Nitrogen氮气安全培训

NITROGENAWARENESSTRAINING氮气安全意识培训,N2,1.Introduction介绍2.PropertiesofNitrogen氮气的特性3.UsesandHazardsofNitrogen氮气的使用和危险4.HazardsofOpenManholes敞开人孔的危险5.HazardsofTemporaryConfinedSpaces临时受限空间的危险6.HazardsofPipingUnderNitrogenPurge氮气吹扫配管的危险7.HazardsofExplosimeterinNitrogenAtmospheres氮气环境下使用爆炸性气体浓度测验仪器的危险8.GeneralAdviceandSafePractices一般建议和安全做法9.LindepetrochemicalsProceduresrequire林德项目程序要求,CourseOutline课程大纲,一.Introduction介绍,Theatmospherewelivein,theairwebreatheeverydayconsistsof79%Nitrogen,21%Oxygenandtracesofothergases.Butonlyoxygenisvitalandessentialtohumanbeingsforrespiration/survival.Withoutsufficientoxygen,i.e.ifoxygenlevelfallsbelow16%,wewilldieofasphyxiation.我们居住的大气环境中，我们每天呼吸的空气中含有79的氮气，21的氧气和少量其它气体。但只有氧气是人类呼吸和生存所必须的因素。没有足够的氧气，即如果空气中的氧含量低于16，我们就会窒息而死。Nitrogengasbehavessomewhatlikeadiluentorbuffergasintheatmosphere.Nitrogeninitselfisinert,stable,non-reactiveandnon-toxic,buttoomuchnitrogenreducestheoxygencontentintheatmosphere,creatinganinvisibleconditionthatcankill.Iftheearthwaswithoutnitrogenbutfilledwithjustoxygen,thenfireswillburnoutofcontrolandsteelstructureswillquicklyrustaway!Therefore,nitrogenisaneffectivediluentorbuffergasthatwecannotlivewithout,yettoomuchofitwilldepriveusfromthevitaloxygen,whichcanleadtoasphyxiation,andevendeathwithinseconds.氮气在某种程度上就象大气中的稀释气体或缓冲气体。氮气本身是惰性的、稳定的，它不能反应，也无毒，但过多的氮气会降低空气中的氧含量，形成杀死生物的无形条件。如果地球上只有氧气，没有氮气，火灾就无法控制，钢结构会很快生锈。因此，氮气是人类生存不可缺少的有效稀释气体或缓冲气体，但是，过量的氮气会剥夺人类赖以生存的氧气，导致窒息，甚至几秒钟死亡的现象。,一.Introduction(continue)介绍,Nitrogeniswidelyusedforvariouspurposesinrefineriesandpetrochemicalplants,forexample,toprovideaninertatmosphere,topurgeavesselofhydrocarbons,forblanketingandpaddingstoragetanksinordertopreventexplosionsandfires.氮气广泛用于炼油和石化装置，用于各种用途，例如提供惰性气体环境，吹扫含有碳氢化合物的容器，对储罐氮封保护等，起着防火防爆的作用。Nitrogenisodorlessandcolourless.Itcankillwithoutgivinganywarning.Therefore,itisknownastheinvisiblekillerthathascausedmanyfatalitiesintherefineriesworldwide.氮气是一种无色无味的气体；杀人时无任何预兆。因此，氮气以隐形杀手而出名，在世界各地的炼油厂已造成很多死亡事故。ItisoneofourmostDANGEROUSGASESfoundinrefineriesandchemicalplants.氮气是炼油厂和化工装置所发现的最危险的气体之一。,Nitrogenmakesupof79%ofatmosphere空气中79%是氮气Nitrogeniscolorless,tasteless-airmovers-continuousoxygenmonitoringwithalarm.,容器底部周围的裙座必须看作是一个要求许可证的受限空间。,SkirtssurroundingthebottomofvesselsmustbeconsideredaPermit-RequiredConfinedSpace,六.HazardsofPipingUnderNitrogenPurge氮气吹扫配管的危险,缺氧区,更换阀门更换管节8字盲板换向安装或拆除整个盲板,在正在氮气吹扫的管线上更换管件时必须小心,Bewareofchangingfittingsonpipingbeingpurgedwithnitrogen:Changingavalve;Replacingasectionofpipe;Turningaspectacleplate;Installingorremovingfullfaceblinds.,事故,一名技术人员重新安装阀门和管节时不幸倒下，参见图示虚线。,技术人员面部正对着有氮气排出的法兰。,在有氮气危险，可能使周围环境缺氧的地方，必须配备呼吸设备。所有人员，特别是监督人员，必须注意与氮气有关的危险，确保容器和管线进行氮气吹扫时采取合适的预防措施。