《汉语语言与文化》2-Languages of China

LanguagesofChina,IntroductiontoChineselanguages,Guanhua(官话，officialspeech)NorthernDialect(北方官话),JianghuaiDialect(江淮官话)SouthwestDialect(西南官话)Feiguanhu(非官话non-officialspeech)Wudialect(吴方言)Gandialect(赣方言）Hakkadialect(客家方言)Xiangdialect(湘方言)Mindialect(闽方言)Cantonese(粤方言),Guanhua(官话，officialspeech),northoftheChangjiangRiveraswellasinfourprovincesHubei(湖北)，Sichuan(四川),Yunnan（云南）,Guizhou（贵州）andtheareabetweenJiujiang（九江）andZhenjiang（镇江）southoftheChangjiangRiver,Feiguanhu(非官话non-officialspeech),吴方言，spokeninsouthernJiangsuProvinceandmostpartsofZhejiangProvince赣方言,spokeninmostpartsofJiangxiProvince客家方言,spokenintheeasternandnorthernpartsofGuangdongProvince,thewesternpartofFujianProvince,thesouthernpartofJiangxiProvinceandTaiwan湘方言,spokeninmostpartsofHunanProvinceandthenorthernpartofGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion闽方言,spokeninFujianProvince,Taiwan,HainanProvince,ChaozhouandShantouofGuangdongProvince粤方言,spokeninmostpartsofGuangdongprovinceandthesoutheasternpartofGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion,NamesofChinaslanguage,普通话，commonspeechorknownasmandarinintheWest-thePeoplesRepublicofChinaYayan(雅言,elegantlanguage)-ZhouandQinDynastiesTonghua(通话,popularspeech)-HanDynastyTianxiaTonghua(天下通话，popularspeechunderheaven)-intheYuanDynastyGuanhua(官话，speechoftheofficials,orMandarin)-intheMingandQingDynastiesGuoyu(国语，thenationallanguage)-duringthetimeoftheRepublicofChina,ImportanceofChineselanguage,ThemostpopulouslanguageHistory:awrittenrecordofmorethan3,500yearsOneoftheofficiallanguagesoftheUnitedNationsAninfluenceonotherlanguages,ThreestagesofChinesewriting,BoneinscriptionBronzeinscriptionQin-stylesealcharacters秦篆ThisuniformhashelpedChinatouniteandprosperinatleasttwoways.First,itispartofthecultureidentityofpeopleacrossdialectsandethnicgroups.Second,theenduringwritinghascontributedtothepolitical,socialandculturalstabilityofthecountryforcenturies.,Oracleboneinscription（甲骨文）,discoveredin1899.amaturewritingsystemwith4,500characters.UsedfordivinationTortoiseshellsBladesofoxen.,InfluenceonEnglish,功夫台风饺子荔枝，龙眼磕头旗袍豆腐.茶，乌龙茶普通话，官话丝高丽参，人参阴，阳风水,KungfuTyphoonJiaoziLitchi,longanln,l:-Kowtowcheong-sam/qipaotofu.tea,oolongmandarinSilkGinsengdinseyin,yangfengshuifwei,InfluenceonEnglish(esp.U.S),Wontonchopsuey,bokchoy,wok,chowmein,dimsum,Tongyen,馄饨炒杂碎（一道美式中国菜）白菜锅（来自广东话）炒面点心堂(asecretfraternalsocietyofChinese)欲,OxfordEnglishdictionaryAdditionsSeriesVol.3,1997,拉祜族，拉祜语江西省龙山灵芝戈鬲鼎罍雷纹楷书隶书干杯干部啦,LahuKiangsiLungshanglingchikolitingleiLeiwenKaishulishuganbeiganbulah,Pronunciationinancienttimes,zhiyinfa(直音法)tonotethepronunciationofacharacterwithanotherhomonymiccharacter.诞(dan)但（dan）duruofa(读若法)toindicatethepronunciationofacharacterwithacharacterofsimilarsound.