2019-2020学年高中英语 Unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars练习 新人教版必修3

unit 4astronomy：the science of the stars.阅读理解(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的a、b、c和d四个选项中，选出最佳选项。aof all the planets, none has captured the worlds imagination like mars.its reddish color and changes in brightness over time make the planet an unforgettable sight.in cosmos, the television science series from the 1980s, scientist carl sagan talked about some traditional ideas about mars.some of these ideas are from the english science fiction writer hg.wells the war of the worlds.others are from the mistaken science of percival lowell, the american astronomer who believed intelligent beings lived on mars.wells described martians as threatening.lowell imagined them as the hopeful engineers of great works.carl sagan said that both ideas influenced the public deeply.today, mars continues to excite humans not as the object of science fiction but of scientific study.space scientists have collected a wealth of information from spacecraft that have orbited, landed on and dug into the martian surface.the smithsonians mars day offered a chance for people of all ages to touch mars, or at least a piece of it.allison and alycia from silver spring, maryland, brought their children, grace, sam, ryan and emma.they heard about mars and its geology from experts.they could see a test version of the viking landers that reached mars in july of 1976.they also saw meteorites (陨星)known to have come from the red, or reddish planet.eightyearold sam learned that the ancient description of mars as red is not exactly right.he said，“its actually orangish more than red and its also kind of brown.” emma is six.she learned about the volcanic activity that has shaped the surface of mars.she said，“the closest thing to mars the stuff is from volcanoes mostly.”mars day offered allison and alycias children a chance to learn more about a world that they are very likely to set foot on within their lifetimes.()1.what is paragraph 2 mainly about?awhy martians were considered threatening.bwhy mars has captured the worlds imagination.cwhat people generally thought of mars in the past.dhow hg.wells got the idea for his science fiction.()2.it is implied in paragraph 3 that_.atodays space scientists still know nothing about marsbtodays space scientists are very interested in marscscience fiction films are no longer set in marsdspace scientists havent made any progress in knowing mars()3.sam would probably agree that _.amars is not really redbno meteorites have come from marscmars cant be described as a little browndthe ancient description of mars color is true【答案与解析】本文主要介绍了在“火星日”，人们可以对火星有更好的了解和认识。1c主旨大意题。根据第二段第一句“the television science series from the 1980s, scientist carl sagan talked about some traditional ideas about mars.”可知，主要是讲人们关于火星的一些传统认识。2b推理判断题。根据第三段“today, mars continues to excite humansnot as the object of science fiction but of scientific study.”和最后一句“space scientists have collected a wealth of information”可推断，现在的航天科学家们对火星很感兴趣。3a根据第四段的“he said，its actually orangish more than red and its also kind of brown.”句意：他说火星并不是红色的，而是橘黄色甚至带点褐色，所以应选符合此意的选项。bedmund halley was an english scientist who lived over 200 years ago.he studied the observations of comets (彗星) which other scientists had made.the orbit of one particular comet was a very difficult mathematical(数学)problem.he could not figure it out.neither could other scientists who dealt with such problems.however，halley had a friend named newton，who was a brilliant mathematician.newton thought he had already worked out that problem，but he could not find the papers on which he had done it.he told halley that the orbit of a comet had the shape of an ellipse (椭圆)now halley set to work.he figured out (解决；计算出) the orbits of some of the comets that had been observed by scientists.he made a surprising discovery.the comets that had appeared in the years 1531,1607，and 1682 all had the same orbit.yet their appearances had been 75 to 76 years apart.this seemed very strange to halley.the different comets followed the same orbit.the more halley thought about it，the more he thought that there had not been three different comets，as people thought.he decided that they had simply seen the same comet three times.the comet had gone away and had come back again.it was an astonishing idea！