,良好的做法,GoodPractice1.Breathingapparatusmustbewornwherethereisriskofexposuretoalevelofnitrogenthatcouldcauseoxygendeficiencyinthelocalsurroundingatmosphere.2.Allpersonsandinparticularsupervisorsmustbemadeawareoftherisksassociatedwithnitrogentoensurethatsuitableprecautionarymeasuresaretakenwhenvesselsandpipelinesarebeingpurgedwithnitrogen.,七.HazardsofExplosimeterinNitrogenAtmospheres氮气环境下使用爆炸性气体浓度测验仪器的危险,爆炸性气体浓度检测仪（可燃气体检测器）在氮气环境下使用时不会反映真实的数据,爆炸性气体浓度检测仪或气体检测器在缺氧环境下会给出错误的读数,炼油厂使用的便携式可燃气体检测器通常采用电热丝（一般是铂）对可燃气体进行催化燃烧操作，给出LEL*/LFL*的读数。因此，要给出准确的读数，样品中必须有大约21的氧气。如果正在检测的大气环境中缺氧，例如在氮气吹扫的情况下，就不能在正常操作方式下使用标准型可燃气体检测器检测碳氢化合物气体。,Explosimeters(flammablegasdetectors)donottellthetruthinNitrogenAtmospheres.,Explosimetersorgasdetectorsgivefalsereadingsinanoxygendeficientatmosphere.,Thetypesofportableflammablegasdetectorsinuseinrefineriesusuallyoperatebythecatalyticcombustionofaflammablegasonaheatedfilament(ususllyplatinum),togiveareadingofthe%LEL/%LFL.Accordingly,theremustbeapproximately21%oxygeninthesampletogiveanaccuratereading.Iftheatmospherebeingtestedisdeficientinoxygen.forexample,whenpurgingwithnitrogen,itisnotpossibletouseastandardtypeofflammablegasdetectorinitsnormalmodeofoperationtodetecthydrocarbonvapours.,操作和调试程序的审查特别强调，在设备和装置进行氮气吹扫时，必须在取样点,使用烃类/可燃气体检测器，确定烃类气体是否存在。标准型可燃气体检测器对此不适用。,现在已经有了便携式仪器，可用于危险区，这种仪器可在氮气环境下给出可燃气体的真实读数。,PortableinstrumentsarecurrentlyavailablethatcanbeusedinHazardousAreasandwhichcangivetrueindicationofthelevelofflammablegasinanitrogenatmosphere.Theseincludeinfraredsensorsand“Tankscope”gasindicatorsusedonships.,Areviewofoperatingandcommissioningprocedureshighlightedacommonpracticeofpurgingequipmentandfreeofhydrocarbonvapourswithnitrogenusinghydrocarbon/airflammablegasdetectorsatsamplepointstodeterminethepresenceofhydrocarbongas.Theuseofastandardflammablegasdetectorisnotsuitableforthispurpose.,动火作业或进入受限空间之前，首先必须检查氧气的浓度，然后用爆炸性气体检测仪进行可燃气体测试。,*LFL=可燃下限*LEL=爆炸下限样品中一定有空气/氧气发生受控燃烧：氧气+可燃性气体CO2+H2O+热量,Alwayscheektheoxygenlevelfirstbeforecarryingoutaflammablegastestusinganexplosimeterinpreparationforhotworkofconfinedspaceentry.,八.GeneralAdviceandSafePractices一般建议和安全做法,信息交流/工作许可证/锁定标签程序,各班组之间加强信息交流，必须对隔离证和工作许可证进行正式审查。,确保每个操作人员通过培训了解并遵守锁定标签程序的要求以及工作许可证制度的规定。,对于不同日期进行的相同的工作（即使是一天的工作），必须按照新颁布或签发的工作指令/工作许可程序重新评估和确认，以便将任何修改或变化考虑进去。,Communication/WorkPermit/Lockout-TagoutProcedure,EnhancetheCommunicationandexchangeofinformationbetweenshiftsbymandatoryformalreviewofisolationcertificatesandworkpermits,EnhancealloperatorsarecompetentintherequirementsoftheLockout-TagoutProcedureandWorkPermitRegulationsthroughtrainingprograms.,Identicalworkcarriedoutondifferentdays(evenifitisamatterofoneday)mustbere-assessedandre-confirmedwithnewlyissuedworkinstructions/WorkPermittocoverchangesormodifications.,确保员工培训计划和承包商的安全教育清楚的说明暴露在氮气和其它窒息剂时所存在的危险和症状。