英语学习中的六种基本句型结构

-英语学习中的六种基本句型结构句型1： Subject (主语) Verb (谓语动词)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，常见的动词如： work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。2) The little girl cried even harder. 小女孩哭得更厉害了。3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。句型2：Subject (主语) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语)复合谓语这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, remain, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep, feel等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before. 这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) Verb (谓语动词) Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词。其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词) 当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式） 她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。4) I dont know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 只能跟不定式作宾语的动词：want, hope, expect, intend, demand, plan, decide, determine, promise, agree, refuse, prepare, manage, set out等。初中英语教材里后接动名词和不定式作宾语的动词一、有些动词只能接不定式做宾语。例如：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，learn，plan，manage，agree，fail，offer，happen，seem等等。例如： He refused to speak on the radio.二、有些动词或短语只接动名词做宾语：mind，finish，enjoy，suggest，consider，miss，keep(on)，avoid避开，躲开，stand(忍受)，allow ，practicegive up，put off，look forward to期待，期望，feel like想要做某事，preventfrom，阻止cant help禁不住，不由自主 迫不及待，be/get used to ，be worth doing， be busy doing 例如：His wife doesnt allow smoking inside the room and often advised him to give up smoking. Im looking forward to hearing from you soon. She doesnt feel like eating anything，being ill for a few days.三、有些动词后面既可接不定式，又可接动名词，其意义基本相同，区别不大。如：like，love，hate，prefer， begin，start.注意：begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。例如：When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.四、有些词后面既可以接不定式亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：Aremember，forget，接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义：例如：Please remember to bring me the book I want next time. I remember seeing her (=having seen her) somewhere before.Bmean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要；mean doing：意味着，就是例如：I am sorry, I didnt mean to hurt your feelings， Learning a foreign language doesnt mean just working in class.Cstop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语；stop doing停止干，动名词作宾语。例如：After some time, they stopped walking and had a rest. After walking some time, they stopped to have a rest.Dtry：try to do，努力，试图干事；try doing：试着干事。 例如：He searched everywhere and tried to find his key. He came to the city from the countryside and tried to find a job. Ewant，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，表示需要、该；接不定式，表示想，要干。 例如：The room wants cleaning.The matter needs thinking over.(=to be thought over) Fgo on：go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事，不定式作目的状语。go on doing继续干原来同一件事，动名词作宾语。例如： After a smoke，he went on telling us that interesting story. After writing his English composition he went on to work out his maths problems.G动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动词不定式。例如：Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit ones health.The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health. She doesnt allow (permit) smoking in her room.=She doesnt allow (permit)anyone to smoke in her room.大家都知道在动词不定式to do中，“to”是不定式的标志，有了这个to，后面所跟的动词该用原形。但是to也有可以省略的时候，这个时候虽然没有了to，后面所跟的动词依然用原形。今天的每日一课就给大家总结一些省略to的动词不定式。 1、 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后的to已省略。例：You must go to the hospital first. 你必须先去医院。 I can swim well. 我能游得很好。2、 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等词后的to省略。例：He made the baby crying all night long. 他让那个婴儿哭了一整夜。 Let it be. 就这样吧。 