英语句子结构解析与定语从句详解PPT课件

.,1,RevisiononBasicGrammar,英语基础语法复习,.,2,词类：,1.teacher,book2.we,me,he3.two,fifth4.work,study,live5.good,big6.fast,quickly7.a,an,the8.in,on,by,with9.and,but10.oh，ah,1.名词n.2.代词pron.3.数词num.4.动词v.5.形容词adj.6.副词adv.7.冠词art.8.介词prep.9.连词conj.10.感叹词int.,.,3,句子成分,主语谓语宾语定语状语补语表语同位语,.,4,主语(Subject)主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物。,Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.Itisnecessarythatweshouldmasteraforeignlanguage.,.,5,谓语(predicateorpredicateverb)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,由动词来担任.,Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Wearestudents.,.,6,宾语(object)：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。,Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.Hepretendednottoseeme.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.,.,7,宾语种类：,Lendmeyourdictionary,please.双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.复合宾语（宾语+宾补）,.,8,定语（attribute）：修饰名词或代词,Guilinisabeautifulcity.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.Childrenwholivebytheseausuallybegintoswimatanearlyage.,.,9,状语(adverbial)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征,Lighttravelsmostquickly.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.,.,10,状语种类,Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.Iamtallerthanheis.,.,11,状语种类,Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）,.,12,补语complement：补充主语和宾语的意义，说明主语或宾语的特征。,Hillwasdeclaredthewinnerofthefight.HisfathernamedhimTom.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.Letthefreshairin.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.Wesawherenteringtheroom.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.,.,13,表语predicative：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。,OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.Isityours?Theweatherhasturnedcold.Thespeechisexciting.Threetimessevenistwentyone?HisjobistoteachEnglish.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.Themachinemustbeoutoforder.Timeisup.Theclassisover.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.,.,14,同位语(appositive)同位语用来对一个词或词的内容加以补充和说明。它通常位于其说明的词或词组之后。,WeChinesearehard-working.Youtwoareverylazy.Thetruththathehasneverbeenabroadmakesmesurprised.,.,15,英语五种基本句型,1.+（主谓）Therainstops.2.+（主谓宾）JanespeaksFrench.3.+L+（主系表）Tomsfatherisaprofessor.4.+O1+O2（主谓间宾直宾）Hetoldusthewholestory.5.+（主谓宾宾补）HefoundGeorgesmart.,.,16,分析下列句子。1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.主语系动词表语2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.主语系动词表语3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.主语动词宾语宾语补足语4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.主语及物动词宾语,.,17,6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity主语动词形式宾语it宾语补足语+宾语7.Iloveyoumorethanher,child主语及物动词宾语8.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.主语系动词表语+状语（时间状从）9.Theypushedthedooropen.主语动词宾语宾语补足语10.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语+时间状,.,18,11.Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.主语双宾动词直接宾语间接宾语12.Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching.主语及物动词宾语13.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.主语及物动词宾语+状语14.HeaskedustosinganEnglishsong.主语动词宾语宾语补足语15.Dontgetnervous.主语系动词表语,.,19,16.Wewillmakeourschoolmorebeautiful.主语动词宾语宾语补足语17.HedidntcomeThatiswhyhedidntknow主语+不及物动词主语系动词表语18.Sheshowedusmanyofherpictures.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语19.Theoldmanlivesalonelylife.主语及物动词+宾语20.Luckilythe1989earthquakedidnothappeninthecenteroftown.主语不及物动词,.,20,21.ThecarsmadeinJapanarebetterthanthoseinGermany主语系动词表语22.Therearesomanypeopleinthehallthatitshardformetofindhim主句：Therebe23.Nomatterhowdifficultthetaskmaybe,wemustfulfillitthismonth.主句：主语及物动词宾语24.Gobackwhereyoucamefrom.主语不及物动词25.Wemustdowhateverthepeoplewantustodo.主语及物动词宾语,.,21,26.Atlasthegothome,tiredandhungry.主语不及物动词27.Wouldyoupleasepassmethecup?主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语28Maryhandedherhomeworktotheteacher.主语双宾动词直接宾语间接宾语29.Doyouknowthelatestnewsabouthim?主语及物动词宾语30.Illgetmyhaircuttomorrow.主语动词宾语宾语补足语,.,22,一、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold.Shedidnthearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,cantshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Donttalkinclass.4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!,句子分类,.,23,二、按句子的结构可分三种：简单句、并列句和复合句。1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。,HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.,.,24,2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.,.,25,3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、形容词性从句（定语从句）和副词性从句（状语从句）等。,.,26,Sheisfondofcollectingstamps.Weallstudyhard.Ilovesportsverymuch.Mummadeabeautifulskirtforme.Weelectedhimourclasspresident.Therearemorethan3000studentsinourschool.,.,27,Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.Letshurry,orwewillbelate.Hefeltnofear,forhewasverybrave.Hewassick,sotheywerequiet.,.,28,Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema.Doyouknowthemanwhoisinthecar?Whathesaidisnottrue.Iknowitsdifficulttomasteraforeignlanguage.Thequestioniswhetherhewilljoinusnexttime.TheideathatIraqcouldbetakenwithinaweekortwowasanunderestimation.Ifyouwanttogetintouniversity,youhavetopassanumberofexams.,.,29,判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句:1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isntthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isntit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.,.,30,定语从句的分类,定语从句,TheRestrictiveAttributiveClause限制性定语从句,TheNon-RestrictiveAttributiveClause非限制性定语从句,.,31,RestrictiveAttributiveClauses,在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有：which,that,who,whom,whose和as。