新一代大学英语综合教程2 U4(含课后习题答案)

.,.,KindnessandIndifference,Unit4Book2,.,Unit4Book2,.,iPrepare,KindnessandIndifference,.,Prepare,Atpresent,manypeoplecriticizethattheChinesesocietyisfulfilledwithindifferenceandnobodyiswillingtohelpothers,especiallythestrangersinthestreet.However,somepeoplesaythatwehaveexperiencedthecasesthatstrangersaskingforhelpdesperatelyyetturningtoberobbersandthievesandswindlingthekind-heartedpeople.Andnow,therearemanyfraudgangsextortmoneyinthenameofbeggingsothatpeopledonottrustbeggarsasbefore.Whatsyourviewonthistopic?Shouldwebegeneroustoopenourhearttothestrangers,giveahandtothosehelpless?Whyorwhynot?,.,Prepare-Scenarios,Scenario1Watchthethefollowingvideoanddiscusswithyourpartners:Whydidntthepassersbyhelp?Ifyouhadbeenoneofthepassersby,whatmighthaveyoudone?Arepeoplewillingtohelpstrangersatall?,.,Prepare-Scenarios,Scenario2Watchthethefollowingvideoanddiscusswithyourpartners:,Whathappened?,Whatdoyouknowabout“thebystandereffect”mentionedinthevideo?,.,Prepare-Scenarios,Scenario3YouareparticipatinginaninternationalyouthforumheldinBeijing.Thethemeisaboutyoungpeoplessocialresponsibilities.SincetheYueyueincidentisamuch-discussedtopic,youplantogiveapresentation,explainingwhypeopleeasilyfallintothepitof“thebystandereffect”andhowtheycanescapefromit.StructureContentLanguage,.,Prepare-Identifyingthegaps,Reviewing2.Discusswhymanypeopledonothelpinemergenciesandhowtoencouragethemtohelp;3.Explainwhyhumansarewillingtohelpothers,evenstrangers,fornoreward.,.,Prepare-Learningobjectives,Writeanopinionpost:Helpinginemergencies,Uponcompletionofthisunit,youwillberequiredto:,.,iExplore1,KindnessandIndifference,.,Explore1-Viewing,Watchavideoclipanddiscussthefollowingquestions.,WhydidnobodycometohelpwhennoticingPeterlyingonthegroundforover20minutes?Whatarethetwoconflictingrulesthatmayinfluencebystandersdecisiononwhethertohelp?WhydidthewomannothelpRuthatthebeginningbutlatergiveherahand?,.,Explore1-Viewing,Sample,Helpingwillbeinconvenientorevenrisky.Oneistherule“weoughttohelp.”Theotheristherule“weoughttodowhateverybodyelseisdoing.”Atthebeginning,sheconformstotherule“Weoughttodowhateverybodyelseisdoing,”thatis“Nottointervene,nottogetinvolved.”Butlater,shefindsamanisofferingRuthhelp,soshefollows.,.,iExplore1,KindnessandIndifference,.,Explore1-Reading,Whydopeoplehesitatetohelpinemergencies?Whatisthebystandereffect?Arethereotherpossiblereasons?,.,Explore1-Reading,.,Explore1-Reading,Thebystandereffect,Thebystandereffect,.,Explore1-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,1.Accordingtothetext,howdopeoplereacttodifferentemergencysituations?Readthefirstfiveparagraphsandcompletethetable.,Situations1)apleasant/sunnyfallafternoon2)aparkinglot3)strangers;4)one7)acouple;8)one10)acouple;11)afew,Bystandersreactions5)assistance;6)659)19%12)muchlesslikely;13)theyrealone,Conclusion14)lowersthelikelihood;15)becomeinvolved,.,Explore1-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,Additionalactivity:Pairwork,Pleasedecidewhetheryouwouldinterveneinthesituationsdescribedinthetextandexplainwhyorwhynot?,.,Explore1-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,2.ReadParas.6-16andcompletethefollowingdiagramtoanalyzetheinfamouscaseofthemurderofKittyGenovesein1964.,.,Explore1-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,grabbed,screamed,wenton,opened,stabbed,help,shouted,alarmed,wentout,returned,stabbed,screamed,wenton,opened,alarmed,droveoff,struggled,came,athird,died,called,.,Thecrimescene,Explore1-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,.,Additionalinformation,Explore1-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,.,Trytoretellthecasewiththehelpofthefollowingwords:Thefirstattack:barmanager,parkinglot,notice,policecallbox,grab,scream,lights(on),stabbed,shrieked,shouted,alarmedThesecondattack:lights(out),returned,struggling,stabbed,screamed,lights(on),windowsopened,droveoffThethirdattack:returned,slumpedonthefloor,stabbed,fatally,Additionalactivity,Explore1-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,.,Explore1-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,3.Whatarethemostimportantfactorsinunderstandingthereactionsofbystanderstoemergencies?ReadParas.17-22andcheck()therightexplanations.,.,Explore1-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,4.Whatisthevalueoftheresearchonthebystandereffect?Readthelastparagraphanddiscussthefollowingquestions.Whatstheimportanceofknowingtheresearchfindingsonthebystandereffect?Whatwillyoudoifyouwitnessanemergencywithagroupnexttime?Why?,.,Explore1-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,2.NexttimeifImfacedwithanemergencywithagroup,Illtakeaction.Theprincipleofmoraldiffusiontellsusthateverybodyiswaitingforsomeoneelsetodosomethingfirst.SoifItakeaction,othersmayalsohelp.,1.Themoreweknowabouthowbystandersreacttoanemergency,thebetterthechancesthatwewilltakeappropriateactionwhenfacedwithone.Forinstance,knowingaboutmoraldiffusionmakesiteasierforustoescapeit.,Sample,.,Explore1-LanguagePoints,1.Theyfearpossibledangertothemselvesorgettingcaughtupinasituationthatcouldleadtocomplicatedandtime-consuminglegalproceedings.(Para.2,Sentence3)getcaughtupinsth.:tobecomeunexpectedlyinvolvedinanunpleasantorannoyingsituation遭遇，陷入（困境）e.g.Hegotcaughtupintheclashbetweenthesetwocompanies.,.,2.Inmorethan50studiesinvolvingmanydifferentconditions,oneoutcomehasbeenconsistent:Bystandersaremuchlesslikelytogetinvolvedwhenotherwitnessesarepresentthanwhentheyarealone.(Para.4,Lastsentence)witness:n.Csomeonewhoseesacrimeoranaccidentandcandescribewhathappened见证人；目击者e.g.Witnessestothecrashsaytheyheardanexplosionjustbeforethedisaster.v.Ttoseesth.happen,esp.acrimeoraccident,becauseyouarepresentwhenithappens目击，亲眼看见（尤指罪行或事故发生）e.g.Policeareappealingtoanydriverwhomaywitnessedtheaccident.,Explore1-LanguagePoints,.,3.In1964intheboroughofQueensinNewYorkCity,Catherine“Kitty”Genovese,28,wasbrutallymurderedinashockingcrimethatoutragedthenation.(Para.7)1)brutally:ad.cruellyandviolently野蛮地；残暴地e.g.Herrealparentshadbeenbrutallymurdered.2)outrage:vt.tomakesomeoneextremelyangryandshocked使震怒；激怒e.g.Manypeoplehavebeenoutragedbysomeofthethingsthathavebeensaid.,Explore1-LanguagePoints,.,4.Hefoundherslumpedontheflooratthefootofthestairsandstabbedheragain,thistimefatally.(Para.15,Sentence2)slump:v.tofallorleanagainstsomethingbecauseyouarenotstrongenoughtostand(因无力站立而)倒下，倚，靠e.g.Sheslumpedintoachaironhearingthebadnews.,Explore1-LanguagePoints,.,5.ResearchconductedsincetheGenovesemurderindicatesthatthefailureofthebystanderstogetinvolvedcantbesimplydismissedasasymptomofanuncaringsociety.(Para.17,Sentence1)dismiss:vt.toputofforaway,especiallyfromconsideration(从头脑中)去除；不再考虑e.g.Hedismissedthestoryasarumor.Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedlikethis:ResearchconductedaftertheoccurrenceofGenovesemurderindicatedthatwecannotsimplyregardthebystandersfailuretogetinvolvedinemergenciesasasignofanindifferentsociety.Thewriterhereimpliesthatthebystandereffectinvolvesacomplexsetofpsychologicalfactors.,Explore1-LanguagePoints,.,6.Firstisthelevelofambiguityinvolvedinthesituation.(Para.19,Sentence1)ambiguity:n.C,Uthestateofbeingunclear,confusingornotcertain,orthingsthatproducethiseffect模棱两可；不明确（的事务）,Explore1-LanguagePoints,e.g.Astudyfoundlackofworkgroupsupport,roleambiguityandpoorsupervisionwererelatedwithoccupationalstress.,.,7.Bystandersareafraidtoendangerthemselvesorlookfoolishiftheytakethewrongactioninasituationtheyarenotsurehowtointerpret.