when I passed by, I saw the girl picking the flowers. 我经过的时候，看见那个女孩在摘花。注意：在这些词的用法中，用于被动语态时不能省去to。例：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。 =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night.3、 would rather/had better 后的to省略。例：I would rather go to Japan than the USA.我宁愿去日本也不想去美国。 You had better take a hat with you.你最好带上一顶帽子。4、 why/why not句型中not后to省略。例：why not come to my home for a dinner tonight? 今晚何不来我家吃顿饭。5、 help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth：6、 but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。7、 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：例：He forgot to go to her home and give her the important letter. 他忘了去她家并把一封重要的信件给她。一、接不定式（而不接动名词）作宾语的24个常用动词afford to do sth. 担负得起做某事agree to do sth. 赞同做某事arrange to do sth.布置做某事ask to do sth. 要求做某事beg to do sth. 恳求做某事care to do sth. 想要做某事choose to do sth. 决议做某事decide to do sth. 决议做某事demand to do sth. 要求做某事determine to do sth. 决计做某事expect to do sth. 等待做某事fear to do sth. 惧怕做某事help to do sth. 协助做某事hope to do sth. 希望做某事learn to do sth. 学习做某事manage to do sth. 设法做某事offer to do sth. 自动提出做某事plan to do sth. 计划做某事prepare to do sth. 预备做某事pretend to do sth. 伪装做某事promise to do sth. 容许做某事refuse to do sth. 回绝做某事want to do sth. 想要做某事wish to do sth. 希望做某事注：有些不及物动词后习惯上也接不定式，不接动名词：aim to do sth. 计划做某事fail to do sth. 未能做某事long to do sth. 盼望做某事happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事hesitate to do sth. 犹疑做某事struggle to do sth. 努力做某事 只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：suggest, mind, enjoy, practice, finish, prevent, imagine, consider, look forward to, get used to, give up, cant help等。接动名词（不接不定式）作宾语的34个常用动词admit doing sth. 供认做某事 advise doing sth. 建议做某事allow doing sth. 允许做某事 appreciate doing sth. 感谢做某事avoid doing sth. 防止做某事 consider doing sth. 思索做某事delay doing sth. 推延做某事 deny doing sth. 否认做某事discuss doing sth. 讨论做某事 dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 escape doing sth. 逃脱做某事excuse doing sth. 原谅做某事 fancy doing sth. 想象做某事finish doing sth. 完成做某事 forbid doing sth. 制止做某事forgive doing sth. 原谅做某事 give up doing sth. 保持做某事imagine doing sth. 想象做某事 understand doing sth. 了解做某事keep doing sth. 坚持做某事 mention doing sth. 提及做某事mind doing sth. 介意做某事 miss doing sth. 错过做某事pardon doing sth. 原谅做某事 permit doing sth. 允许做某事practice doing sth. 练习做某事 prevent doing sth. 阻止做某事prohibit doing sth. 制止做某事 put off doing sth. 推延做某事report doing sth. 报告做某事 risk doing sth. 冒险做某事stop doing sth. 中止做某事 suggest doing sth. 建议做某事接不定式或动名词作宾语意思相反的12个动词like to do sth / like doing sth. 喜欢做某事love to do sth / love doing sth. 喜欢做某事hate to do sth / hate doing sth. 憎恶做某事prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth. 宁可做某事begin to do sth / begin doing sth. 开端做某事start to do sth / start doing sth. 开端做某事continue to do sth / continue doing sth. 持续做某事cant bear to do sth / cant bear doing sth. 不能忍耐做某事bother to do sth / bother doing sth. 费事做某事intend to do sth / intend doing sth.想要做某事attempt to do sth / attempt doing sth. 试图做某事cease to do sth / cease doing sth. 中止做某事七、接不定式或动名词作宾语意思不同的7个动词（1） remember to do sth. 记住要做某事remember doing sth. 记住曾做过某事（2） forget to do sth. 遗忘要做某事forget doing sth. 遗忘曾做过某事（3） regret to do sth. 懊悔（遗憾）要做某事regret doing sth. 懊悔（遗憾）曾做过某事（4） try to do sth. 设法要做某事try doing sth. 做某事试试看有何效果（5） mean to do sth. 计划做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事（6） cant help to do sth. 不能协助做某事cant help doing sth. 禁不住做某事（7） go on to do sth. 做完某预先接着做另一事go on doing sth. 持续做不断在做的事注：stop to do sth. 与stop doing sth.也不同，前者指停下来去做某事，后者指中止正在做的事。