名词属格ppt课件

.,主要内容,1.名词属格的构成、意义和用法2.名词属格和of-词组的比较3.独立属格和双重属格,.,QuestionDiscussion,1.名词属格和名词定语的区别2.-s属格和of-词组之间的区别,.,名词属格的构成,男厕所工人的斗争别人的包Carol和Charles两人共有的船John和Mary各自的房间理发店,mensroomworkersstrugglesomebodyelsesbagCarolandCharlesboatJohnsandMarysroomsthebarbers,.,乡村生活电话号码石墙外国语学院储蓄所,countrylifetelephonenumberstonewallforeignlanguagesschoolsavingsbank,.,代替形容词（或形容词短语）或分词（或分词短语），如：countryliferurallifeChina-U.S.relationsSino-Americanrelationsalaunchpadalaunchingpadcubesugarsugarformedintheshapeofacube.,.,2.代替介词短语，如：atoolboxaboxfortools.atelevisionprogrammeaprogrammeontelevision.appleseedstheseedsofanapple.,.,名词作修饰语时，与同词根的形容词或分词作修饰语，有语意上的差别.前者强调内容或职能；后者侧重属性和特征.a.aspacerocket（宇宙火箭）b.aspaciousroom（宽敞的房间）a.anartgallery（艺术馆）b.artisticeffects（艺术的效果）a.ahistorydepartment（历史系）b.ahistoricrelic（历史遗迹）a.riotpolice（防暴警察）b.riotouspolice（闹事的暴动的警察）,.,goldwatch金表goldenwatch?stonehouse石头造的房子stonyheart铁石般的心肠peaceconference和平会议peacefulconstruction和平建设,.,（1）名词属格的构成,A）单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加-s，如：Milltownspoems，mymothersarrival，womensclothes。B)以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾只加-，如:thegirlsdormitory。C）复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组构成属格时，在最后一个词的结尾加s，如：mymother-in-lawsdeath，anhourandahalfstalk，somebodyelsesopinion,.,以-s结尾的普通名词后加s，或者只加。e.g.:awaitresssjob/awaitressjobanactressscareer/anactresscareermybosssoffice/mybossofficethetigressstail/thetigresstail，etc.,.,e.g.:myboyfriendssisterthego-betweensarrivalacatanddogslifeaweekorsosbreakinamonthortwostimetheeditor-in-chiefsofficeGeneralBrownsspeechComradeLaoWangsseatLinyiUniversitysmottotheSecretaryofStatesvisittheQueenofElizabethsbeautyHenrytheEighthsmarriageKingGeorgetheFifthsreignYourMajestysvisit(尊称),.,D）并列名词表示各自的所有关系时，要在各个名词之后加-s，如MarysandBobsbook。如果仅在第二个名词之后加-s（MaryandBobs），则指两人共有的书。E）“名词词组+同位语”构成属格时，-s加在同位语名词之后，如：hisschoolmateJohnsons，Baselthebooksellers，也可以前后都加-s，如Basels，thebooksellers。F）以咝音/z/结尾的人名，其属格加-s或-均可，如Dickens/Dickenss，Jones。但以其他咝音结尾的人名，属格用-s，如Marxs，Rosss等。,.,2.结构二:of+名词1）表示无生命东西的名词所有关系时，用of+名词thelegsofthetablethetitleofthebook2)表示有生命的东西的属格，当该名词有较长的定语或者为了表达某种感情色彩时，亦可用of+名词结构：theclassroomofthefirst-yearstudentstheweddingofthePrinceofWalesthedeathoftheking,.,e.g.:LucyandMarysfatherLucysandMarysfathersXiaoZhangandhiswifespropertyXiaoZhangsandhiswifespropertyAmericaandEnglandsproblems(两国共同的问题)AmericasandEnglandsproblems(各自的问题)John,MaryandJacksbooksJohns,MarysandJacksbooks,.,e.g.:MyclassmateAlicesbikeisred.(or:MyclassmatesAlices)Hismother-in-law,MrsThomsonsofficeisonthethirdfloor.(or:Hismother-in-laws,MrsThomsons)Onlytwostudents,TomsandTonysanswerswereabsolutelycorrect.(or:Onlytwostudents,TomsandTonys),.,同位语分限制性的和非限制性的两种。限制性的同位语告诉读者,词或词组的意义受其同位语的限制;非限制性同位语故意不去限制与之同位的词或词组的意义。例如:John:Mysister,Mary,isolderthanI.Bill:MysisterMaryisolderthanI.虽然两人在他们的句子中的词完全一样,但John在同位语Mary的前后都用了逗号,他是有意告诉读者,他只有一个姐妹;而Bill在Mary前后都没用逗号,他是有意向读者表明,Mary不是他唯一的姐妹。