(Para.19,Sentence2)interpret:vt.tounderstandanaction,situation,etc.inaparticularway理解e.g.Iinterpretedhissilenceasarefusal.Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedlikethis:Bystandersfearthattheymightputthemselvesindangerormakethemselveslookstupidiftheyactwronglywhentheydontknowhowtounderstandasituation.,Explore1-LanguagePoints,.,8.Whenamemberofthegroupisabletoescapethecollectiveparalysisandtakeaction,othersinthegrouptendtoactaswell.(Para.22,Sentence4)1)escape:v.togetawayfromaveryunpleasantsituation摆脱e.g.Manypeopleinthiscountryarestilltryingtoescapepoverty.2)paralysis:n.Uthestateofbeingcompletelyunabletooperatenormallyoreffectively瘫痪状态；停顿e.g.Theparalysisoftheleadershipleavesthearmywithoutitssupremecommand.,Explore1-LanguagePoints,.,Explore1-Buildingyourlanguage,Wordsandexpressions,1.criminal/medical;infamous;shocking;comeacross;observe;facedwith.,2.take,acion;offerassistance;intervenein;wasreluctanttogetinvolved;beafraidtoendangerthemselves;feargettingcaughtupin.,.,Explore1-Buildingyourlanguage,Wordsandexpressions,3.psychologicalfactors;endangerhimself;getinvolvedin;takeaction;Thenationwasoutragedby.;interpretanevent.,.,Explore1-Preparingforthestructure,1Analyzethestructureofthefollowingpassagebyfillingintheblanksintherightcolumn.,Describetheincident;Describethebystandersreactions;Indicatetheconsequence.,.,Explore1-Preparingforthestructure,2Completethefollowingtablewithinformationfromthepassage.,Whatshappening?inaweWhatshouldIdo?ShouldIhelp?shockedIcouldntgetmyselfintotroubleorgethurt.terrified,.,Explore1-Preparingforthestructure,Usefulexpressions,DescribetheincidentAmanandwomanarewrestlingwitheachother.Attemptingtofightthemanoff,shescreamswasbrutallymurderedinashockingcrimethatoutragedthenation.Thecrimebegansdesperatecriesforhelpwereheard.wassurroundedbyHeshouted,“Leavemealone!”Theassailantgrabbedhimandstabbedhim.,.,Explore1-Preparingforthestructure,Usefulexpressions,DescribethebystandersreactionThesightofthebloodmademestop.WhatshouldIdo?ShouldIhelp?ButIwassoshockedthatmybrainwentblank.Thethoughtofterrifiedme.Icantgetmyselfintotroubleorgethurt.IfeargettingcaughtupinImafraidtoendangermyself.Idontwanttogetinvolved.Idontwanttointervenein,.,Explore1-Preparingforthestructure,Usefulexpressions,IndicatetheconsequenceNotuntildidIrealizeIlearnedfrom(thenewspaper)thatIfeltveryregretful.Icouldhavehelped,butIdidnt.,.,Explore1-Assignments,UnitProjectGetfamiliarwiththematerialsofiProduce,theassignmentwillbecheckednextclassintheformofclassreportabout:whattheunitprojectisabout;whatyouhavealreadyprepared;whatyoustillneedtofinishtheproject.,.,Explore1-Assignments,SupposeyouwereoneofthewitnessestotheGenovesecase,writea250-wordaccountofthecasefromabystandersperspective(i.e.,inthetoneofabystander).,Sharingyourideas,Payspecialattentionto:Structure:Language:Trytousenewlylearnedexpressions.,Handinyourscriptnexttime.,Describetheincident;Describethebystandersreactions;Indicatetheconsequence.,.,Explore1-Assignments,Sharingyourideas,Adoptarolefromthefollowingones:Role1:Youareamotherofthree.Yourhusbandwasnotathome.Youheardthescream.Youwereworriedthatthenoisemightwakeyourkidsup.Role2:Youweresleepingtightwithyourhusband.Youheardthescream.Yourhusbandwantedtodosomething.Youdidntwanthimtogetinvolved.Role3:Youareagirlandyoulivealone.Thescreamterrifiedyou.Yourmindwentblankandyoudidntdoanything.Role4:Youandyourwifethoughtitwasaloversquarrel.Role5:Youdidntknowwhatreallyhappened.Sincetheothersdidntdoanything,neitherdidyou.,.,Explore1-Assignments,PeerinterviewWorkinpairsandconductapeerinterview.Youwilltaketurnstointervieweachother:Ifyouarefacedwithanemergency,whatwouldyoudo？