专升本英语语法与词汇讲义

精选文库一、 非谓语动词非谓语动词是动词的几种特殊形式，它不能单独做谓语。非谓语动词的形式有：动词不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）、现代分词（doing）、过去分词（done）。（一）动词不定式1、结构：肯定形式to do 否定形式 not to do 例如：to read the text slowly2、主要语法功能：（1）做主语To know what to do is wisdom. To know how to do is skillIt is difficult to know oneself(2)做表语The first and best victory is to conquer self.(3)做宾语We hope to talk with the native speakers.有些及物动词常用不定式做宾语：afford /agree /arrange/begin/care/choose/claim/continue/decide/desire/determine/fail/forget/hate/hesitate/hope/intend/learn/like/long/manage/mean/offer/plan/prepare/pretend/promise/refuse/resolve/start/threaten/try/want(4)做定语：she was the only one to look after the children(5)做状语：we shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project.(6)做宾语补足语：Please remind me to take my medicine tomorrow.有些及物动词的复合宾语中的宾语补足语中不定式不带to : 使役动词 have let make please ; 感官动词 feel hear listen to look at notice observe see watch（7）做主语补足语：someone was heard to come up the stairs.3、不定式的时态（1）一般式：表示与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或是在其后发生。I have some news to tell you(2)进行式：与谓语动词的动作是同时发生，而且正在进行着。He want to be dressing(3)完成时：表示动作发生在谓语之前I am sorry to have kept you waiting（二）动名词1、结构：doing reading the book quickly2、语法功能：（1）做主语：Saying is easier than doingIt is no use asking her advice.(2)做表语：the best policy is being honest(3)做定语：reading material(4)做动词宾语：I enjoy seeing you and talking about old times.用作动名词做宾语的及物动词：admit suggest dislike appreciate complete consider delay deny enjoy escape finish forgive imagine keep mind miss permit postpone practice prevent propose require risk suggest cant help give up keep on put off.(5)做介词宾语：Keep on learning as long as you live.3、动名词时态（1）一般式 与谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生I am thinking of getting a new dictionary.(2)完成式 在谓语动词之前发生I regret having told her the news.（三）现在分词1、结构：doing.2、语法功能：（1）做定语 life is an exciting business.(2) 做状语 hearing the news, they immediately set off for Beijing.(3)做表语 the film is very moving and instructive.(4)做宾语补足语 I saw him entering the room(比较：I saw him enter the room)(四)过去分词1、结构：规则动词的过去式、过去分词“动词原形ed”；不规则动词没有统一的规则。2、语法功能：（1）做定语：A watched pot never boiled.(2) 做状语：Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.(3)做表语：I am convinced of his honesty.(4)做宾语补足语（五）分词的独立结构1、结构：逻辑主语+分词，逻辑主语可以是分词的执行者，也可以是承受者。Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot.This done, we went home.（六）现在分词和过去分词的区别语态上，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动；时间上，现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示已经完成；特征和状态上，现在分词表示特征，过去分词表示状态。历年真题常考点：1、If_ to speak, he has no problem expressing himself.A、asked B、asking C ask D to be asked2、He went on to say that it was as important to respect others as_ by others.A to be respected B to respect C being respected D respected3、Any student_ in swimming can apply for membership.A having a keen interest B with a keen interestingC who is keenly interesting D has a keen interest4、When_ the education systems of China and Britain, the professor gave his own comment.A asking to be compared B asked him to compare C asking him to compareD asked to compare5、No one can avoid_ by advertisements.A influenced B influencing C to influence D being influenced6、Henrys remarks left me_ about his real purpose.A wonder B wondered C to wonder D wondering7、The garden requires_A watering B being watered C to water D having watering8、They found the lecture hard_A to understand B to be understand C being understood D understood9、Its no use_ me not to worry about his injury.A for you to tell B your telling C you tell D having told10、_ finished his work, he had to stay at home at the weekend.A Having not been B Being not C Not having D Having not11、_ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a ”blue planet”.A Seen B Seeing C To be seen D Having seen12、When the little girl awoke, she found herself _ by a group of soldiers.A surround B be surrounded C being surrounded D being surrounding13、He enjoys_pop music while I prefer classical music.A to listen to B to listen C listening D listening to 14、My mobile phone isnt working. It_.A needs being repaired B needs repairing C needs to repair D needs repaired二、 虚拟语气语气表示说话人对谓语动词所表示的动作或所处状态持有的态度或看法。陈述语气；祈使语气；虚拟语气Keep off the grassThe yellow leaves are falling in the autumn wind.虚拟语气表示说话者所说的并不是事实，而是一种假设、推测、建议或祝愿等。