Lecture 2. 主谓一致.ppt

Lecture2andLecture3Subject-verbConcord,Allthatglitters_(be)notgold.发光的不都是金子。Practice_(make)perfect.熟能生巧。Actions_(speak)louderthanwords.事实胜于雄辩。Everydog_(have)hisday.人人皆有得意日。,1.Guidingprinciples1)Grammaticalconcord2)Notionalconcord3)PrincipleofProximity主谓一致是指：1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语。,Bothboyshavetheirownmerits.Everygirlcomesontime.Mucheffortiswasted.Thegovernmenthaveaskedthecountrytodecidebyavote.Fifteenmilesseemslikealongwalktome.NeitherJulianorIamgoing.,2.Problemsofconcordwithnounsendingins1)Diseaseandgamenamesendingins2)Subjectnamesendinginics3)Geographicalnamesendingsins4)Othernounsendingin-s,英语中一些以-s结尾的疾病名称通常作单数用：Mumps(be)kindofinfectiousdisease.isPhlebitis(be)aswollenconditionofthebloodvessels.is,但有一些疾病既可作单数又可作复数用：Generally，measlesoccursinchildren.Measlesaresometimescausedbyatapeworm.Ricketsis/arecausedbymalnutrition.,表示游戏的名称通常作单数用：Darts(be)essentiallyafreeandeasygame.isbilliards,darts,dominoes,draughts,fives,marbles,skittlesCards(be)notallowedhere.areThreedarts(be)thrownateachturn.areMarbles(vary)inkindandquality.vary,Subjectnamesendinginics视为单数physics,mathematics,mechanics,optics,acoustics,politics,statistics,economics,linguistics,athletics,tactics,aeronautics,genetics,Mymathematicsarerathershaky.Athleticshavebeengreatlypromotedatthiscollege.acousticsstatisticstacticsmechanicseconomicspolitics,GeographicalnamesendingsinstheUnitedStates,theUnitedNationstheNetherlands等视为单数,TheUnitedStates(hit)bytheGreatDepressionin1930s.washitInearlyJanuary1996theNetherlands(hit)byitsworststormsince1976.washittheWestIndiestheHimalayastheStraitsofGibraltartheNiagaraFallstheAlpstheGreatLakestheRockies群山，群岛，海峡，瀑布等视为复数。,Othernounsendinginschopsticks,glasses,scissors,trousers,compasses,shoes等视为复数。Onepairofshears(is,are)enough.isTwopairsofshears(is,are)enough.are,tidingswhereaboutsdramaticsoddsremainsGreatExpectationsTimes,barracks,headquarters,means,series,species,works,Swissfish,deer,sheep,Chinese,Japanese,Portuguese,crossroads,craft均为单复数同形,Assignment,Exercise2AintheTextbook,3.Problemsofconcordwithcollectivenouns（集合名词）assubject1)Collectivenounsusuallyusedasplural2)Collectivenounsusuallyusedassingular3)Collectivenounsusedeitheraspluralorassingular4)Acommitteeof,etc+pluralnoun,以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题一）通常作复数的集体名词police,people,cattle,folk,poultry,vermin,militiaTheBritishpolice(have)onlyverylimitedpowers.haveThemilitia(be)calledouttoguardtheborderland.were,（二）通常作不可数名词的集体名词machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,foliageAllthemachineryinthefactory(be)madeinChina.isThesuiteoffurniturehebought(be)ofcontemporarystyle.was,三）可作单数也可作复数的集体名词committee,class,crew,family,government,public,jury,crowd,company,groupTheanti-crimecommittee(be)tomakeitsreporttomorrow.isThecommittee(be)dividedinopinionaboutthisproblem.are,四）acommittee,etcof+复数名词acommittee/panel/board/pile/portion/series/kind/type/sortof均视为单数Acommitteeoftwelvemen(be)todiscussthematter.is,Assignment,Exercise2BintheTextbook,4.Problemsofconcordwithacoordinatesubject1)Coordinationwith“and”or“bothand”由and/both.and连接的并列结构作主语，可根据主语的意义决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。Pancakesandsyrup(be)atastybreakfast.ThenumberanddiversityofBritishnewspaper(be)considerable.,Goodandbadtaste(be)inculcatedbyexample.areFishandchips(be)gettingveryexpensive.is比较：Thesecretaryandtreasurer(be)absentfromthemeeting.wasThesecretaryandthetreasurer(be)absentfromthemeeting.were,当and连接的并列名词词组带有each，every,或者manya等限定词时，谓语动词通常用单数。Eachmanandeachwomanthere(be)askedtohelp.wasEveryflowerandeverybush(be)tobecutdown.isManyaboyandmanyagirl(be)disappointedafterseeingthefilm.was,breadandbuttereggandricesaltandwaternoodleandegghamandeggfishandchipshustleandbustlehealthandstrength,knifeandforkcupandsaucercartandhorsewatchandchaindeskandchairsmokeandgasmudandsandChinese-Englishdictionary（单数）ChineseandEnglishdictionary（复数）redandwhiteflower（单、复数）,2)由or,nor,either.or,neither.nor,notonly.butalso连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。