Canada_加拿大国家概况

ASurveyofCanada,“Theflagisthesymbolofthenationsunity,forit,beyondanydoubt,representsallthecitizensofCanadawithoutdistinctionofrace,language,belieforopinion.”,GeneralInformation,acountryoccupyingmostofnorthernNorthAmerica,extendingfromtheAtlanticOceanintheeasttothePacificOceaninthewestandnorthwardintotheArcticOcean.ItistheworldssecondlargestcountryintermsofterritoryandshareslandborderswiththeUnitedStatestothesouthandnorthwest.,GeneralInformation,Capital:OttawaLargestcity:TorontoOfficiallanguages:EnglishandFrenchNationalDay:July1stAnthem:OCanadaPopulation:31.9million2ndlargestinsizewithasmallpopulation,GeneralInformation,G8(US,UK.Germany,France,Japan,Italy,CanadaandRussia)thebeststandardsoflivingspectacularsceneryofmountains,oceans,forestsandprairiesfirstbecameapoliticalentity(政治实体)in1867anddidnotassumeitspresentshapeuntil1949,tenprovincesandthreeterritories,Government:FederalparliamentarydemocracyandconstitutionalmonarchyMonarch:QueenElizabethIIGovernorGeneralPM,History,theFirstNations(theAboriginalpeople):Indianpeoples,primarilytheInuit(Eskimo)EuropeansettlementinCanada:1497,JohnCabotreachedNovaScotia1534,JacquesCartierinthe17thcentury,FrenchcolonistsfirstsettledinCanada.TheearliestmajorsettlementswereestablishedinNovaScotiain1604andQuebecin1608.,History,In1867CanadawasbornwhenQuebec,Ontario,NewBrunswickandNovaScotiaalljoininto“oneDominionunderthenameofCanada”onJuly1.In1919,CanadajoinedtheLeagueofNationsindependentlyofBritain;in1931,theStatuteofWestminsteraffirmedCanadasindependence.In1945,duringthewar,CanadabecameoneofthefoundingmembersoftheUnitedNations.Newfoundland:thelastprovincetojoinCanadain1949,CanadaisacountryinNorthAmerica,extendingfromtheAtlanticOceanintheeasttothePacificOceaninthewestandnorthwardintotheArcticOcean.Itistheworldssecondlargestcountrybytotalarea.CanadascommonborderwiththeUnitedStatestothesouthandnorthwestisthelongestintheworld.,In1867,withtheunionofthreeBritishNorthAmericancoloniesthroughConfederation,Canadawasformedasafederaldominionoffourprovinces.ThisbegananaccretionofprovincesandterritoriesandaprocessofincreasingautonomyfromtheUnitedKingdom.ThiswideningautonomywashighlightedbytheStatuteofWestminsterof1931andculminatedintheCanadaActof1982,whichseveredthevestigesoflegaldependenceontheBritishparliament.,Provincesandterritories,Canadaisafederationcomposedoftenprovincesandthreeterritories.Inturn,thesemaybegroupedintoregions:WesternCanada,CentralCanada,AtlanticCanada,andNorthernCanada(thelattermadeupofthethreeterritories:Yukon,NorthwestTerritories,andNunavut).,加拿大十省三地区分别为：阿尔伯塔省（英语、法语：Alberta，成立年份：1905年）不列颠哥伦比亚省（英语：BritishColumbia，法语：Colombie-Britannique，加入年份：1858年）马尼托巴省（英语、法语：Manitoba，加入年份为1870年）纽芬兰与拉布拉多省（英语：NewfoundlandandLabrador，法语：Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador，加入年份：1949年）新不伦瑞克省（英语：NewBrunswick，法语：Nouveau-Brunswick，加入年份：1867年）西北领地（英语：NorthwestTerritories，法语：TerritoiresduNord-Ouest，加入年份：1870年）新斯科舍省（英语：NovaScotia，法语：Nouvelle-cosse，加入年份：1867年）努纳武特地区（英语、法语：Nunavut，于1999年从西北地区分割出来）安大略省（英语、法语：Ontario，加入年份：1867年）爱德华王子省（英语：PrinceEdwardIsland，法语：le-du-Prince-douard，加入年份：1873年）魁北克省（法语：Qubec，英语：Quebec，加入年份为1867年）萨斯喀彻温省（英语、法语：Saskatchewan，成立年份：1905年）育空地区（英语、法语：Yukon，加入年份：1898年）,Provinceshavemoreautonomythanterritories.(suchashealthcare,education,andwelfare)andtogethercollectmorerevenuethanthefederalgovernment,analmostuniquestructureamongfederationsintheworld.Usingitsspendingpowers,thefederalgovernmentcaninitiatenationalpoliciesinprovincialareas;Equalizationpaymentsaremadebythefederalgovernmenttoensurethatreasonablyuniformstandardsofservicesandtaxationarekeptbetweenthericherandpoorerprovinces.,AveragewinterandsummerhightemperaturesacrossCanadavaryaccordingtothelocation.Winterscanbeharshinmanyregionsofthecountry,particularlyintheinteriorandPrairieprovinces,whichexperienceacontinentalclimate.,Innoncoastalregions,snowcancoverthegroundalmostsixmonthsoftheyear(moreinthenorth).CoastalBritishColumbiaenjoysatemperateclimate,withamildandrainywinter.,People,AboriginalpeoplesinCanadaincludetheFirstNationsInuit,andMtis.TheMtisacultureofmixedbloodoriginatedinthemid-17thcenturywhenFirstNationandInuitmarriedEuropeansettlers.TheInuithadmorelimitedinteractionwithEuropeansettlersduringtheearlyperiods.TheInuithadmorelimitedinteractionwithEuropeansettlersduringtheearlyperiods,ThelandthatisnowCanadawasinhabitedformillenniabyvariousgroupsofAboriginalpeoples.Beginninginthelate15thcentury,BritishandFrenchexpeditionsexplored,andlatersettled,alongtheAtlanticcoast.FrancecedednearlyallofitscoloniesinNorthAmericain1763aftertheSevenYearsWar.,Europeancolonization,NewFranceandCanadaunderBritishImperialcontrol.TheRoyalProclamation(1763)carvedtheProvinceofQuebecoutofNewFrance.ToaccommodateEnglish-speakingLoyalistsinQuebec,theConstitutionalActof1791dividedtheprovinceintoFrench-speakingLowerCanada(latertheprovinceofQuebec)andEnglish-speakingUpperCanada(laterOntario),grantingeachitsownelectedLegislativeAssembly.,ThedesireforresponsiblegovernmentresultedintheabortedRebellionsof1837.TheDurhamReportsubsequentlyrecommendedresponsiblegovernmentandtheassimilationofFrenchCanadiansintoBritishculture.TheActofUnion1840mergedTheCanadaintoaunitedProvinceofCanada.ResponsiblegovernmentwasestablishedforallBritishNorthAmericanprovincesby1849.,Governmentandpolitics,Canadahasstrongdemocratictraditionsupheldthroughaparliamentarygovernmentwithintheconstructofconstitutionalmonarchy,themonarchyofCanadabeingthefoundationoftheexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranchesanditsauthoritystemmingfromtheCanadianpopulace.ThesovereignisQueenElizabethII,whoalsoservesasheadofstateof15otherCommonwealthcountriesandresidespredominantlyintheUnitedKingdom.Assuch,theQueensrepresentative,theGovernorGeneralofCanada(presentlyMichalleJean),carriesoutmostoftheroyaldutiesinCanada.,Thedirectparticipationoftheroyalandvice-royalfiguresinanyoftheseareasofgovernanceislimited,though;inpractice,theiruseoftheexecutivepowersisdirectedbytheCabinet,acommitteeofministersoftheCrownresponsibletotheelectedHouseofCommonsandheadedbythePrimeMinisterofCanada,theheadofgovernment.Toensurethestabilityofgovernment,thegovernorgeneralwillusuallyappointasprimeministerthepersonwhoisthecurrentleaderofthepoliticalpartythatcanobtaintheconfidenceofapluralityintheHouseofCommonsandtheprimeministerchoosestheCabinet.,ThePrimeMinistersOffice(PMO)isthusoneofthemostpowerfulinstitutionsingovernment,initiatingmostlegislationforparliamentaryapprovalandselectingforappointmentbytheCrown,besidestheaforementioned,thegovernorgeneral,lieutenantgovernors,senators,federalcourtjudges,andheadsofcrowncorporationsandgovernmentagencies.Theleaderofthepartywiththesecond-mostseatsusuallybecomestheLeaderofHerMajestysLoyalOppositionandispartofanadversarialparliamentarysystemintendedtokeepthegovernmentincheck.,Party,EachMemberofParliamentintheHouseofCommonsiselectedbysimplemajorityinanelectoraldistrictorriding.Generalelectionsmustbecalledbythegovernorgeneral,ontheadviceoftheprimeminister,withinfouryearsofthepreviouselection,ormaybetriggeredbythegovernmentlosingaconfidencevoteintheHouseMembersoftheSenate,whoseseatsareapportionedonaregionalbasis,serveuntilage75.,Fourpartieshadrepresentativeselectedtothefederalparliamentinthe2008elections:theConservativePartyofCanada(governingparty),theLiberalPartyofCanada(theOfficialOpposition),theNewDemocraticParty(NDP),andtheBlocQubcois.Thelistofhistoricalpartieswithelectedrepresentationissubstantial.,Foreignrelations,Canadaneverthelesshasanindependentforeignpolicy,mostnotablymaintainingfullrelationswithCubaanddecliningtoofficiallyparticipateintheIraqWar.CanadaalsomaintainshistorictiestotheUnitedKingdomandFranceandtootherformerBritishandFrenchcoloniesthroughCanadasmembershipintheCommonwealthofNationsandtheFrancophonie.,Economy,Canadaisoneoftheworldswealthiestnations,withahighper-capitaincome,anditisamemberoftheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)andtheG8.Itisoneoftheworldstoptentradingnations.Canadaisamixedmarket,rankingabovetheU.S.ontheHeritageFoundationsindexofeconomicfreedomandhigherthanmostwesternEuropeannations.ThelargestforeignimportersofCanadiangoodsaretheUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,andJapan.,Inthepastcentury,thegrowthofthemanufacturing,mining,andservicesectorshastransformedthenationfromalargelyruraleconomytoamoreindustrialandurbanone.LikeotherFirstWorldnations,theCanadianeconomyisdominatedbytheserviceindustry,whichemploysaboutthreequartersofCanadians.Canadaisunusualamongdevelopedcountriesintheimportanceofitsprimarysector,inwhichtheloggingandpetroleumindustriesaretwoofthemostimportant.,EconomicintegrationwiththeUnitedStateshasincreasedsignificantlysinceWorldWarII.,NAFTAIn