第四章 语篇形式

第四章语篇形式,FormsofDiscourse,Byform(按形态划分）AccordingtotheformsofNews,theycanberoughlydividedintothreecategories:(1)消息报道(NewsReporting)(2)特写文章(featurearticlesorfeature)(3)新闻评论(OpinionwritingorNewsComments)classification,TheNewsClassification,Bycontent(按内容划分）1.politicalnews2.economicnews3.technologicalnews4.culturalnews5.sportsnews6.violenceandcrimenews7.disasternews8.weathernews9.entertainmentandmiscellanies,Byeventproperty（按事件性质划分）1.hardnews(orspotnews/straightnews,硬新闻或纯消息报道):newsreportedimmediately,straightlyandobjectivelythatdealwithserioustopicsorevents,suchasthepoliticalnews,economicnewsandinternationalissues,whichareusuallyinvolvedwithinvertedpyramidform.新鲜、题材较严肃，事实报道客观2.softnews：socialnewsnotdealingwithserioustopicsoreventswithmorebackgroundinformationorhuman-interest(人情味),whichareusuallyinvolvedwithpyramidform.轻松的社会新闻highnews：财经、政治方面新闻,lownews：通俗的社会新闻Practice:P48,第一节消息报道(NewsReporting),Pyramid,一、消息（News）（1）definition：以简要的文字迅速报道新闻事实，是最基本、最广泛、最经常采用的新闻体裁。Newsinbriefwordsisinformationaboutarecentlychangedsituationorarecentevent,whichisthemostbasic,widely-andfrequently-employedtypeofreporting（2）composition：News:headline（标题）,lead（导语）,body（正文）,North;East;West;South,(3)基本结构（basicstructure）1.倒金字塔结构（invertedpyramidform），也称“倒叙法”（flash-back）2.金字塔结构（pyramidform）,也称“编年史结构”（chronologicalstyle）,Pyramidformv.s.Invertedpyramidform,Accordingtotheorderofimportance,newsreportsaredividedintotwoformsWithanascendingorderofimportance-?2.Withandescendingorderofimportance-?,1.倒金字塔结构（invertedpyramidform）,SummaryLead(5Wsand1H)Fact-1Fact-2Fact-3Fact-n,EventsinDescendingorderofimportance,最重要、新鲜，回答人们普遍关心的问题,略微次要补充细节,最次要,Lead-generally,thefirstparagraphworksasthelead,whichisasummaryofthewholenewsFact1-Themostsignificant,freshestandconcernedpartFact2-subordinateparttodescribethedetailsFact3-somebackgroundinformationorsomeauthoritiescommentsFact4,Q1:Whatstherelationshipbetweentheheadline,theleadandtheNews?Q2:Whatarecontainedintheleadofnews?,Aleadisthefirstparagraphofanewsstory.Itisaninformation-pactsentencethatexpandstheheadlineofthenews.Itisalsoakindofmini-news,thesummaryofthemainstoryofthewholenews.(导语是消息的概括，而标题又是导语的概括),Lead(导语）:paragraphone(generally)Function：1.简要文字反映消息要点2.引出、阐述、解释该主题的新闻主题3.唤起读者注意，吸引读者阅读Characteristics：Basedontheprincipleofreality,leadshouldbeconcise,lively,attractive,andinformativeSixelements（六要素）:who,what,when,where,whyandhow说明：新闻报道现在仍采用倒金字塔结构为主，但不一定在导语中全部都包括五个W和一个H，或许只有三个或四个W，另外的出现在下面段落中。,USMarines，launchingadaylighthelicopteroperationfromshipsoffshore，rescued59AmericansonSundayfromtheLiberiancapitalofMonroviatoprotectthemfromwhattheWhiteHousesaidwasimminentdangerinthatwartornnationInternationalHeraldTribune,Example1,此文节选自国际先锋论坛报的一则头版头条新闻报道。从这部分我们看出寥寥数语浓缩了全文的要点，勾勒出了整个事件的基本轮廓。读完第一段后马上就能搞清以下几大要素：whoUSMarines;whatrescued59Americans；whenonSunday；wheretheLiberiancapitalofMonrovia利比里亚首都蒙罗维亚；Whytoprotectthem（fromwhattheWhiteHousesaidwasimminentdangerinthatwartornnation）How-launchingadaylighthelicopteroperation文章的其余段落都是第一段的延伸和扩展，实际上起到了解释和深化导语的作用。若无暇阅读，只要浏览第一段便可掌握事件的轮廓。