引导定语从句的关系副词有：where,when,why。,.,32,Anastronautisapersonwhoworksandtravelsinspace.2.Aspacecraftisavehiclethat/whichcantravelinspace.,antecedent先行词,relativepronoun关系代词,.,33,限制性定语从句的构成,Themanwholivesnexttoussellsvegetables.YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.IhavefoundthebookwhichIlost.IvisitedtheschoolwhereIstudied.,关系代词关系副词,注意事项:1.从句的位置:2.翻译方法:3.构成：,先行词之后,“的”,关系词,.,34,关系代词的用法,人；物,主语，宾语,作宾语可省,物,主语；宾语,作宾语可省,人,主语；宾语,作宾语可省,人,宾语,可省,人；物,定语,不可省,.,35,关系代词的用法：,1.作主语用who,which或that,如：Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.Thetrainwhich/thathasjustleftisforShenzhen.,2.作宾语用whom,who,which,that如：Theman(whom/who/that)wehavejustseenisafamouswriter.Whereisthebook(which/that)Iboughtlastweek?,.,36,3.作定语用whose如：(a)Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.(b)ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime.,注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念,这时可以与ofwhich互换。,.,37,词序是：the+名词+ofwhich，如：Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown.(=thebackwallofwhich)HeswrittenabookthenameofwhichIvecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename),4.作表语只用that,它既可以指人，也可以指物,例如：Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.Thisisnolongerthedirtyplacethatitusedtobe.,.,38,难点：whose,Jointhefollowingpairofsentences.,关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格,Thehouseismine.Thewindowofthehouseisbroken.,Thehousewhosewindowisbrokenismine.,whosewindow=thehouseswindow,.,39,Thehouseismine.,thewindowofwhichisbroken,ofwhichthewindowisbroken,.,40,当先行词受such,thesame修饰，常用asIhaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.注意：当先行词由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同。SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。,.,41,1）先行词是不定代词：all，few，little，much，something，nothing，anything等。例如：Allthatwehavetodoistopracticeeveryday.2）先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰。例如：Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.3）先行词被被形容词最高级修饰ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIveeverseen.4）先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰，例如：ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.ThetrainisthelastthatwillgotoSuzhou.,只能用that做关系代词的情况,.,42,5）先行词被theonly，thevery，thelast修饰时。HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto.他是惟一的我想跟说话的人。TheonlypossessionsthatIcouldseewereafewtinplatesandcupsandacoupleofpots.我能看到的他们仅有的财产就是几个锡盘子、杯子和三两个罐子。6）先行词既有人又有物时。例如：Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.他们谈论着他们能记起的那些在学校的人和事。7）who,which等疑问代词引导的句子。Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal?8）当先行词在主句中作表语Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.,.,43,关系代词的用法练习,1.Theeggswerenotfresh.Iboughtthemyesterday.2.Thefriendwasnothungry.Hecametosupperlastnight.,Theeggs(that/which)Iboughtthemwerenotfresh.,Thefriendwho/thathecametosupperlastnightwasnothungry.,.,44,1.TomisoneoftheboyswhofromtheUSA.2.TomistheonlyoneofthetheboyswhofromtheUSA.AisBare,答案B,A注意oneof+n.在定丛中的主谓一致问题,.,45,1.Isthisfactory_wevisitedlastweek?2.Isthisthefactory_wevisitedlastweek?A.whichB.whereC.whatD.theone,第一题缺少表语，只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性，而其他的选项均为干扰项。第二题主句本身完整，应填的关系代词在从句中作visited的宾语，故应选A项。,.,46,关系副词的用法,指代,所做成分,是否可省略,when,时间,状语,否,where,地点,状语,否,why,原因,状语,否,关系副词,.,47,when指时间，在从句中作时间状语如：IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent.DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?,关系副词的用法,.,48,2.where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。如：Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived,3.why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.,.,49,使用关系副词应注意下列几点：,1.这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when=on(in,at,during)+which;where=in(at,on)+which;why=forwhich.IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.,.,50,2.当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：,.,51,Illneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.Illneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.,温馨提示：when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。,.,52,1.根据先行词来确定ThisisthepotinwhichIboiledthemilk.Thisisthepot(which/that)Iboiledthemilkin.,介词的确定方法：,介词+which/whom,1979wastheyearinwhichmysonwasborn.(=when)ThisistheplaceinwhichIgrewup.(=where),.,53,ThepersontowhomIcomplainedisthemanager.Theperson(who/whom/that)Icomplainedtoisthemanager.,2.根据从句中的谓语动词或形容词来确定,3.当介词和从句中的动词构成固定词组时,介词不能前置Thebabieswhomthenursesarelookingafterareveryhealthy.,.,54,as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别,1.which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。,2.非限制性定丛为否定句时，常用which,Hemarriedher,whichwasunexpected.他和她结婚了，这是出乎意料的。(不可用as),3.as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用andthis/that/it来代替。,Tomhasmaderapidprogress,whichmakesmeveryhappy.,.,55,as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别,5.as多用于固定搭配中：asweallknow,asisknowntoall，aswecansee,asisoftenthecase(这是常有的事)，aswasexpected(不出所料)，asoftenhappens(正如经常发生的那样)，ashasbeensaidbefore(如上所述)，asismentionedabove(正如上面所提到的)等。