Theinterviewwillbecheckedrandomlynexttime.Thefollowinginterviewquestionsareforyourreference.Wouldyouinterveneincriminalormedicalemergenciesifyoucomeacrossone?,.,Thefollowinginterviewquestionsareforyourreference.Wouldyouofferanysortofassistancewhenyousawanoldmancollapsinginfrontofyou?Doyoufearpossibledangertoyourselfwhenyougetinvolvedinemergencysituations?Doyoufeargettingcaughtupinlegalproceedingswhenyouinterveneinanemergency?Areyoumorereluctanttogetinvolvedwhenotherwitnessesarepresentthanwhenyouarealone?Why?,Explore1-Assignments,Peerinterview,.,ReviewingReviewiExplore1tofindout:Whydopeoplehesitatetohelpinemergencies?Whatisthebystandereffect?,Explore1-Assignments,.,iExplore2,KindnessandIndifference,.,Explore2-Discussion,Readeachofthefollowingdescriptionsofexperimentsandjudgewhichwouldbetheobservedresultineachcase.Giveyourexplanations.SampleExperiment1:AIhaveobservedkidsbehaviorbefore.Theyalwayspickupdroppeditems.SoIthinkthekidsinthisexperimentmightalsopickupthedroppeditems,eventhoughtheyarenotaskedtodoso.,.,Explore2-Discussion,Readeachofthefollowingdescriptionsofexperimentsandjudgewhichwouldbetheobservedresultineachcase.Giveyourexplanations.SampleExperiment2:BIhaveseenmonkeysfightingwitheachotherforfood,soIdontthinkachimpanzeewillsharethebananawithothers.Experiment3:BOnceinasafariparkIfoundamothermonkeyfedherselfmorethanshefedherbaby.Soitseemsthatanimalmothersarenotasunselfishashumanmothers.,.,iExplore2,KindnessandIndifference,.,Explore2-Reading,Whetherhelpingstrangersoutofgoodwillisinourhumannature?,.,Explore2-Reading,.,Explore2-Reading,.,Explore2-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,1.Howdohumansdifferfromanimalsingivinghelp?Readthefirstthreeparagraphsandcheck()thetruestatements.,Whatexperimentshaveshown:1.Chimpanzeesarereluctanttosharefoodwithnon-relatives,butsuchselfishnessdoesnotexistbetweenmothersandtheirbabies.2.Animalsmayhelpeachother,buttheobservationsofhelpingaresporadicandopentoalternativeinterpretations.3.Eighteen-month-oldchildrenwillhelpstrangersspontaneouslywithoutbeinggivenareward.,.,Explore2-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,1.Howdohumansdifferfromanimalsingivinghelp?Readthefirstthreeparagraphsandcheck()thetruestatements.,Howhelpingisshaped:4.Domesticatedanimalsmaylearnhelpingduringtheircaptivityasdomesticationchangestheirbrainsandbehavior.5.Rewardingchildrenisaneffectivewaytotrainthemtohelpothersbecausechildrenareinclinedtobeinducedbyobviousgainlikecandies.6.Childrenareunlikelytobetrainedtohelpbecauseitisinhumannature.,.,Explore2-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,1.Howdohumansdifferfromanimalsingivinghelp?Readthefirstthreeparagraphsandcheck()thetruestatements.,Whatmotivateshelping:7.Non-humanprimatesappeartocooperate,andtheythinkofhelpingasaselflessact.8.Animalsmayworkincollaboration,buttheirhelpingmaynotbeaselflessactbutastrategytobenefitthemselves.9.Humanshelpothersoutofgoodwillwithneitherimmediatebenefitnorfuturerewardtothemselves.,.,Explore2-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,2.Whydohumanshelpotherswhenthereisnoobviouspayoff?ReadParas.4-6andcompletethefollowingdiagrambyfillingintheblanks.,thegoodnessofhearts,warmglow,pleasurecenters,criticismfromothers,selfishpeoplesbehavior,.,Explore2-Identifyingandsynthesizinginformation,3.HowmuchdoyouknowabouttheexperimentconductedbyErnstFehrandSimonGchterwithregardtopeoplesmotivestohelpothers?Readthelasttwoparagraphsandcompletethefollowingoutline.,Theresearchpurpose1)motivesParticipants2)adultsProcedures3)tokenswithmoney4)kept5)acollectivepot6)contribute7)benefits,8)freeloaders9)anonymously10)whocontributewhat11)thechance12)contributedsufficiently13)imposethefineResults14)punishfreeloaders15)cameatacost16)changed17)contributemore,.,Explore2-Languagepoints,1.Animalscanhelpothermembersoftheirownspecies,buttheobservationsofhelpinginnon-humanprimatesaresporadicandopentoalternativeinterpretationsthatdividethescientificcommunity.