（一） 虚拟语气的结构：1、在非真实条件从句的复合机中的用法1）与现在事实相反：if 引导的条件句：动词过去式或were 主句：would+动词原形2）与过去事实相反：if引导的条件句：had+过去分词 主句：would+have+过去分词3）与将来事实相反：if引导的条件句：should+动词原形；were to +动词原形 主句：would+动词原形例句：if I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you If the manager were here, he might make a decision I could have done it better if I had been more careful If he should fail, we would encourage him to try again. If he were to marry Jack, she would be happy.2、介词短语表示违背事实的假设条件，这时句中的谓语动词使用虚拟语气Without air, there would be no wind or clouds.With better equipment, we could have done it better.3、在if引导的条件句中有were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 提前上述四词。Could you meet Mary, you should not be able to recognize her.(二)、在名词性从句中的用法1、主语从句（necessary important essential ordered commended proposed suggested）It is desired that we should get everything ready before Friday.2、宾语从句（suggest insist recommend order propose require advise request desire command demand）She insisted that the seats should be booked in advance.(三)其它情况1、if only 2、as if as though引导的从句用“were”had+过去分词”She looked as if she were ill.3、its(high/about)time(that)”过去式或should+动词原形”4、would rather/d rather句型中用过去式或者过去完成时分别表示与现在和过去事实相反的愿望。历年真题常考点：1、One of the requirements for a fire is that the material_ to its burning temperature.A is heated B will be heated C be heated D would be heated2. If he had been in better health, he_ more books.A can write B could have written C could write D have written3. Its high time_ about the traffic problems.A something was done B something is doneC anything will be done D nothing to be done4. Im not surprised you failed the exam. You_ have worked harder.A should B must C would D ought5. The teacher insisted that we_ our homework before 9:00.A finished B had finished C finish D was finishing6. I passed the test. I_ it without your help.A would not pass B wouldnt have passed C didnt pass D had not passed7. It is necessary that he_ the task by the end of next weekA fulfill B will fulfill C will have fulfilled D fulfills三、强调句和倒装句强调是为了加强句子的语气，突出说话重点；英语书面语中表示强调的手段主要有词汇、语法和修辞三种。（一）词汇手段例如：He entirely forgot the matter. However hard he tried, he couldnt lift the box.(二) 语法手段1、It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who从句例如：It is Professor Li that sent me the letter It is only when one is ill that one knows the value of health.2、主语+do/does/did+动词原形+其它部分In the past, some people did think that the earth was square.3、What impressed me most was her image.英语中的自然语序是“主语在前，谓语在后”，倒装语序是把谓语的一部分或者全部放在主语之前。1、语法倒装句型（1）表示否定或基本否定的词与词组放在句首引起倒装（never/seldom/scarcely/hardly/rarely/little/not/nowhere/hardly when/no sooner than/in no case/in no way/ on no account/at no time/not only but also）例如：No sooner had they got to the plant than they started to work.（2）”only+状语”放在句首引起的倒装例如：Only by working hard can one succeed. Only once have I seen him. Only after the accident did he become careful.(3) 反复倒装(so nor neither no more)They can leave now, so can we.He didnt see the film last night, neither did he.(4)as 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装例如 Strong as the enemy is, we are not afraid.(5)if 引导的非真实条件句中省略if引起的倒装历年真题考点：1、Seldom_ in such a rude way.A we have been treated B have we been treatC we have treated D have we treated2、It was not until she had arrived home_ she remenbered her appointment with the doctor.A when B that C and D where3、It was at the music hall_ we met each other for the first time.A when B where C which D that4、_, everything would have been all right.A He had been here B Been here he hadC Here he had been D Had he been here5、_, water resources have been severely wasted or polluted.A They are scarce B Scarce they areC Scarce as they are D As Scarce they are6、_ tomorrow, he would be able to see the opening ceremony. A Would he come B If he comes C Was he coming D Were he to come7、_ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point.A During the 1960” B It was in the 1960sC That it was in the 1960s D It was the 1960s8、_, he couldnt earn enough to support the family.A Hard as he worked B As he worked hardC As hard he worked D Hard as did he work四、状语从句在复合句中，起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句，修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词。类型包括：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句。