want sb to do sth 想做make sb do sth 让某人做mind doing sth 考虑做finish to do sth 完成某事（强调过去已完成）finish doing sth 完成某事like to do sth 喜欢某事（强调某时刻想做什么）like doing sth 喜欢某事（强调经常做）listen to sth 听什么hear sb to do sth 听到某人forget to do sth 忘记过去做过什么事forget doing sth 忘记去做什么how to do sth 怎么做used to do sth 过去常常做某事wait sb to do sth 等某人去做hope to do sth 希望做什么sb want to do sth 某人想做什么be busy doing sth 忙于做什么do ones best to do sth 某人最好做什么sb need to do sth 需要某人做某事try to do sth 尝试去做tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做某事tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人不要做某事stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事have trouble doing sth 做某事有困难go on doing sth 继续做某事（强调正在做）be interested in doing sth 对做某事有兴趣be afraid to do sth害怕做某事tooto do sth 太，而不能做end up doing sth 结束某事get used to do sth 过去常常做某事What about doing sth 做某事怎么样mind ones doing sth 介意某人做某事ask sb about doing sth 询问某人做某事怎么样love to do sth 喜欢做某事（表示过去常常做）love doing sth （表示现在想做什么）it is time to do sth 是做某事的时间了enjoy doing sth 专注于，喜欢做某事do well in doing sth 某事做得好the best way to do sth 做某事最好的方法youd better to do sth 你最好做某事watch sb to do sth 看某人做某事decide to do sth 决定做某事give up doing sth 停止做agree to do sth 同意做某事see sb doing sth 看到某人做某事allowed sb to do sth同意某人做某事remember to do sth 记得以前做过某事remember not to do sth 记住不要去做某事remember doing sth 记住要做某事consider doing sth 考虑去做某事pretend to do sth 假装做某事prefer to do sth 宁愿做某事cant stand doing sth 不能忍受做某事四、句型4： Subject(主语)Verb(谓语动词) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. 她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.1.后面常跟双宾语结构的及物动词Accord, bring, buy, deny, grant, promise, pass, pay, hand, leave, teach, tell, throw, wish, write, owe, send, show, return, offer, lend, refuse, take, He wrote his mother a check他给母亲开了一张支票。The general granted us permission to visit the military base将军准许我们参观那个军事基地I have promised Susan the book by Monday我己经答应周一前给苏珊那本书。His friends accorded Tom their sincere thanks他的朋友们对汤姆表示了诚挚的谢意。注：1、双宾语结构经常可以引入介词to或for把间宾引出保留直宾而变成单宾语结构。用to表示动作对谁而做，间宾是实际承受者；用for表示动作为谁而做，间宾是预定承受者。用to的动词：allow, bring, cause, give, sell, hand, lend, show, offer, owe, pass, promise, pay,read, refuse, return, teach, throw, tell, throw, send, take等用for的动词：book, build, buy, call, choose, cook（bake, boil, fry）, fetch, find, keep, make, find, order, save, spare等 五、句型5： Subject(主语)Verb (谓语动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)这种句型中的“宾语 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。 （形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词) 我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street. (不定式) 他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如： 1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。 2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night. 昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。一、接不定式作宾补的36个常用动词advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事ask sb. to do sth.请（叫）某人做某事bear sb. to do sth.忍耐某人做某事beg sb. to do sth. 恳求某人做某事cause sb. to do sth. 招致某人做某事command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事drive sb. to do sth .驱使某人做某事elect sb. to do sth. 选举某人做某事encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓舞某人做某事expect sb. to do sth. 希冀某人做某事forbid sb. to do sth. 制止某人做某事force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事get sb. to do sth. 使（要）某人做某事hate sb. to do sth. 厌恶某人做某事help sb. to do sth. 协助某人做某事intend sb. to do sth. 计划要某人做某事invite sb. to do sth. 约请某人做某事leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事mean sb. to do sth. 计划要某人做某事need sb. to do sth. 需求某人做某事oblige sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事persuade sb. to do sth. 压服某人做某事prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事 remind sb. to do sth. 提示某人做某事 teach sb. to do sth .教某人做某事tell sb. to do sth. 通知某人做某事 train sb. to do sth. 训练某人做某事trouble sb. to do sth. 费事某人做某事want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事warn sb. to do sth. 正告某人做某事 wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事二、注：不要受汉语意思的影响：汉语的“原谅某人做某事”，英语可说成excuse forgive sb. for doing sth.。