,.,不定词noone的所有格是noones。e.g.:Itisnoonesfault.(谁也没有错。)另外,指人的不定代词everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,noone,nobody等后续else时,所有格应加在else之后。e.g.:Thatmustbesomebodyelseshat.Itisntmine.Nooneelsesluggagewasopened.没有别人的行李被打开过。,表示相互关系相互代词,即:eachother和onean-other,所有格应是eachothers和oneanothers。e.g.:Theyknoweachothers(或oneanothers)weakpoint.他们了解彼此的弱点。,.,由首字母组成的缩略词,如果是单数,所有格的构成是s;是复数时,其后则只加。e.g.:thePMs(=PrimeMinisters)secretarythePMs(=PrimeMinisters)meeting首相们的会晤theVIPs(=veryimportantpersons)escort要人的警卫队theVIPs(=veryimportantpersons)presence要人们的到来,有时,可能同时有两个或两个以上的所有格形式。e.g.:Mybrothersneighborssisterisanurse.IcameacrossXiaoLissistersHusbandsbrotherlastweek.,.,2)Meaningsofgenitivenouns,A)Possessivegenitive(所有),ChinasterritorymysonswifetheYoungPioneersredscarf,Thegenitiveischieflyusedtodenote“possession”,andtherefore,istraditionallycalled“possessivecase”.Butgenitivemeaningsarebynomeansrestrictedtopossession.Theycanbesummedupasfollows:,B)Subjectivegenitive(主谓关系,其中的名词大多由动词转化而来)(动作的执行者),theteacherspraisethestudentsapplication(=Thestudentapplied.)thePartyscall,.,theyoungergenerationseducationthepresidentsassassinationthewarprisonersrelease,ReminRibaoseditorialsNewtonslawthegirlsstory,C)Objectivegenitive(动宾关系,名词由动词转化而来)(动作的承受者),D)Genitiveoforigin(来源),E)Descriptivegenitive(类别),womensmagazineschildrenslanguageadoctorsdegree,.,tenminutesbreaktwoorthreeminutesabsenceamilesdistance50kilogramsweighttwentydollarsvaluetwopoundsworthofstamps,F)Genitiveoftime,distance,measure,value,etc.,.,(1)名词-s属格主要用于表示人的名词后。e.g.:thegirlsskirtElizabethshairmensroomteachersoffice(2)名词-s属格也用于表示除人外的高等动物的名词后。e.g.:thecatspawthedogstailthesnakesteethewesmilk羊奶(3)名词-s属格也用于表示某些无生命的东西之后。a.用于由人组成的集体名词后。e.g.:theclasssmonitortheteamsleadertheclubsmembersthegovernmentspolicythedelegatesvisitourPartysstandthemajoritysviewthefamilysobjection,3)Usesofgenitivenouns,Genitivenounsaremostlyusedascentraldeterminers.,.,b.用于表示时间的名词之后。e.g.:todaysnewspapertwodaysleaveamonthsholidayamomentsthoughtoneminutestalkadayortwosdelayc.用于表示距离的名词之后。e.g.:onemeterslengththreemilesdrivetwocentimeterswidthtencableslengthd.也用于表示价值、重量等的名词之后。e.g.:adollars/shillingsworthofstampatonsweighte.用于表示地理、国家、城市、地域等名称的名词后。e.g.:AfricasfeaturesChinasfuturetheislandssoutherntipEuropesdevelopmenttheUnitedStatesattitudeNewYorkspopulation,cable:计量海洋上距离的长度单位,十分之一海里为一链,合185.2米。,.,f.用于表示天体名称的名词后。e.g.:theearthssurfacethemoonslightthesunsheatJupiters(木星)orbitg.用于表示工业、科技等名称的名词后。e.g.:industryspollutionproblemsciencescontributionh.表示人家、店铺等工作、生活处所的所有格后的名词常省略。e.g.:Imgoingtothebarbers.(barbershop)WevisitedSt.Pauls.(St.PaulCathedral)i.一个名词属格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提到,就往往可以省略,避免重复。e.g.:Thisisnotmycomputer,butMrWangs.Hehadviewsquitedifferentfromhisfathers.,.,j.用于某些固定词组中。(P55)Othersidioms:Youhadbetterkeephimatanarmslength.你最好不要跟他亲近。Putthevaseoutofharmswaysothechildrencantbreakit.把那只花瓶放在安全的地方,以免孩子们打碎了。