halley felt certain enough to make a prediction (预言) of what comet would happen in the future.he decided that this comet would appear in the year 1758.there were 53 years to go before halleys prediction could be tested.in 1758 the comet appeared in the sky.halley did not see it，for he had died some years before.ever since then that comet has been called halleys comet，in his honor.()4.halley made his discovery _.aby doing experimentsbby means of his own careful observationcby using the work of other scientistsdby chance()5.halley made a surprising，but correct prediction in the year _.a1704b1705c1706d1707()6.this passage in general is about _.ahalley and other scientistsbthe orbit of a cometcnewton and halleydhalley and his discovery()7.which of the following is true?aedmund halley was an american scientist.bhalley made his discovery by doing experiments.cnewton was a famous mathematician.dthe orbit of a comet had the shape of a circle.【答案与解析】本文主要讲了哈雷和他的重大发现。4c细节理解题。由文中第三段“he figured out the orbits of some of the comets that had been observed by scientists.he made a surprising discovery.the comets that had appeared in the years 1531,1607，and 1682 all had the same orbit.”可知应选c。5b数字计算题。第五段中的“he decided that this comet would appear in the year 1758.there were 53 years to go before halleys prediction could be tested.”这句话告诉我们：他预言彗星出现的时间是1758年，而这个预言还要经过53年才能验证，由此可以推断出哈雷做出这个预言的时间是1705年。6d主旨大意题。文章的中心就是哈雷以及他的发现。7c推理判断题。从文章首句可以看出a项错误；从第三段可知b项也错误；牛顿告诉哈雷彗星的轨道是椭圆形的，可排除d。cman has been travelling into space for more than 40 years. even today though, very few people get the chance to be an astronaut, about 30 per year. this is mainly because of the expense. it costs millions of yuan to train and send astronauts into space. very few countries can afford this.this is why american businessman dennis tito paid 20,000,000 us dollars to the russian space agency to go into space. he visited the international space station. his trip, making him the first ever space tourist, took eight days in total. he spent most of his time taking photos, looking at the earth and listening to music on his onceinalifetime trip.after landing safely back on the earth, mr tito thought the trip was worth the money. the only difficulty he had was walking but this is normal for anyone whos been in zero gravity.some people, especially in the american space agency, argue that you must be professional (专业的) to go into space. they worry about the safety of other astronauts. however, mr tito received training before he left. he also helped to prepare food for the others while in space. they told him what to do and where he was allowed to go.a survey carried out soon after tito landed showed that 75% of americans supported space tourism. some people are bored of all the places on the earth. they are looking for a new adventure and space is the place.the money mr tito gave the russians paid for 20% of their annual budge (预算). if we want to see men on mars and other planets, we may need rich people like mr tito to help us pay for it. the russians have more rich people who want to become space tourists. they should take them.()8.how many people have flown in space?aabout 30.bmore than 1,200.cthousands.dabout 12,000.()9.why did the russians want dennis tito to go into space?athey wanted to work with an american.bthey wanted him to have a onceinalifetime trip.cthey wanted him to take photos of earth.dthey wanted his money.()10.what were the differences between mr tito and the other astronauts?anone.bonly tito was allowed to cook.ctito couldnt go everywhere on the space station.dtito received training before he flew in space.()11.what does the writer think about dennis tito?ahe helped russia keep going into space.bhe was not a good astronaut.che couldnt help the russians much.dhe shouldnt be allowed into space again.【答案与解析】8b推理计算题。第一段讲到，人类遨游太空已40多年了，即使到了今天也很少有人有机会成为每年大约30名宇航员中的一员，可以推算出有30401200(人)。故b为正确选项。9d推理判断题。训练一名宇航员并把他送入太空需要花费几百万元，能承担起这一费用的国家寥寥无几。俄罗斯宇航局需要丹尼斯蒂托的钱，他才得以进入太空。10c细节理解题。第三、第四段讲到，他在太空的唯一困难是行走不便。他们(宇航员)告诉他能做什么，能到什么地方去。用排除法可知c为正确选项。11a推理判断题。第五段讲到蒂托先生付给俄罗斯人的钱，可以支付他们年度预算的20%。如果我们想见到火星或其他行星上的人的话，我们需要像蒂托这样的富人帮我们支付费用。