英语论文英文文献中introduction的写法PPT课件

Introduction,Agoodbeginningmakesagoodending.,1.Whatisanintroduction?2.Whatsthepurposeoftheintroduction?3.HowshouldIstart?4.Howtobuildamodelofintroduction?5.Themodelofintroduction.6.Fourcomponentsofamodel.7.Grammarandwritingskills.8.Vocabulary,1.WhatIsanIntroduction?,Theintroductionsectionshowsthequestionsthatshouldbeansweredforthereadersoncetheyfinishreadingthe“Introduction”.Readerswillaskthequestions:WhattopicamIgoingtolearnabout?Whyisthattopicimportant?DoIknowthetopicalready?WhatdoIknowalready?,2.WhatsthePurposeoftheIntroduction?,Theintroductioncomesatthestartofapieceofwriting.Withoutthispart,thereadercannoteasilyunderstandthemoredetailedinformationabouttheresearchthatcomeslaterinthethesis.Itintroduces:theresearchbysituatingit(bygivingbackground),presentingtheresearchproblem,andsayinghowandwhythisproblemwillbesolved,explainingwhytheresearchisbeingdone.(rationale)whichiscrucialforthereadertounderstandthesignificanceofthestudy.,3.HowShouldIStart?,Youmaywanttostartyourintroductionbydescribingtheproblemyouaretryingtosolve,ortheaimofyourwork,butasyouwillseewhenyouexaminepublishedwork,thisisnothowmostresearchpapersbeginandthereforeitisnotthebestwayforyoutobegin.,Inordertohelpyouwritetheintroductiontoyourownresearch,themodelyoubuildmustanswerthefollowingthreequestions:Howdowritersnormallystarttheintroduction?Whattypeofinformationshouldbeinmyintroduction,andinwhatorder?Howdowritersnormallyendtheintroduction?,4.BuildaModelofIntroduction,Task:Readthefollowingintroductionanddecidewhattheauthortellsusineachsentence.Buildamodelofintroductionbywritingashortdescriptionofwhatthewriterisdoingineachsentence.,ExampleAnalysis,?,TheSynthesisofFlexiblePolymerBlendsfromPolylactideandRubbers,Introduction(1)Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichofferimportanteconomicbenefits.(2)PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.,Analysis:Inthissentence,thewriter:(1)establishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic(2)providesgeneralbackgroundinformationforthereader.,(3)Ithasmanypossibleusesinthebiomedicalfieldandhasalsobeeninvestigatedasapotentialengineeringmaterial.(4)However,ithasbeenfoundtobetooweakunderimpacttobeusedcommercially.,(3)inamorespecific/detailedway,usingresearchreferencestosupportboththebackgroundfactsandtheclaimforsignificance(4)describesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield,(5)OnewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticlesandtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.(6)Forexample,Penneyetal.showedthatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniquesandmorerecently，Hillierestablishedthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.,(5)providesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview(6)providesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea,5.TheModelofIntroduction,Continue,6.FourComponentsofaModel,Another,writtenbyChinesewriter,7.GrammarandWritingSkills,1.Tense:a.PresentSimple/PresentPerfect(background/significance/currentresearch)e.g.Fuelcellisatechnologyforthecleanandefficientconversionfromchemicalenergyinfossilfuelstoelectricity.e.g.Thebatterytechnologyhasbecomeincreasinglypoplarinautomotiveindustry.,b.PresentSimple/PresentPerfect/PresentContinuous/PassiveVoice(therebeetc.)(presentsubjectmatterorresearchfield)e.g.Theimportanceofsafedrivingisnowwellestablished.e.g.Airpollutionhasbeenextensivelystudiedinrecentyears.e.g.Researchersarepayingmoreattentiontohighpressureinjection.e.g.TherehasbeenincreasingreportingaboutforestdeclineinNorthAmerica.,C.PresentSimple(presentinformationincitationofliteraturereview);Pastsimple/presentperfect(presentthewriter)e.g.McGregor(1988)arguesthatAustraliansocietycanbecategorizedintothreelevels:e.g.Schmidt(1982)identifiedthreetypesofmicrocomputeruseinclassrooms:,d.UncertainresultsinliteraturereviewMainpart:propose,suggest,hypothesize,appear,seemClause:may,can,would,coulde.