(Para.1,Sentence7)1)sporadic:a.(ofsimilarthingsoroccurrences)appearingorhappeningatirregularintervalsintime间断发生的；零星的e.g.Thesoundofsporadicshootingcouldstillbeheard.2)interpretation:n.C,Uanexplanationofthemeaningorimportanceofsomething解释；阐释e.g.TheoppositionConservativePartyputadifferentinterpretationonthefigures.,.,Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedlikethis:Animalscanhelpothermembersoftheirownkind,butresearchershaveobservedthathelpinginanimalsotherthanhumansisscarceandcanbeexplainedinotherways.Thescientificcommunityholdsdifferentinterpretationstowardanimalshelping.,Explore2-Languagepoints,1.Animalscanhelpothermembersoftheirownspecies,buttheobservationsofhelpinginnon-humanprimatesaresporadicandopentoalternativeinterpretationsthatdividethescientificcommunity.(Para.1,Sentence7),.,Explore2-Languagepoints,2.Wheneverweseedomesticatedanimalsperformingfeatsthatarenotobservedregularlyintheirnaturalhabitat,wehavetoaskwhetherthoseabilitiesarepartoftheirrepertoireorratherdemonstrationsofthepoweroflearningandexpectations.(Para.2,Sentence2)domesticate:vt.totrainananimaltolivewithorworkforhumans驯养e.g.Ourancestorshavedomesticatedthedogtohelpuswithhunting.Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedlikethis:Anytimewhenweobservedomesticatedanimalsmakeimpressiveachievementswhichwenormallydonotseeintheirnaturallivingsurroundings,weneedtoaskwhetherthoseabilitiescomefromtheirnatureoraretheresultsoflearningandtraining.,.,Explore2-Languagepoints,3.Thekindnessofstrangersremindsusthathumansareanaltruisticspecieswillingtohelpothersevenwhenthereisnoobviouspayoff.(Para.4,Sentence4)1)altruistic:a.thinkingorbehavinginawaythatshowsyoucareaboutotherpeopleandtheirinterestsmorethanyoucareaboutyourself利他的；利他主义的e.g.Altruisticspiritshouldbecultivatedbyusvigorously.2)payoff:n.Canadvantageorprofitthatyougetasaresultofdoingsomething收益；回报e.g.Withelectriccarsthereisabigenvironmentalpayoff.,.,Explore2-Languagepoints,4.Twofamouseconomists,ErnstFehrandSimonGchterdevelopedacunninggametotestpeoplesmotivestohelpthegroup.(Para.5,Sentence2)1)cunning:a.behaviororactionsthatarecunning,dishonestandunfair,andareusedtogetwhatyouwant（行为或动作）狡诈的，狡猾的e.g.Mr.Whitehasgotacunningplantosolvethisproblem.2)motive:n.Cthereasonyoudosomething缘由；动机e.g.Policehaveruledoutrobberyasamotiveforthekilling.,.,Explore2-Languagepoints,5.Theyhadteamsofadultsplayagamewheretheyweregiventokensworthmoneythattheycouldeitherkeeporputintoacollectivepotasaninvestmentthatwouldbepaidouttoeveryoneirrespectiveofwhethertheycontributedtothepotornot.(Para.5,Sentence3)irrespectiveof:ifyousaythatsomethinghappensorshouldhappenirrespectiveofaparticularthing,youmeanthatitisnotaffectedorshouldnotbeaffectedbythatthing不考虑的；不顾的；不受影响的e.g.Thisserviceshouldbeavailabletoeverybody,irrespectiveofwhethertheycanaffordit.,.,Explore2-Languagepoints,6.Thebeststrategyisforeveryonetocontribute,butsomeonewhowantstogetthemostoutofgameinotherwords,tobeafreeloadershouldnotcontributeanyoftheirownmoneyandjustreapbenefitsofalltheotherplayerswillingtomakeacontribution.(Para.5,Sentence4)freeloader:n.Csomeonewhoexpectstogetfood,money,oraplacetostayfromsomeoneelse,withoutgivinganythinginreturn吃白食的人；揩油的人e.g.Whenthecaterpillarfinallymatures,twoantspeciesrecognizetheirmistakeandkillthefreeloader,butathirdantleavesitunharmed.,.,Explore2-Languagepoints,7.Weprefertopuni