汉语的“希望某人做某事”，英语可说成wish sb. to do sth.。汉语的“建议某人做某事”，英语可说成advise sb. to do sth.。汉语的“布置某人做某事”，英语可说成arrange for sb. to do sth.。汉语的“要求某人做某事”，英语可说成demand of sb. to do sth.。汉语的“感激某人做某事”，英语可说成thank sb. for doing sth.。汉语的“恭喜某人做某事”，英语可说成congratulate sb. on doing sth.。汉语的“阻止某人做某事”，英语可说成prevent sb. from doing sth.。三、接动词原形作宾补的11个常用动词feel sb. do sth. 觉得某人做某事have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事let sb. do sth.让某人做某事listen to sb. do sth. 听着某人做某事look at sb. do sth. 看着某人做某事 make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事notice sb. do sth. 留意某人做某事observe sb. do sth. 察看某人做某事 see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事watch sb. do sth. 察看某人做某事四、接现在分词作宾补的20个常用动词bring sb. doing sth.惹起某人做某事 catch sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事discover sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事 feel sb. doing sth. 觉得某人做某事find sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事 get sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事have sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事 hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人做某事keep sb. doing sth. 使某人不停地做某事 listen to sb. doing sth. 听某人做某事look at sb. doing sth. 看着某人做某事 notice sb. doing sth. 留意到某人做某事observe sb. doing sth. 察看某人做某事 prevent sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事 send sb. doing sth.使某人（忽然）做某事set sb. doing sth. 使（惹起）某人做某事 start sb. doing sth. 使某人开端做某事stop sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 watch sb. doing sth. 察看某人做某事五、1）宾语+名词构成的宾补结构Appoint, call, choose, designate, elect, count, name, crown, find, leave, keep, consider, nominate等等They crowned him king他们立他为国王。We appointed him president of the club我们任命他为俱乐部主席。I considered him a genius我认为他是个天才。We elected John chairman我们选约翰做主席。We found her a very suitable person for the job我们发现她很适合做这项工作。You must keep it a secret.你必须对这点保密。We nominated him a member of the council我们提名他为委员会的委员。2）宾语+形容词构成的宾补结构Believe, consider, drive, dye, fancy, find, get, imagine, leave, get, paint, colour, think, like, prove, turn, suppose, wish, pronounce, see, want等I believe him honest我相信他是诚实的。Why dont you dye it deep blue？为什么不把它染成深蓝色？They fancy themselves clever他们自以为很聪明。He pronounced the result excellent他宣布结果极好Fear turned her pale恐惧使她脸色苍白。Do you like your tea weak or strong？你喜欢你的茶淡一点还是浓一点？You have left the door open你一直让门开着。His job drove him so tired他的工作让他很累。I wish you successful我希望你成功。六、句型6：There be + 主语 + 其它这一结构表示“某地有某物”。主语一般位于there be 之后。值得关注的是，当句中有两个或更多的主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：1) There are two girls and a boy running on the playground.有两个女孩和一个男孩正在操场上跑。 2） There is a cat behind the tree. 树后面有一只猫。2、有些短语动词和结构后面也要求跟动名词作宾语。这样的短语动词常见的有：insist on, be worth，object/objection to，put off，keep on，insist on，leave off，look forward to，think of, cant help, be/get used to, spend.in , cant stand 忍不住； feel like 想，欲；give up 放弃； put off 推迟,cant help 忍不住，go on等。如：1. Do you feel like going out for dinner with me tonight?2. Chinese people are looking forward to holding the 27th Olympic games.3. I am used to going to bed late and getting up late.4. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used to students being late for his lecture.5. I have no objection_to hearing your story again.6. He put off making a decision till he had more information.在获得详情之前，他没有急于作出决定。7. Do you feel like taking a walk?你要不要去散步？8. We are looking forward to coming to China.我们期待着来中国。9. We succeeded in getting over all the difficulties.我们终于克服了所有的困难。3、在一些特别的句子结构中要求使用动名词：1. “have problem (+in) + 动名词，2. have fun (+in) + 动名词，3. have difficulty in doing sth.,4. have trouble/a hard time in doing sth.;5. be busy (in) + 动名词；6. waste time (in) + 动名词；lose time (in)