dan american astronaut is beginning a yearlong trip in space.nasa astronaut scott kelly is traveling to the international space station for the second time.mr kelly says that this time in space would present a greater challenge than his first visit.most visits to the space station last just four to six months. scott kelly will be there a year.researchers hope this longer stay will teach them more about how the human body reacts to long periods of space flight.astronaut kellys mental and physical health will be closely watched during his iss visit and after his return.he also presents nasa with a unique study situation.researchers will be able to compare medical information from astronaut kelly with that from his identical twin (同卵双生) brother，former astronaut mark kelly.one main focus will be on the bacteria that live in the human digestive(消化的) system.mr kundrot says comparisons could be interesting because the twins will be eating very different food in the year ahead.he says scott kellys diet in space will be very limited and sterile(无菌的)john charles is also a nasa scientist with the human research program.he says it has been almost twenty years since someone spent so long in space.he says technology has developed a lot since that team of russians spent a year in space.“we are not going to be surprised by surprises.we were surprised several years ago by finding that certain astronauts have changes in their vision during longduration space flight about halfway through a sixmonth mission.”another area of interest is the effect of radiation on the human body.this would be even more intense for astronauts on a threeyear mission to mars.nasa scientists think research collected from scott kellys oneyear space trip will be important to pave the way for a future piloted flight to mars.()12.how long do most astronauts stay in the space?aone year.btwenty years.cfour to six months.dthree years.()13.a unique study situation refers to _.acomparing medical information from astronaut kelly with that from his identical twin brotherbthe astronaut will stay in space for one yearcthe astronaut will explore marsdscott kelly is traveling to the international space station for the second time()14.what is the focus of the research?agravity.bweightlessness.cthe bacteria that live in the human digestive system.dradiation.()15.what can we infer from the passage?aresearchers will only pay attention to kellys physical health.bthere will be some bacteria in kellys diet.castronauts vision wont change during longduration space flights.dkellys oneyear space trip will be beneficial to flight to mars.【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一位美国宇航员要进行长达一年的太空旅行，这是一次非常严峻的挑战。12c细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句“most visits to the space station last just four to six months.”可知c为正确选项。13a细节理解题。根据文章第三段“he also presents nasa with a unique study situationcompare medical information from astronaut kelly with that from his identical twin brother”可知，a为正确选项。14c细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句可知c为正确选项。15d推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后一句中“pave the way for a future piloted flight to mars”可知d为正确选项。.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。teens have a busy morning schedule as they need to wake up and get moving very early in order to catch a bus and get to school by the required time. this means teens need to get their rest the night before or they will be too tired to learn anything at school._16_when a teen falls asleep in class, two things happen: he/she misses what is being taught and he/she loses the respect for the teacher. he/she may also receive a consequence from the school, depending on the classroom discipline policy._17_to prevent your teen from being sleepy in class, try these three tips：* set a time for “lights out” on school nights. this is never be any later than 10 p. m. and preferably 9 pm._18_soft music can be on and used to help calm your teen.* help your teen develop a nighttime routine that involves activities that slow them down for the end of the day._19_turning off the computer and disconnecting from friends and the excitement of the day an hour before bedtime will also help your teen relax.