“闯(chuang)郴(chen),and“娓（wei）媚(mei).”ShuoWenJieZi(说文解字),thefirstChinesedictionarybyXuShen(许慎)oftheEasternHanDynastyFanqiefa（反切法）istomarkasoundofaChinesecharacterwithtwoothercharacters.tong(同)=tu(徒)+hong(红)KangxiZidian(康熙字典)，ZhonghuaDaZidian(中华大字典)1919,Pronunciationinmoderntimes,In1605RicciMatteo(利玛窦)isthefirsttouseLatinalphabettomarkthepronunciationofChinesecharacters.SincethenavarietyofschemeshavebeendevisedeitherbyChineseorbyforeignscholars.GuoyuLuomazi(国语罗马字)，theNationalLanguageRomanization;theWadeSystem(威妥玛氏音标);ZhuyinZimu(注音字母),theSound-NotatingAlphabetHanyuPinyinFangan（汉语拼音方案），theSchemefortheChinesePhoneticAlphabet.,TsangYam-kuen,政务司司长曾荫权DonaldZengChiangKai-shek蒋介石SunYat-senTanKahKee陈嘉庚ChiangChingKuo蒋经国,TheschemeofPinyin,TheschemeofPinyinincludesfiveparts:thealphabet(字母表),thetableofinitials（声母表）thetableoffinals（韵母表）tonemarks（声调符号）thesyllable-dividingmark（隔音符号）,TheAlphabet汉语拼音字母表,AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoppQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz,Thetableofinitials汉语拼音声母表,b玻p坡m摸f佛d得t特n讷l勒g哥k科h喝j基q欺x希z资c;雌s思r日zh知ch嗤sh诗y医w巫,Thetableoffinals汉语拼音韵母表,Simplevowel(单韵母):aoeiuCompoundvowel(复韵母):aieiuiaoouiuieeerVowelplusanasalconsonant(鼻韵母):aneninunangengingong,Tonemarks声调符号,(阴平)highleveltone(阳平)highrisetone(上声)rise-falltone(去声)fallingtoneThetone-markisalwaysplacedabovethemainvowelofthefinalineachsyllable.,NeutralTone,shortandunstressedUsedonlyinconnectionwithandrelatedtothetoneprecedingit.Notone-markisneeded.妈妈mma,案子nzi,拨弄bnong,吗，呢，哪,Initial+Final+Tone,Initial(sheng,consonant)Final(yun,vowel)Zeroinitial:n暗darkNoconsonantsexceptnandngcanbeputintheendofasyllable.,Functionsoftones,Todistinguishmeaninghighleveltone妈妈mhighrisetone麻mrise-falltone马mfallingtone骂m,Functionsoftones,Tomakethelanguagemusical吸来江水煮新茗；平平平仄仄平平卖尽青山当画屏。仄仄平平平仄平ThetonesmakeChinesemusicalandmelodious.Theupsanddownsofpitchmakespeakingsoundlikesinging.,Musicalmelody,FarmoremusicalisspokenChinesethanEnglishandmanyotherlanguages.Languagesaremadeupoftwotypesofsounds:musical(vowels)andnoisy(consonants).,Chinesevs.English,ChineserarelyallowsconsonantstoruntogetherwhileEnglishisveryliberalinstringingthemtogether.XTextTwelfthSplash,Syllable-DividedMark(),TherearenocompoundconsonantsintheChineselanguage.Forthisreasonthereisaclear-cutbetweensyllables,butthesyllablesbeginningwith,iftheyareputafterothersyllables,andiftheycauseconfusionoverthedivisionofsyllables,theyaredividedwithsyllable-dividedmark(),forexample,Xian(西安),Changan(长安),daan(答案).,OriginofChinesecharacters,ItwassaidthatCangXie(苍颉),therecordkeeperoftheYellowEmperor(about27thcenturyB.C),sawmarksandprintsleftbytheclawsandpawsofbirdsandanimals,andfoundthatthesecouldbedifferentiatedintracings.Hebecamethefirsttoinventwrittencharactersthatcouldbecarvedonwood,tobeusedbymultitudeofofficersfortheclarificationofmyriadsofmatters.,ThestructureofChinesecharacter,Pictographs象形字:日，月，火，目，山，水，田，木，人，雨，门，册Simpleideographs（表意字）:一，二，上，下，末，刃Picto-phonetic形声Picto-phoneticideographs会意字:河，松，柏，冷，冻，爸，花，沐Compoundideographsorassociativecompounds:从，众，休，林，森，淼，明，尘，尖，炎，歪,草(grass),卄carriesthemeaningwhile早providesanapproximateguidetothesound.Learningtorecognizephoneticsignsandsignificansisahe1ptolearningcharacters.Knowingthepronunciationofonecharacter,byanalogyyouwillbeabletoinferthepronunciationofmanyotherscontainingthesamephoneticsign,e.g.