,Example2:P45NAJINGAYak-42airlinercarrying116passengersand10crewmemberscrashedontakeofffromtheNanjingAirportinEastChinayesterdayat15:06(Beijingtime).Sofar,100peopleonboardaredeadand26injured,Who:What:When:Where:Why:How:,SummaryLeadWHO-WHAT-WHEN-WHERE-WHY-HOW-,116passengersand10crewmembers,AYak-42airlinercrashedontakeoff;100peopleonboardaredeadand26injured.,yesterdayat15:06(Beijingtime),NanjingAirportinEastChina,notmentioned,ontakeoff,Pleasematchthemaccordingtothedescendingorderofimportance(P45),A:ThedetailsandtheprocessoftheaccidentB:Five“W”+“How”C:copingwiththeaftermathofthedisasterD:immediaterescuingoftheinjuredE:Howabouttheoperationoftheairport,B-LeadA-Fact1C-Fact2D-Fact3E-Fact4,HijackedJetsDestroyTwinTowersandPentagonQ1:Whatelementsarecontainedinthelead?,Example3:P66,Who:hijackersWhat:rammedtwojetlinersintoNewYorksWorldTradeCentertowers,andathirdjetlinercrashedintothePentagonWhen:yesterdayWhere:NewYorkandVirginia,Q2:Howdidthehijackersmaketheattacks?,thefirst,8：48a.m.,crashedintothenorthtowerofWorldTradeCenterasecond,18minuteslater(9:06a.m.),plowedintothesouthtowerofWorldTradeCenter3.athird,9:40a.m.,hitthewesternpartofthePentagon4.afourth,(),crashedinaremotefield,about80milessouthofPittsburgh,1.TranslatethefirstparagraphintoChinese.2.BostonandLosAngelesaretwoAmericancitiesfarapartfromeachother.(T/F)3.ThefourjetlinerscrashedintodifferentbuildingsinNewYorkinthemorningofthesameday.(T/F),T,F,几名劫机分子昨日劫持两家喷气式飞机撞向纽约世贸中心，致使双塔倒塌，顿时尘土飞扬，玻璃飞溅，浓烟滚滚，一副地狱般的景象。紧接着，第二架飞机又撞击了位于弗吉利亚州的（美国国防部）五角大楼。,4.HijackersrammedjetlinersintoeachofNewYorksWorldTradeCentertoweryesterday.A.crammedB.crashedC.thrustedD.battered5.topplingbothinahellishstormofash,glass,smokeandleapingvictims.A.oustingB.smashingC.tumblingD.capsizing6.Theattacksseemedcarefullycoordinated.A.orchestratedB.plannedC.relatedD.synergized7.ThehijackedplaneswereallenroutetoCalifornia,andThereforegorgedwithfuelA.gobbledB.filledC.notchedD.overindulged,vocabulary,B,C,A,B,4.Brammedinto撞上5.Ctopple倾倒6.Acoordinate使协调；配合7.Bgorge吃饱,Keys:,Who-OsamaBinLadenWhat-waskilledWhere-inPakistanWhen-onSundayWhy-HeisthemastermindofthemostdevastatingattackonAmericansoilinmoderntimesandthemosthuntedmanintheworldHow-inafirefightwithUnitedStatesforces,WASHINGTONOsamabinLaden,themastermindofthemostdevastatingattackonAmericansoilinmoderntimesandthemosthuntedmanintheworld,waskilledinafirefightwithUnitedStatesforcesinPakistan,PresidentObamaannouncedonSunday.(5Wsofficials(2)atleast49peoplewounded3.lessimportantfacts(按时间顺序倒叙):(P1-4-6)(1)theattackscameadayafter;(2)about1p.m.onFriday;(3)sixhourslater4.Ending(P2)-review,LONDONGuardianeditorAlanRusbridgeronTuesdayvigorouslydefendedhisdecisiontopublishaseriesofarticlesbasedonthesecretfilesleakedbyformerNationalSecurityAgencycontractorEdwardSnowden,tellingaparliamentarycommitteethattherighttocontinuepursuingthestorygoestotheheartofpressfreedomsanddemocracyinBritain.(5Wsprofile)（2）事件特写(WHAT-feature)（3）旅游特写(localityfeature;travelogue)（4）亲历特写(personal-experiencefeature;eyewitnessaccount;eye-account;I-account),新闻评论(OpinionWritingo