Neithersleetnorsnow(stop)himfromdrivinghisnewMercedes-Benz.stopsNeithertheKansascoachnortheplayers(be)confidentofvictory.are,（三）主语+asmuchas,etc的主谓一致问题当主语后面跟有由asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan，aswellas,inadditionto,with,alongwith,togetherwith,except等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式取决主语的形式。Thevessel,withitsentirecrewandcargo,(be)lost.wasTheocean,aswellasthegulfandthebay,(provide)vides,Assignment,Exercise3AintheTextbook,5.Problemsofconcordwithexpressionsquantityassubject1)Concordwithexpressionofdefinitequantityassubject2)Concordwithexpressionofindefinitequantityassubject,（一）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语当主语为表示确定数量的名词词组时，如果数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用单数，如果被看做组成该数量的个体，动词用复数。Thetreasurerconsideredthattwentydollars(be)nottoomuchtoask.was,There(be)sixsilverdollarsineachofthestockings.are/wereThreepints(be)notenoughtogethimdrunk.is/was,如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数/百分数+of”词组构成，其动词形式取决于of词组中名词的类别。例如：Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresent(be)againsttheplan.are/wereThree-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearth(be)coveredbysea.is,两数相减或相除，谓语动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。Sixtyminusseventeen(leave)forty-three.leavesForty-twodividedbysix(be)seven.is,Sixandeight(make)fourteen.make/makesSixtimeseight(be)forty-eight.is/are,如果主语由“onein/oneoutof+复数名词”构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数。Oneintenstudents(have)passedtheexamination.hasOneoutoftwelvebottles(be)leftintact.is/was,如果主语是allof,someof,noneof,halfof,mostof,lotsof,loadsof,plentyof,等表示非确定数量的名词词组，谓语动词的单、复数形式根据of词组中名词类别而定。,Mostofthemoney(be)recoveredbyDeputyPlayer.wasSomeofthebooks(be)badlytorn.are/were,Noneofmyfriendsever(come)eNoone(show)up.showsNotwo(think)alike.think,（二）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题如果主语由“aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof+名词”或由“akind/sort/typeof,thiskind/sort/typeof+名词”构成，谓语动词通常用单数。Apileofapplelogs(be)setbesidethehearth.is/wasAportionofreports(be)deceiving.is/was,Thiskindofcar(be)ratherexpensive.isThosetypesofmachine(be)up-to-date.areMenofthiskind(be)dangerous.are,如果主语是由“manya+名词”或“morethanone+名词“,“oneandahalf+名词”构成，随后的动词遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。Manyapersoninthesecircumstances(have)hopedforalongbreak.hasMorethanonestudent(have)failedtheexam.has,anumberof复数thenumberof单数agreatdealof单数alargeamountof单数quantitiesof复数largeamountsof复数atotalof复数thetotalof单数,Quantitiesoffood(be)onthetable.areAlargeamountofdamage(be)done.is/wasThenumberofpagesinthisbook(be)200.isAlargeamountofmoney(be)spentonthebridge.was,Anumberofstudents(have)gonetothecountryside.haveHalfoftheapple(be)rotten.isHalfoftheapples(be)rotten.are,Assignment,Exercise3BintheTextbook,6.Otherproblemsofsubject-verbconcord1)Problemsofconcordwithanominalclauseassubject2)Subject-verbconcordwithanon-finiteclauseassubject3)Subject-verbconcordinrelativeclauses4)Subject-verbconcordincleft-sentences5)Subject-verbconcordinexistentialsentences,1)ProblemsofconcordwithanominalclauseassubjectWhenthesubjectisanominalclause,theverbusuallytakesthesingularform.Butwhentwoormoresuchclausesarecoordinatedbyandorbothand,apluralverbisrequired.,Whatyousaidis/arequitetothepoint.isWhatwasrealtohimwas/werethedetailsofhislife.was/wereWhatareneededis/arebooks.is/are,Whatshesaysanddoesdoes/donotagree.doWhatshesaysanddoesdoes/donotmattermuch.does,2)Subject-verbconcordwithanon-finiteclauseassubjectWhensubjectisanon-finiteclause,theverbofthemainclauseusuallytakesthesingularform.Butwhentwoormoresuchclausesarecoordinatedbyand,theverbofthemainclausetakesthesingularformwhenthesubjectreferstoonething,andthepluralformwhenthesubjectreferstoseparatethings.,Toworkhardis/arenecessary.isWhethershecomesornotis/areofnomatter.is,Earlytobedandearlytoriseis/arehelpful.isWeepingandwailingdoes/donotsolvetheproblem.does,3)Subject-verbconcordinrelativeclausesIntheconstructionof“oneof+pluralnoun+relativeclause”,pluralformisgenerallyused.Sometimes,especiallyinBritishEnglish,theverbcanbealsothesing