g.However,itappearsthattheresultsofthisstudiesmaynotbeapplicableforeducatorswhoworkwithgraduatestudentsteachingattheuniversitylevel.,e.PresentSimple/PresentPerfect+strongly/slightlynegativewords(presenttheproblemordeficiencyinpreviousresearch)e.g.Nevertheless,theseattemptstoestablishalinkbetweensecondarysmokeandlungcancerareatpresentunconvincing.e.g.Nostudieshavebeenfoundinwhichbothconstructswereincludedinthesamemodel.,f.PresentSimple/PastSimple/PresentPerfect+contrastivesentence(presenttheproblemordeficiencyinpreviousresearch)e.g.Thesestudieshaveemphasizedthecontextofreal-timesystemsandtestingreal-timeproperties,asopposedtomodelbasedtestgeneration.,g.PresentSimple/PastSimple(researchpurpose)e.g.ThepaperisabouttheidentificationofL1strategiesusedbyfreshmenandfromtheangleofwritingproductconclusionswillbedrown.,h.Modalverbs,propose,suggest,appear,seem(ValueorStructure)e.g.Itishopedthatinformationfromthisstudymaybeusefulinidentifyingareasofweaknessorlackofknowledgetothosewhoareresponsibleforplanningcoursesandprogramsinconsumereducation.,2.Passive/Activea.Passive:Question:Canweuseweinourresearcharticle?Answers:()referringtoyourresearchgrouporteam;()referringtopeopleorhumanityingeneral.byusingaconstructionwithItItisknown/thoughtthat()Weknow/thinkthatNotice:usingthepassive,especiallyinthecentralreportsection(wasmeasured,wasadded,etc.),b.Active:Usewordslikehereandinthisstudytoletyourreaderknowwhenyouarereferringtoyourownwork.Youcanalsouseadummysubject(虚拟主语)totaketheplaceofIorwe.e.g.1Thisarticledescribesanalgorithmforclusteringsequencesintoindexclasses.(insteadofxwasdescribed)e.g.2Thepresentpaperpresentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.(insteadofxwaspresented),Continue,Paragraphing:Question1:Whyisparagraphingimportant?Paragraphsareanimportantvisualaidtoeffectivereadingandwriting.Twocommonerrorsinitare:clustersofshortorsinglesentenceparagraphs,andparagraphsthataretoolong.,Question2:Howcanyoufindoutaboutalongarticleorchapterbeforereadingit?Skimming(略读)apre-readingtechniqueandshouldbedoneveryfast(nomorethanafewminutes).,Question3:Howdoesskimminghelpyoutowrite?Notice6.Lookquicklyatthefirstsentenceofeachparagraph.Aparagraphinacademicwritingoftenstartswithatopicsentence.Paragraphsaremarkedeitherbyindentation(首行缩进)(startingfivespacesin空五格)orbyadoublespace（双行）betweenlines.,3.Signalinglanguage(传递信号的语言)a.Sentenceconnection(衔接)overlap（重叠）:e.g.OnewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticlesandtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.useapronoun(it,they)orpro-form(替代形式)（thismethod,thesesystems）e.g.Manyresearchershavesuggestedwaysofreducingcostwithoutaffectingthequalityoftheimage.Thesemethodsrelyondatastructuresbuiltduringapreprocessingstep.useasemicolonorarelativeclause(awhichclause)e.g.Theprocedurefortestingwhethercomponentsareoperationallysafeusuallytakesmanyhours;thismeansthattestsarerarelyrepeated.,b.Examplesofsignalingwordscauseresultcontrast/difference,unexpectedness,8.Vocabulary(fourcomponents),1.Establishingsignificance,Examplesofhowthesewordsorphrasesareused,2.Verbsusedintheliteraturereviewtopresentpreviousand/orcurrentresearchandcontributions,continue,Examplesofhowthesewordsorphrasesareused(1)Thisphenomenonwasdemonstratedby(2)Intheirstudy,expandedT-cellswerefoundin(3)Initialattemptsfocusedonidentifyingthecauseof(4)Weatherseverityhasbeenshownto(5)Earlydatawasinterpretedinthestudyby(6)Thealgorithmhasbeenproposedfortheseapplications(7)Theresultsonpairdispersionwerereportedin(8)Theirstudysuggestedapossiblecausefor(9)Analternativeapproachwasdevelopedby,3.Gap/Question/Problem/Criticismsignaledbywordssuchashowever,although,while,nevertheless,despite,but.,Examplesofhowthesewordsorphrasesareused(1)Fewresearchershaveaddressedtheproblemof(2)Thereremainsaneedforanefficientmethodthatcan(3)However,lightscatteringtechniqueshavebeenlargelyunsuccessfultodate.(4)Thehighabsorbancemakesthisanimpracticaloptionincaseswhere(5)Unfortunate