方(fang),芳(fang),房(fang),访(fang),放(fang).,Writing,Manycharactersarefrightfullycomplicated.Somelookalmostthesame.Thedownwardslantsandtheupwardslantslookalmostthesame.Theturnandthehookaredifficulttomake.Somearetoodifficulttobreakdown.IttakesChinesechildrenalmost5yearstolearntowritethebasiccoreofChinesecharacters,about4,000ofthem.,已己巳戈弋,拆折弌弍,囧rz,槑,Alargesystem,Over40,000charactersintotal7000forscholars,journalistsandwriters3000activecharactersforeverydayuse200pluswordroots,eightbasicstrokes,点横竖撇捺提折钩,dot（丶）horizontal（）vertical（）left-falling（）right-falling（乀）rising（）turning（乚）hook（亅）,Rulesofstrokes,Horizontalbeforevertical;Left-fallingbeforeright-falling;Fromtoptobottom;Fromlefttoright;Firstoutside,theninside;Finishinside,thenclose;Middle,thenthetwosides.,Vocabulary,Theextensiveuseofrootwordstoformnewwords.Thecoinageofalargenumberofnewwords.EnglishborrowingsThetendencytousedisyllabicandpolysyllabicwordsmoreextensivelythanmonosyllabicwords.,Extensiveuseofrootwordstoformnewwords,电(dian:electricity)：电灯（diandeng:electriclamp）,电池(dianchi:battery),电话(dianhua:telephone),电工(diangong:electrician),Coinageofalargenumberofnewwords,合作化(hezuohua:collectivization)大跃进(dayuejin:greatleapforward)人民公社(renmingongshe:peoplescommune)红卫兵(hongweibing:redguard)赤脚医生(chijiaoyisheng:barefootdoctor)duringtheCulturalRevolution经济特区（jingjitequ:specialeconomiczone）生产责任制（shengchanzerenzhi:responsibilitysystemofproduction）下海（xiahai:goinforbusiness）炒汇（chaohui:tradeillegallyinforeigncurrency）官倒（guandao:profiteeringbygovernmentorganizationsorpublicservants）,航天飞机（hangtianfeiji:spaceshuttle）激光(jiguang:laser)卫星(weixing:satellite)电脑(diannao:computer)微波炉(weibolu:microwaveoven)磁卡(cika:telephonecard)寻呼机(xunhuji:pager)手机(shouji:mobilephone)因特网（yintewang:internet）网吧(wangba:cybercafe)黑客（heike:hacker）,Englishborrowings,咖啡(coffee);可口可乐（CocaCola）;曲奇(cookie);白兰地(brandy)打(dozen)夹克(jacket)苏打（soda）香波(shampoo)沙发（sofa）扑克（poker）迪斯科（disco）;卡拉OK(karaoke)逻辑（logic）摩登(modern)幽默（humor）;酷（cool）基因(gene)丁克(DINK-DoubleIncomeNoKid).的士（taxi）;巴士（bus）迷你(mini),泡沫经济(bubbleeconomy)白领(white-collarworker)软件(software);硅谷(siliconvalley)智商(IQ)二手商品(second-handgoods)DJ(discjockey唱片骑士)WTO(世贸组织)，UFO(不明飞行物)CD(CompactDisc光盘)，AID儿童(A-I-Dchild人工受精方法孕育的孩子)艾滋病(AIDS)BP机(beeper)X光(X-ray)T恤衫(T-shirt),Tendencytousedisyllabicwordsinsteadofmonosyllabicones,目(mueye)=眼睛(yanjing)耳(erear)=耳朵习(xipractice)=学习(xuexi:study)复习(fuxi:review),Tendencytoshortenpolysyllabicwordsintodisyllabicones,科学研究(kexueyanjiu:scientificresearch)科研（keyan）医疗效果(yiliaoxiaoguo:curativeeffect)疗效（liaoxiao）综合英语（zongheyingyu:ComprehensiveEnglish）=综英（zongying）,Grammar,SinceChineseisalanguagewithfewinflections,theorderofcharactersinaword,orthewordsinasentencebecomesofparamountimportanceindetermininggrammar-Chineseishighlyflexible.,Chinese-highlyflexible,蜜蜂bee子女children国王king飞鸟flyingbird开水boiledwater风采gracefulbearing金黄golden蓝天bluesky白雪whitesnow,蜂蜜honey女子woman王国kingdom鸟飞birdfly水开waterboil采风collectfolksongs黄金gold天蓝skyblue雪白snowwhite,Chinese-highlyflexible,明月光brightmoonlight月光明moonlightbright光明月brightmoon不怕辣notfearhot(food)辣不怕hot(food)notscare(me)怕不辣fear(that)(food)nothot(enough)看马人acowboy人看马amanislookingatahorse马看人ahorseislookingataman,Chinese-highlyflexible,舍不得、不舍得、舍得不？