翻译概论 翻译与文化PPT课件

.,1,翻译与文化,.,2,翻译与文化一：理论：,意合与形合：所谓“形合”(hypotaxis)是指借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）实现词语或句子的连接；所谓“意合”(parataxis)是指不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间的连接。前者注重语言形式上的接应(cohesion),后者注重意义上的连贯(coherence)。汉语：“意合”(parataxis)，结构松散，不注重语法形式，由语境和上下文领会。英语：“形合”(hypotaxis)，结构严谨，重视语法，逻辑关系强。,.,3,Example1：汉语的意合：“他不干,我干.”就这没么一句话,至少可以有四种理（1）假设关系：（如果）他不干,（那么）我（来）干.（2）因果关系：（因为）他不干,（所以）我（才）干.（3）转折关系：他不干,（但是）我干.（4）让步关系：（即使）他不干,我（也）干.因此,在翻译这句话是必须根据上下文,甚至说话人的语气,才能对其意思作出确切的判断.,.,4,Example2：英语的形合：“知己知彼,百战不殆；不知己而知彼,一胜一负；不知己不知彼,每战必殆.”（谋攻）这里非形式链接很明显,若将其中隐含、省略、模糊的东西补上,其形式标记应如下：“（若）知己（又）知彼,（则）百战不殆；（若）不知己而知彼,（则）（将）一胜（及）一负；（若）不知己（又）不知彼,（则）每战（将）必殆.”再看英语译文：“Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.Youwillwinonebattleandloseonebattleifyouknowyourselfbutleaveyourselfinthedarkabouttheenemy.Youwillloseeverybattleifyouleaveboththeenemyandyourselfinthedark.”从译文中可看出,凡汉语中隐含的成分英语中一个也不能少.而且译文中还用了“you”这虚指主语,汉语中完全不必要.汉语意义的内在衔接形成一种隐约的“意义脉络”,更初象一点,就是古人所说的“文意”、“文气”,汉语正是靠这种“意脉”来组织句子,而不是受“形”的框束.,.,5,汉译英时要把汉语的意合句译成英文，一定要找到合适的连接词，把源文中最重要的信息装入目的语主句，次要信息装入从句。例：我和父亲不想见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。Itismorethantwoyearssinceilastsawfather,andwhaticanneverforgetisthesightofhisback.姐姐在机场等我，我得去接她，我不去她会生气。Mysisteriswaitingformeattheairport,soimustgotomeether.Ifidont,shewillgetangry.,.,6,英译汉时源语中的显性衔接手段在汉语中不保留，所以英语中的连接词常常被省略。例：InAugust1946,onmyfifthtripthroughChina,boundformyMoscowhomebutnotinhaste,sincemyhusbandhasdiedinthewar,IcametoYanan.一九四六年，我在回莫斯科家的途中，第五次路过中国：由于我丈夫已在战争中牺牲了，当时我并不急于回去，就到了延安。Ithadbeenafine,goldenautumn,alovelyfarewelltothosewhowouldlosetheiryouth,andsomeofthemtheirlives,beforetheleavesturnedagaininapeacetimefall.那是个天气晴朗金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当时的青年已经失去青春，有的丧失了生命。,.,7,翻译与文化二：英语名词介词较多；汉语动词较多,Examples：1.具有动作含义的名词转化为动词Astudyoftheletterleavesusnodoubtastothemotivesbehindit.研究一下这封信，我们毫不怀疑这信别有用心。2.作为习语主体的名词转译为动词ThespeakergaveanexcellentpictureofthelivingconditionsinAfrica.(一些习语化的短语动词：haveatry,takecareof,payattentionto.),.,8,3.介词转化为动词Awaysheskimmedoverthelawn,upthepath,upthesteps,acrosstheveranda,andintotheporch.她转身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过阳台，进了门廊。4.不少介词短语也具有动作意义inexcessof,bymeansof,infavorof,insteadof,regardlessof.,.,9,翻译与文化三：英语中被动语态使用较多,汉语中主动语态使用较多,Example1:欠泪的，泪已尽Thetearsoneowedhaveallbeenrequiredinkind.分离聚合皆前定Allarepredestined,partingsandreunions.若得火山无烈焰，必须宝扇有清凉IftheFieryMountainsflamesaretobeputout,thepreciousfanmustblowthemcool.,.,10,Example2:心病终须新药治，解铃还是系铃人Thecureforabrokenheartishearteningnews;Theknotmustbeuntiedbytheonewhotiedit.只因西方圣灵河岸上三生石畔，有绛珠草一株，时有赤瑕宫神瑛侍者，日以甘露灌溉，这绛珠草始得久延岁月。Inthewest,onthebankoftheSacredRiver,besidestheStoneofThreeIncarnationstheregrewaVermilionPearlPlantwhichwaswateredeverydaywithsweetdewbytheattendantShenYinginthePalaceofRedJade.,.,11,Example3:生死有命，富贵在天Lifeanddeatharedeterminedbyfate,rankandrichesdecreedbyHeaven.