历年考点总结：1、比较级考查（比较状语从句）例如：1、The higher you stand, _.A the farther you can see B you can see fartherC the more farther you can see D the farther can you see2、The new campus is _ as the old one.A twice as big B as twice big C twice big D big as twice3、Private cars have made the traffic problem_.A the worse than before B worse than ever beforeC more bad as before D more bad than it was4、Between you and me , that boy of Marys was_.A as fat as strong B fatter than strongerC more fat than strong D not so fat as strong2、词汇积累1、_ born in Chicago, the writer is most famous for his stories about New York City.A Although B Since C When D As2、He had no sooner finished his speech _ he withdrew.A than B that C when D as3、对however/whenever/whoever/whatever/wherever的考查1、_ you say, I am sure that the young man is innocent.A Whatever B Whoever C However D Wherever2、We must begin testing this instrument, no matter_ difficult it is.A however B how C whatever D what4、对as引导的让步状语从句的考查1、Great_ the difficultiwa are, we must do our best to succeed.A while B as C although D however五、主谓一致主谓一致是指两个语法成分，主语和谓语之间的协调关系。通常遵循三个原则，即就近原则、概念意义原则和语法原则。（一）就近原则例如：He or his brothers are to blame Either the shirts or the sweater is a good buy. Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. Neither you nor your brother is in fault. (Both and )(二) 概念/意义原则1、有些单数名词表示集体概念，即群体名词，谓语动词用复数动词（police/ cattle /people/youth/army/class/committee/company/crowd/couple/等）。2、many a +单数名词要求用单数动词。Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.3、more than one +单数名词，用单数动词。More than one person is involved in this case.4、a+单数名词+or two 做主语，谓语动词用单数A day or two has passed; One or two days have passed.5、一些复数名词被看做一个整体，谓语动词用单数（news; ten years; Physics; Measles; A pair of gloves; the old;）(三)语法原则1、并列主语，谓语动词用复数。（as well as/as much as/along with/together with/with/ including/followed by/rather than/）与主语保持一致He as much as us is responsible for it.2、There be 句型的谓语动词与其后面的主语保持一致3、分数、百分数做主语时，谓语动词与of 后的词保持一致50% of the people present the meeting are against the plan4、a number of 后面的谓语动词用复数，the number of 后面的谓语动词用单数历年真题考点：1、The first three of the five chapters in the book_ very easy, but the rese_difficult.A is are B are is C was were D were were2、His wife as well as he _invited to the business partyA has been B have been C has D are3、Every means_ but without much result.A have been tried B has been tried C have tried D has tried4、Neither Mary nor her sister_ to the party.A go B are going C have gone D is going 5、There_ some mistakes in your compasition.A have B has C seems to be D seem to be六、定语从句定语从句是在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词后面。（一）关系代词引导的定语从句1、关系代词有who(whom whose)、which、that，起到的作用：一 把主句和从句连接起来；二 起代词作用，代替前面的先行词；三 起到一定语法作用，在从句中做主语、宾语或者定语。例如：He is a man who means what he says.The few points which the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.Is there anyone in your department whose father is a painter.2、Thats all I could do at that time(all/anything/everything/something/nothing/much/little/none)3、This is the best Tv set that is made in China.(如果先行词被形容词最高级或first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰时，关系代词用that)。（二）介词+which(whom)引导的定语从句如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，那么：This is the question about which they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks.The people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange.（三）关系副词when, where, why引导的定语从句它们分别修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。At that time when I saw him, he was well.This is the place where the accident took place last night.(四)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句Those who want to go please sign their names hereHe has two sisters, who are working in the city.历年真题考点：1、Im going to spend the winter vacation in Shanghai,_I have relatives.A which B nevertheless C where D when2、The man _was stolen called the police.A his wallet B the wallet of his C whose wallet D the wallet of whom3、All_ is a continuous supply of fuel.A what is needed B the thing needed C that is needed D for their needs4、Is this the house_ Shakespeas was born?A which B in that C in which D at which5、She has fallen in love with Jack,_I find hard to imagine.A who B that C whom D which6、He has made another wonderful discovery,_ of great importance to science and man.A which I think is B which I think is C of which I think it is D I think which is七、时态和语态历年真题考点：1、John and I _ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at