ForGodssake,holdyourtongueandletmelove.看在上帝的面上,闭上嘴让我爱你吧。forfriendshipssake(为了友情),formercyssake(为了仁慈的缘故),forsafetyssake(为了安全起见),forcautionssake(为慎重起见),foracquaintancessake(看在熟人的面上),forconveniencessake(为方便起见),forappearancessake(为了装门面),forconsciencessake(为求良心的安宁),etc.,.,k.与人类活动有特殊关系或拟人化的名词。e.g.:thegameshistorythenovelsstructureheavenswilltelevisionsfuturedutyscallthebrainstotalsolidweightl.地点名词(地区、公共场所)。e.g.:theworldseconomicorganizationthehotelsentrancethechurchsmissionm.飞机、火车、汽车等名词。e.g.:thetrainsheatingsystemthecarsengineaglidersperformance,.,随着英语的发展,-s所有格的使用范围也逐步加宽。例如,在现代英语中,我们可以说:themachinesdesign(机器的设计),thenovelsplot(小说的情节),thebodysneeds(身体的需要),hislifesaim(他生活的目的),thetreatysratification(条约的批准),thepollsresults(选举结果),oneofthetableslegs,等等,在这些情况下,-s属格的使用是没有什么规律可循的。其实,这种说法,比起使用of-结构来简单明了,这也算是现代英语发展的一个见证吧。,.,2.名词属格andof-词组的比较,Theof-phraseistypicallypreferredwithnounsrefer-ringtoinanimateorlifelessobjects.e.g.:,thevisitorsarrivalthearrivalofthevisitoranelephantstrunkthetrunkoftheelephantmensshoesshoesformen*shoesofmen,Genitivenounsaresometimesinterchangeablewithof-phrase.e.g.:,thecoverofthebooktheimportanceoftheplanthewindowofthehousethestrengthoftheenvelope,.,Collectivenounscanalsotakebothforms:thefamilysobjectiontheobjectionofthefamilythecommitteestaskthetaskofthecommitteeBoththegenitiveandof-phrasecanbeusedwithgeographicalpropernounsandnounsre-ferringtoplaces,institutions,etc.ChinasforeignpolicytheforeignpolicyofChinaBritainsresistancetheresistanceofBritainthecitysproblemstheproblemsofthecitythehospitalsentrancetheentranceofthehospitalthevillagespopulationthepopulationofthevillage,.,A)下列情况只用名词属格:,ashipscarpenteradoctorsdegreetheteachersbookasummersday,atthedeathsdooratonesfingersends/tipsatastonesthrowoutofharmswaytoonesheartscontent,(a)Descriptivegenitive(表示事物类别或属性时),(b)usedinidioms,childrenspictorial=thepictorialforchildren儿童读物thepictorialofchildren孩子们的画报(儿童们的绘画),.,(c)当名词中心词之后带有同位语时(即属格修饰的名词带有同位语),Leesfriend,thesinger*afriendofLees,thesinger,thesalesmansbrother,apostman*thebrotherofthesalesman,apostman,.,B)只用Of-词组的情况：,thesupportofthepeopleofthewholeworld*thepeoplessupportofthewholeworld,theopinionofthecommitteeappointedafewdaysago*thecommitteesopinionappointedafewdaysago,(a)当of-词组中的名词后面跟有后置修饰语时:,Ihavereadthearticleofthestudentwhofallsinwithmyviewsonthisproblem.*Ihavereadthestudentsarticlewhofallsin,thesuggestionoftheteacherspresentatthemeeting*theteacherssuggestionpresentatthemeeting,thenameofthegirlstandingunderthetree*thegirlsnamestandingunderthetree,.,名词或名词词组后带有较长的后置修饰语，通常用Of-词组形式.*themanIknowscar*theladylivingnextdoorshat*thechildrenkilledinthewarspictures*theprofessortoconsultsquestions同样，若名词或名词词组后带有较长的介词词组或介词词组可能会引起歧义，则用Of-词组形式来代替名词属格的形式。*theQueenoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIslandsheir*themanwiththedogsfood,.,(b)当of-词组中的介词宾语是以“定冠词+分词/形容词”表示的一类人的结构时:,theresistanceoftheoppressed,Inpre-liberationdays,therulerspaidlittleattentiontothewelfareofthepoor.,*theoppressedsresistance,*thepoorswelfare,(c)当of-词组用在某些同位结构中时:theCityofRome*RomesCityattheageoftwenty*atthe20sage,theexperienceoftheold,*theoldsexperience,.,3.独立属格和双重属格Independentgenitiveanddoublegenitive,Agenitivenouncansometimesbeusedindepen-dently,thatis,withoutafollowingnoun.Thisuseofthegenitivemaybetermedastheindependentgenitive.Independentgenitiveisused:,1)Independentgenitive,A)Whenthemissingnounhasoccurredsomewhereinthecontextandcanbeeasilyretrieved.,e.g.:MycarisfasterthanJohns.Hermemoryislikeanelephants.Thechildshatredfortheenemyisasdeepashisfathers.,.,e.g.:Hersistheprettiestdress.Oursisagreatsocialistcountry.,B)Themissingnounappearsattheendofthesentence.,这种用法相当于名词性物主代词作主语的用法。,e.g.:Leesisaveryinspiringbook.Maryswastheprettiestdress.,C)whenthemissingnounreferstosb.shouseorresidence.,e.g.:Shallwemeetathisbrothers?ImgoingtostayatJohnsons.SeeyouatHarrystomorrow.,.,atthebutchers/tailors/grocers/barbers/fruiterers/greengrocers/photographers/bakers/hairdressersdentists/druggists/stationers(文具店),D)whenthemissingnounreferstochurch,school,orotherpublicbuildings:,E)whenthemissingnounreferstocommercialfirms:,St.Pauls(Cathedral)(圣保罗大教堂,位于伦敦)St.Jamess(Palace)(圣詹姆斯宫,是英国君主的正式王宫)Guys(Hospital)(英国伦敦盖氏医院)Queens(College)(英国女王学院),.,2)DoublegenitiveAnindependentgenitivecansometimesbeusedasprepositionalcomplementation.Theprepositionalphrase(usu.anof-phrase)thattakesanindependentgenitiveascomplementationiscalleda“doublegenitive”.e.g.:apoemofShelleysapaintingofmyroommatesapatientofthedoctors在双重属格结构中,用作介词补足成分的属格名词，必须是确定特指的，而且一般指人！*apatientofadoctors*anengineoftheplanes,.,A)双重属格的结构特征,后置属格必须指确定的对象(如专有名词),而且必须指人。如：afriendofJims/ofmysisters/oftheprofessors却不可以说:afriendofaprofessors(非特指)也不可以说:awheelofthecars(指物),.,(b)带有双重属格作后置修饰语的名词中心词必须是不确定的人或物,可以受不定冠词或数量词的修饰(a,two,some,any,few,no,several,alotof),不能受定冠词的修饰。如：Somefriendsofmybrothershavearrived.HaveyoureadanyplaysofShakespeares?Itwasnofaultofoursthatwetookthewrongway.却不可以说:thepoemofShellys也不可以说:thefriendofthedoctors更不可以说:thefriendofadoctors但是可以说:thefriendofthedoctor,.,在表达带有感情色彩的意义时,可以用指示限定词。,thisveryinspiringspeechofthepresidentsTheseremarksofyoursareofgreatvaluetous.thatnotoriousschemeoftheKingsIshallnevermeetthatdaughterofMrs.Browns.thefriendofBobswhowasherelastnight,this/these含褒义,特别强调,以引起对方的注意。that/those往往带有否定和轻蔑含义。,(c)Exceptionstotherulearethecaseswherethefirstnounispremodifiedbyademonstrativeorpostmodifiedbyarelativeclause.,.,B)双重属格的意义,Heisafriendofmyfathers.(我爸爸的一个朋友)Heisafriendofmyfather.(对我爸爸友好/够朋友)Heismyfathersfriend.(唯一的一个或刚谈及的那一个),A:Whotoldyouthat?B:Afriendofyourfathers.A:Ifhesayssuchthings,heisnotafriendofmyfather.,(a)双重属格表示身份,of-词组侧重说明关系。,请看下面的对话:,.,(b)有些情况下,of-词组与双重属格的意义大相径庭。,双重属格表示某人做的、干的,但不是他本人的。of-词组表示本人的。,aboneofthedogs(一根狗啃的骨头)aboneofthedog(一根狗骨)apaintingofMr.Blakes(他收藏的一张画像)apaintingofMr.Blake(他本人的一张画像),.,(c)当中心词是opinion,criticism,judgment等带有动词含义的“观点性名词”时,双重属格表示的是主谓关系,of-词组表示的是动宾关系。