上高山、高山上、山上高做人难、难做人、人难做鹤顶红、红顶鹤、鹤红顶无底洞、洞无底、底无洞了不得，不得了，了得不读书好，好读书，读好书，书好读,Parataxis,鸡声茅店月Cockcrow(s),thatchedinn,moon;人迹板桥霜Human(s),woodbridge,frost.小桥流水人家Littlebridge,murmuringbrook,ruralcottage;古藤老树昏鸦Witheredrattan(s),agedtree(s),duskcrow(s),迴文诗示意图,碧天临迥阁Blueskyneardistincttower晴雪点山屏Clearsnowdothill(s)screen夕烟侵冷箔Dusksmokeinvadecoldcurtain明月敛闲亭Brightmoondimtranquilpavilion,菩萨蛮,卷帘低处无残酒，惜别小怜爱赠柳。杨岸系闲舟，轻烟雨空楼。月圆人渐瘦，花乱心亦愁。清夜彻寒袖，恨断几声漏。漏声几断恨袖寒，彻夜清愁亦心乱。花瘦渐人圆，月楼空雨烟。轻舟闲系岸，杨柳赠爱怜。小别惜酒残，无处低帘卷。,TheChineselanguageisrichinmusicalsounds,homophonesandtonalpatterns,andyeteasyinrhymeschemes.Itisbynatureamostmelodiousandpoeticlanguage.,Punctuation,nopunctuationtoleaveaspaceofoneortwocharactersJu(句)“”anddou(读)“、”inHanDynasty“。”forjuand“，”fordouinSongDynastyThetermbiaodian(标点punctuation)wasfirstusedbyHeJi（何基）intheSongDynastyYanFu(严复1853-1921wasthefirsttouseforeignpunctuationmarksinhisChineseworkYingwenHangu(英文汉诂1904).,Nopunctuation,无鸡鸭亦可无鱼肉亦可青菜一碟足矣。脚不大好头发沒有麻子。八十老人所生一子家中财产完全付给女婿外人不得干涉酿酒缸缸好做醋坛坛酸养猪大如山老鼠只只亡王之涣出塞：“黄河远上白云间，一片孤城万仞山。羌笛何需怨杨柳，春风不度玉门关。”,In1919,HuShi（胡适）andotherssubmittedanamendmentofamotionpleadingforthepromulgationofanewformofpunctuationmarks,whichwaslaterputintoforcethroughoutthecountryin1920undertheorderoftheMinistryofEducationofBeiyangGovernment.Twelvepunctuationmarkswerelistedinthisamendment.,juhao(句号fullstop)dianhao(点号dot)fenhao(分号semicolon)maohao(冒号colon)wenhao(问号questionmark)jingtanhao(惊叹号exclamationmark),yinhao(引号quotationmark)pozhehao(破折号dash)shanjiehao(删节号ellipsisdot)jiazhuhao(夹注号parentheses,brackets)siminghao(私名号proper-nounmark)shuminghao(书名号book-namemark).,Differencesfromwesternpunctuations,AscomparedwithWesternpunctuationmarks,theyaredifferentinthreerespects.1.Thefullstopisasmallcircle“。”notadot“.”.2.Thequotationmarksare“”and“”not“”and.3.ThefirstletterofpropernamesiscapitalizedintheWesternlanguageswhileinChinese“”isusedonthesideofapropernamebecauseChineseisanideographiclanguage.,Fromverticaltohorizontal,Thefirstmantoputforwardtheideaofwritingcharacterssideways-QianXuantong（钱玄同1887-1939）.SinceJanuary1956,allthenewspapersandmagazinespublishedonthemainlandofChinahaveadoptedthenewwayofwriting.,16punctuationmarksinTheUsageofSignsandPunctuationofNationalStandardofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,juhao(句号。fullstop)douhao(逗号，comma)fenhao(分号；semicolon)maohao(冒号：colon)wenhao(问号？questionmark)gantanhao(感叹号！exclamationmark)yinhao(引号“”quotationmark)pozhehao(破折号dash)shengluehao(省略号ellipsisdot),dunhao(顿号、slight-pausemark)kuohao(括号（）parentheses,brackets)zhuanminghao(专名号_proper-nounmark)shuminghao(书名号book-namemark)zhuozhonghao（着重号.markofemphasis）lianjiehao(连接号-hyphen)jiangehao(间隔号separationdot).,Whichofthefollowingitemsiscorrect?,Chineselanguagehasahistoryof3,500years.Chineselanguagehasawrittenrecordof3,000years.OracleboneinscriptionwastheoriginofChinesewrittenlanguage.4,500charactersofboneinscriptionhavealmostbeeni