这样看来，人心天意，他们两个竟是天配的了Soitseemshumanwishesarewilledbyprovidence,andtheyarefatedtomarry.,.,12,翻译与文化四：英语繁复迂回汉语轻灵简单,Example1:因空见色，由色生情，传情入色，自色悟空，空空道人遂易名为情僧，改石头记为情僧录。Sinceallmanifestationsarebornofnothingnessandinturngiverisetopassion,bydescribingpassionforwhatismanifestwecomprehendnothingness.SotheTaoistchangedhisnametothePassionateMonkandchangedthetitleofthebookfromTheTaleoftheStonetotheRecordofthePassionateMonk.,.,13,Example2:贾政尚未认清，急忙出船，欲待扶住问他是谁。那人已经拜了四拜，站起来打了个问讯。贾政才要还揖，迎面一看，不是别人，确是宝玉。ThemanprostratedhimselfbeforeJiaZheng,whohurriedoutofthecabin,meaningtoraisehimupandseewhohewas,butthemanhadalreadykowtowedfourtimes,thenstoodupandmadehimaBuddistsalutation.JiaZhengwasabouttobowinreturnwhenherecognizedhisson.,.,14,Example3：岂知宝玉是下凡历劫的，竟哄了老太太十九年！如今叫我才明白。LittledidIknowthatBaoyuwasaspiritwhohadcometoearthtoundergocertaintrials,andwhomanagedtofooltheoldladyfornineteenyears!Onlynowisitcleartome.原来宝玉会过雨村回来听见了，便知金钏儿含羞赌气自尽，心中早又五内摧伤，进来被王夫人数落教训，也无话可说。见宝钗进来，放得便出来。Now,Baoyu,onhisreturnfromseeingYucun,hadbeencuttotheheartbythenewsthatherdisgracehaddrivenJinchuantosuicide.Hehadnothingtosayinreplytohismothersscolding,butBaochaisarrivalgavehimachancetoslipout.,.,15,Example4：那人冷笑道：“林黛玉生不同人，死不同鬼，无魂无魄，何处寻访！凡人魂魄，聚而成形，散而为气，生前聚之，死则散焉。常人尚无可寻访，何况林黛玉呢。汝快回去罢。”“LinDaiyuinlifewasnoordinarymortal;indeathsheisnoordinaryghost,”saidtheapparitionwithascornfullaugh.“Asshehasnoghost,wherecanyoufindher?Thespiritsofmanassumeaformonlywhenconcentrated;whendissipatedtheychangeintovapour.Inlifetheyhaveaform;afterdeaththeyscatter.Soevenordinarymortalscannotbetracedafterdeath,letalongLinDaiyu.Youhadbettergobackhome.”,.,16,理论翻译与文化五：,英语有曲折变化（inflection），主要表现为名词在单复数，动词的时态变化等等，而汉语则没有这些变化。Example:1.Suddenlyallthelightswentout.突然间所有的灯都灭了。2.Theonlywaytosatisfythegolfboomwastobuildmorecourses.满足这场高尔夫球热的唯一途径是增减球场。3.thedistantboomofguns远处隆隆的炮声,.,17,4.Garedglaredatthelording,thescarsandhisearholesflushedredwithangerwhereMaesterAemonhadcuttheearsaway.中文翻译会说：割掉耳朵；绝不会说“耳朵们”5.Willwentinfront,hisshaggylittlegarronpickingthewaycarefullythroughtheundergrowth.Alightsnowhadfallenthenightbefore,andtherewerestonesandrootsandhiddensinkslyingjustunderitscrust,waitingforthecarelessandtheunway.SerWaymarRoycecamenext,hisgreatblackdestriersnortingimpatiently,.,18,6.InMissJemimaseyesanautographletterofhersister,MissPinkerton,wasanobjectofasdeepvenerationaswouldhavebeenaletterfromasovereign.Onlywhenherpupilsquittedtheestablishment,orwhentheywereabouttobemarried,andonce,whenpoorMissBirchdiedofthescarletfever,wasMissPinkertonknowntowritepersonallytotheparentsofherpupils;anditwasJemimasopinionthatifanythingcouldconsoleMrs.在吉米玛小姐看起来，她姐姐亲笔签字的信和皇帝的上谕一般神圣。平克顿小姐难得写信给家长；只限于学生离校，或是结婚，或是像有一回那可