。Hesrunningfastenough.他跑得够快的了。,43,短语作状语HewasborninFurthonMay27,1923.他是1923年5月27日在菲尔特出生的。Tomlefttheshopwithoutaword.汤姆一声不吭地离开了商店。,44,（4）Negativewordnot英语句子的部分否定有否定转移现象，译成汉语的否定时形式上要调整。Shedidnotmarryyoubecauseyo