*_20_this will reinforce(增强)what it feels like to be rested and capable of accomplishing what he/she wants.ataking a bath and reading are two activities that work well.bwhats worse, they may even fall asleep in class.call of these things affect your teens academic success and can be avoided.d“lights out” means the computer, television, lights and cell phone should be off.ewhile your teen keeps his/her goals in line with your expectations, he/she may have his/her own goals.fset a good example and show him/her your love for learning.gpoint out the positives after your teen has had a good nights rest.【答案与解析】本文主要讲述了在上学期间，一些青少年在课堂上睡觉，这对他们的学业有不好的影响。为了防止青少年上课睡觉，作者提出了几点建议。16b从前面的句子：this means teens need to get their rest the night before or they will be too tired to learn anything at school.可知，更糟糕的是他们上课会睡觉。选b。17c从后面的句子：to prevent your teen from being sleepy in class, try these three tips：可知，这些会影响孩子的学习，是可以避免的。选c。18d从前面的句子：set a time for “lights out” on school nights.可知，lights out是指电视和电脑都应该关掉。选d。19a从前面的句子：that involves activities that slow them down for the end of the day.可知，洗澡和阅读是两个有效的活动，选a。20g从后面的句子：this will reinforce(增强)what it feels like to be rested and capable of accomplishing what he/she wants.可知，在孩子睡了一晚好觉后，指出积极的方面。选g。.完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的a、b、c和d四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。do you know how the word “satellite” got the meaning “armed guard”？ here is a _21_about it.the word was first used _22_ancient rome.rome, _23_you know, was the capital of the roman empire and the _24_of western civilization(西方文明)for about a thousand years.but economic (经济的) problems came one _25_another.governments changed very _26_， and many people did not _27_laws.the power of the empire became _28_.at last it got so bad that safety _29_not be guaranteed (保证)so many important persons _30_not walk in the streets of the city _31_bodyguards.these armed _32_were called “satellites”hundreds of years passed.in 1611, galileo _33_there were some strange bodies _34_around jupiter (木星), _35_like the guards around a very important person, or a prince, or a _36_.but galileo did not know how to call the bodies.then kepler _37_them.he _38_the satellites in the roman empire _39_gave them that name.since then the word has been _40_all over the world.()21.aphrasebwordcstorydsaying()22.awithbincondfor()23.awhatbthatcwhichdas()24.acitybtheoryccentredsystem()25.aafterboncbydfrom()26.awellboftencsoondlong()27.abreakbpuzzlecexistdobey()28.astrongerbweakercolderdlarger()29.awouldbmustccoulddmight()30.aneededbhadcfearedddared()31.awithoutbwithcbydfor()32.aguardsbreligionscsatellitesdkings()33.adiscoveredbinventedcthoughtdlooked()34.asailingbhangingcgettingdmoving()35.aonlyblookcjustdwould()36.asoldierbguardckingdperson()37.awatchedbthoughtcnameddfound()38.alistened tobworried aboutcheard aboutdheard from()39.aandbbutcsodhowever()40.ausedbwrittencpasseddheard【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了“satellite”一词的来历。21c通读全文，我们可以知道本文讲述了“satellite”词的来历，即这一词背后的“故事”。22bsatellite 一词最初在古罗马使用。23das you know是定语从句，可以置于句首也可以置于句中；which引导的定语从句不能放在它所修饰的句子中间。24c罗马是西方文明的中心。centre“中心”符合语境。25aone after another意为“一个接一个地”。26b指政府更替太频繁，四个选项中只有often符合句意。27dobey laws “守法”。28b上文列举的是政府的危机，因此帝国的统治越来越弱。29c最后帝国的情况很糟，人们的安全得不到保障。30d因为安全得不到保证，所以一些重要人士不敢在城市的街道上行走。31a重要人士外出必须有卫士陪同。32a从前文的“bodyguards”及空格前的“armed”可得知答案。33a表示“(科学)发现”用discover。34dmove around“围绕转”。35cjust like“正像”，说明这些天体的运动形式。36c由前文的“a very important person，a prince”可知c项为最佳答案。37c伽利略不知道如何称呼这些天体，于是开普勒给它们命了名。从下文的“gave them that name”可以看出。38chear about “听说”。39a前后为顺承关系，所以用and。40a从那时起“satellite” 一词一直在全世界使用。.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。when i was a child in 1970s, my family was very poor, just like other average families in the countryside. the secondhand clothes, rainleaking roof of old house became part of 41._(me) memory. however, the worst 42._(impress) is that i was feeling hungry all the time. sometimes hunger hit me so severely that i regarded dried sweet potato slices as delicious snack. at that time, my dream was getting enough 43._(fill) my empty stomach.in the early years of 1980s, as the reform and openingup policy 44._(carry) out, the childrens dream came true. and then，45._dream became clearer and clearer in my mind. i must try my best to escape out of my poor and backward hometown. i worked 46._ (hard) at my study than most of my classmates, and, after luckily 47._ (succeed) in the national college entrance examination, i realized my dream again: after