,入口处必须设置有关标志，标明打开缺氧/有毒气体容器的危险，警告操作人员存在窒息危险;,对于使用便携式气体检测器，当容器附近氧气浓度低于临界浓度时会产生报警的情况必须进行评估。通常，正常氧气浓度为21，气体检测器的报警级别为19.5（低O2报警）和23.5（高O2报警）。,Ensuretrainingprogramsforemployeesandsafetyorientationforcontractorsclearlycommunicatethehazardsandsymptomsofexposuretonitrogenandotherasphyxiants,Suitablesignageshouldbeplacedatentracetoopenvesselshavinganoxygendeficient/toxicatmospheretowarmpersonnelofasphyxiahazardsBarricadeandcordonoffthemanholearea.,Evaluatetheuseofportablegasdetectorsthatwillgiveoffalarmswhentheoxygenconcentrationinthevicinityofthevesseldropsbelowacriticallevel.Typically,normaloxygenlevelis21%,andalarmlevelsongasdetectorsare19.5%(lowo2alarm)and21.5%(highO2alarm),如果氧含量高于21，肯定是出现了什么问题，例如氧气瓶泄漏。在人员进入受限空间前，首先必须对具体的情况进行调查.,如果你发现有人躺在地上或通过储罐或管子的开口发现有人躺在里面，不省人事：呼叫消防部门/急救队切勿擅自单独进入封闭区施救。立刻呼救。,Iftheoxygencontentevergoesabove21%,thereissomethingwronglikealeakingoxygencylinder.Investigatethesituationfirstbeforeallowingpersonnelintheconfinedspace.,Ifyouseesomeonelyingunconsciousonthegroundorthroughtheopeningofatankorpipe:Callthefiredepartment/rescueteamNEVERENTERACONFINEDSPACEORAREAALONETOGIVEHELP.CALLFORASSISTANCE,不戴呼吸设备向容器内探视,在未配备合适呼吸设备的情况下（筒式面具或防尘面具不能接受），在有氮气的容器开口附近工作。,不可接受的行为,Unacceptablebehaviour,Peekingintoreactorwithoutrespiratoryprotection,Workingnearopenmanholesofavesselundernitrogenwithoutwearingadequatebreathingapparatus(cartridgeordustmasksareunacceptable),九.LindepetrochemicalsProceduresrequire林德项目程序要求,(一)Responsibilities人员职责1.LindeSelfPerformCommissioningEngineersshall:CompiletherelevantsectionsintheSystemCommissioningManualtoensurethatinertingactivitiesareperformedsafely,inatimelymannerandeffectively.RelevantsectionsincludepreparationPEFSs,InertingCheckSheetetc.CompletetheJobHazardAnalysisandJobSafetyAnalysissheetspriortothecommencementofthefieldwork.CommunicatetheneedsoftheinertingactivitiestotheConstructionSupervisorse.g.spading,temporaryequipment/hoses,barriersetc.ProvideguidanceandassistancetoConstructionpersonnelforfieldinertingactivitiesinaccordancewiththisprocedureandinformationcontainedintheSystemCommissioningManualSignoffalldocumentationrelatedtotheinertingactivities,includingtheInertingCheckSheet.,2.LindeSelfPerformConstructionSupervisionshall:ApplyforthePermittoWorkfortheinertingactivitiesLindeCommissioningEngineertoprovideassistance.LeadtheSTARRT,supportedbytheLindeCommissioningEngineerIndiscussionandbyagreementwiththeLindeCommissioningEngineerensurethatrequiredequipment(hoses,compressors,driersetc.)andGICresourcesareavailabletoperformtheinertingactivitiesSetupandconducttheinertingactivitiesinaccordancewithguidanceprovidedbytheLindeCommissioningEngineer.3.SelfPerformContractsGeneralInstallationContractorshall:PreparesystemsforinertingasdirectedbytheLindeConstructionSupervisor.Thisworkincludesbutisnotlimitedto:Ensuringthatallin-lineinstruments,pipefittingsandequipmentwithinthesystemareincludedintheinertingactivity.Installingtemporaryequipment,hosesasperthepreparationPEFSs.FullyreinstatetheinertedsystemsasdirectedbytheLindeConstructionSupervisor.4.CSPCOperationsRepresentativesshall:WitnesstheinertingactivityandsigningoffthesameontheInertingCheckSheet.,(二)Safety安全1.PermitstoWorkaremandatory;2.PriortothecommencementofConstructionCommissioningactivitiesalllinesinthesystemshallbelabelledwith“DANGERLIVELINE”,duallanguage,stickersatamaximumof15mintervals3.Similarly,allSystemlimitspadesmustbeinstalledinaccordancewiththepreparationPEFSs.Spadesmustbetagged,“LindeCOMMISSIONINGDANGERDONOTREMOVE”,completewithupstreamanddownstreamSystemNumbersandLindecontactdetails,induallanguage.TheSystemCommissioningBlindRegistermustalsobeupdated.TemporarysystemlimitblindsmustbepaintedredinaccordancewithProjectInstructionPI-8130-0000-0007Spade/BlindManagementandControl.,4.EnsurethatallpersonnelinvolvedinthetestprocedureareequippedwiththePPErequiredforthisoperation.5.Hoses,hosecouplingsandanyothertemporaryconnectionsorpipespoolsshallbecheckedforsuitabilityofserviceandshallbeproperlysecured.Whipchecklinesshallbeemployedonsmallborehoses.6.ASystemJobHazardAnalysis(JHA)coveringthepotentialhazardsassociatedwiththeinertingactivitiesshallbecompleted-refertosection3.2.2oftheSystemCommissioningManual.7.ASystemJobSafetyAnalysisformshallbecompletedpriortocommencinginertingactivitiesrefertosection3.2.3oftheSystemCommissioningManual.8.ASTARRTtalkswillprecedeinertingactivitiesandonadailybasisshouldtheactivitiesextendmorethanonedayrefertosection3.2.4oftheSystemCommissioningManual.,NOTICE:DetailsinformationpleaserefertoPR-8130-OSBL-0005,SAFEGUARDSAGAINSTASPHYXIATION预防窒息,1.ProtectionofPersonnelOutsideInertGasFilledSpaces对在充有惰性气体的空间外的人员的保护2.Ventsandopeningsfromspacesfilledwithinertgasshould,asfarasisreasonablypracticable,belocatedwellawayfromplaceswherepersonnelhaveaccess.充有惰性气体的空间的通风口和开口，在合理条件下尽可能位于远离人员进出的地方。3.Personsrequiredtoworknearsuchventsandopeningsmustbesuitablytrained,competentandwearappropriatebreathingapparatus.需在靠近这些通风口和开口工作的人员必须经过适当的培训，能胜任工作并佩戴适当的呼吸器。4.Arrangementsmustbemadetokeeppersonsnotprotectedbybreathingapparatusawayfromplacesaroundventsandopeningswhereconcentrationsofinertgasmightbehigh.Thesemustinclude:对未佩戴呼吸器的人员，应有适当措施防止其靠近惰性气体浓度可能较高的通风口和开口处。这些措施包括：,Safetysigns(SeeFig1)andrope,tapeorfixedbarriersmustbeplacedacrossallaccesswaysandatasufficientdistancefromtheinertgasfilledspacetoensurethat,whateverthewindcondit