,acriticismofthestudents(学生们的批评)acriticismofthestudents(对学生们的批评)anopinionofmybrothers(我哥哥的看法)anopinionofmybrother(别人)对我哥哥的看法),.,ofTorefertosomeoneorsomethingthatbelongstoorisconnectedwithsomeone,itisusualtousesors,notof,withshortnounphrases:Dadscar(NOTthecarofDad)achildsbike(NOTthebikeofachild)mysistersboyfriend(NOTtheboyfriendofmysister)theminersstrike(NOTthestrikeoftheminers),.,Whenreferringtooneofseveralpeopleorthingsbelongingtoorconnectedwithsomeone,orwhenusingthisorthat,useofmine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs:afriendofmine(NOTafriendofme)thatcarofyours(NOTthatcarofyou)Totalkaboutthepersonwhosang,wrote,orpaintedaparticularwork,useby,notof:asongbyMariahCarey(NOTofMariahCarey),.,1.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe_.A.roomsnumberB.RoomnumberC.RoomsnumberD.RoomnumbersD2.Ifeelterriblyhot.Whatsthe_?A.temperatureofroomB.roomstemperatureC.roomtemperatureD.temperatureofroomsA,.,3.-Whoseumbrellaisit?-Its_.A.somebodyelsesB.SomebodyelseC.SomebodyselsesD.SomebodyselseA4.Thewomanoverthereis_mother.A.JuliaandShelleysB.JuliasandShelleysC.JuliaandShelleyD.JuliasandShelleyA,.,5.Wellhavea_holiday.WhataboutgoingtotheWestLake?A.twodaysB.two-dayC.two-daysD.twodaysB6.The_isjustaroundthecornerandyouwontmissit.A.bicyclesshopB.bicycleshopC.bicyclesshopD.bicyclesshopB,.,7.Heis_.A.onestudentofmyfatherB.oneofmyfathersstudentC.myfathersstudentsD.onestudentofmyfathersD8._hastravelledtoBeijing.A.AfriendofherB.AfriendofhersC.AherfriendD.HersonefriendB,.,Exercise5A(P56)Paraphrasethefollowing,payingattentiontothemeaningsexpressedbytherelationbetweenthegenitivenounanditsheadnoun:,1.myfatherscar2.thebullshorns3.theprisonersescape4.herparentsconsent5.theprisonersrelease6.thePresidentsassassination7.thegeneralsletter8.thecrowdssympathy9.awomenscollege10.asummersday,1.myfatherhasacar2.thebullhashorns3.theprisonerescaped4.herparentsconsented5.sb.releasedtheprisoner6.sb.assassinatedthePresident7.aletterfromthegeneral/thegeneralsentaletter8.thecrowdfeltsympathy9.acollegeforwomen10.asummerday/adayinthesummer,.,11.theearthssurface12.tendaysabsence13.adoctorsdegree14.abirdsnest15.thecommitteesreport16.thegirlsstory17.thevolcanoseruption18.thevictimscourage19.theboyspunishment20.thecriticshostilereceptionoftheplay,11.Theearthhasa(rough)surface12.Theabsencelastedtendays13.Adoctoraldegree/adoctorate14.Thebirdmadethenest15.Thecommitteemadeareport16.Astorytoldbythegirl/thegirltoldthestory17.Thevolcanoerupted18.Thevictimhadcourage/thevictimwascourageous19.sb.punishedtheboy20.Thecriticsreceivedtheplayinahostilemanner,.,Exercise5B(P56)Paraphrasethefollowingsentence,payingspecialattentiontotheitalicizedparts,andthentranslateeachintoChinese.,1.Thecomediansperformancewaswellreceivedbyahugeaudience.Thecomedianperformedandhewaswellreceivedbyahugeaudience.2.Shewasthankfulforherlittlegirlsrecovery.Shewasthankful,forherlittlegirlhadquicklyrecovered.3.Childrenseducationpresentsabigproblem.Howtoeducatechildrenpresentsabigproblem.4.Hewashappyintheloveofhiswife.Hewashappythathiswifelovedhim.5.Hedidthatforloveofhiswife.Hedidthatbecausehelovedhiswife.,.,6.Theenemysdefeatbroughtthewartoanend.Theenemywasdefeated,andthewarwasbroughttoanend.7.Johnwaspleasedbyhisteacherspraise.Johnwaspleasedbecausehisteacherpraisedhim.8.Herpunishmentforstealingwasayearinprison.Shewaspunishedforstealing,andthepunishmentwasayearinprison.9.Asarewardforhisunfailingservice,theservantwasrememberedinhismasterswill.Ashehadservedunfailingly,theservantwasrememberedinhismasterswill.10.Williamsistheonlyhomeworkthatisneverbadlydone.Williamshomeworkistheonlyexamplethatisneverbadlydone.,.,Exercise5C(P58)Rewritethefollowingsentences,usingagenitivenounoradoublegenitive;whereeithergenitiveconstructionisimpossible,useanof-phrase.,1.ManypeoplecriticizedDickwhenhedecidedtoemigratetoAustralia.ManypeoplecriticizedDicksdecisiontoemigratetoAustralia.2.ThefactthatthePhysicsDepartmenthasexpandedwillmakeitnecessarytoemployseveralnewmembersofstaff.TheexpansionofthePhysicsDepartment(thePhysicsDepartmentsexpansion)willmakeitnecessarytoemployseveralnewmembersofstaff.,.,3.LastnightIreadanovelwrittenbyJaneAusten.LastnightIreadanovelofJaneAustens.4.ThatlongreportthatMrAllenwrotehasbeenacceptedforpublication.ThatlongreportofMrAllenshasbeenacceptedforpublication.5.Thosenewshoes,Imeanyours,lookverysmart.Thosenewshoesofyourslookverysmart.6.Ihavereadthearticlewrittenbythestudentwhofallsinwithmyviewsonthisproblem.Ihavereadthearticleofthestudentwhofallsinwithmyviewsonthisproblem.,.,7.IminterestedintragedieswrittenbyShakespeare.IminterestedinShakespearestragedies.IminterestedinthetragediesofShakespeare.8.Jimisacarpenterwhoworksonaship.Jimisashipscarpenter.9.Ithasbecomenecessarytopunishtheoffenders.Thepunishmentoftheoffendershasbecomenecessary.10.Theyarereviewingtheeventsthathavehappenedinthepastdecade.Theyarereviewingthepastdecadesevents/theeventsofthepastdecade.,.,11.Thegovernmentdemandedthattheenemysurrenderunconditionally.Thegovernmentdemandedtheenemysunconditionalsurrender/theunconditionalsurrenderoftheenemy.12.Billpaidnoattentiontothefactthatotherpeoplecriticizedhim.Billpaidnoattentiontotheotherpeoplescriticismofhim.13.Thegovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontoeducatingtheyoungergeneration.Thegovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontotheyoungergenerationseducation/theeducationoftheyoungergeneration.,.,14.ThebookwasboughtatthebookstorerunbyJohnWiley.ThebookwasboughtatJohnWileys,thebooksellers.15.WemustreadanarticlebyT.Johnsforournextseminar.WemustreadanarticleofT.Johnsforournextseminar.16.Whatwillthispolicythegovernmentisfollowingleadto?Whatwillthispolicyofthegovernmentsleadto?17.Thatisataletoldbyanidiot.Thatisanidiot