新视界大学英语综合教程4_unit5ppt课件

,Doyouknowhowtosay“八卦”inEnglish,bothitsoriginalmeaningandextendedmeaning?Watchthevideoclipandfindouttheanswer.,Warmingup,Warmingup,Listenandunderlineanywordsorexpressionswhicharedifferentfromwhatyouhear.,Conversation1AWhosgoingtowinthebigmatchonSunday,then?BNotmuchdoubtaboutittomymind,itsgoingtobetheHammers.AWhat?WestHam?AgainsttheleaguechampionManUnited?Youmustbejoking!BNo,Imnot.Theyreplayingathome,theyvehadastringofgoodresultsrecently,theyvegottwogreatplayers,AWhosgoingtowinthebigmatchonSunday,then?BNotmuchdoubtaboutittomymind,itsgoingtobetheHammers.AWhat?WestHam?AgainsttheleaguechampionManUnited?Youmustbejoking!BNo,Imnot.Theyreplayingathome,theyvehadastringofgoodresultsrecently,theyvegottwogreatplayers,Warmingup,Conversation2AHaveyouheardaboutJustin?BNo,whatshedone?AItseemshesstartedgoingoutwithawomanhalfhisage.Shesoundsittoo.Icantthinkwhatheseesinher,shesnotexactlyanEnglishbeauty.BNever!Idontbelieveyou!Hemustbemad!,AHaveyouheardaboutJustin?BNo,whatshedone?AItseemshesstartedgoingoutwithawomanhalfhisage.Shesoundsittoo.Icantthinkwhatheseesinher,shesnotexactlyanEnglishbeauty.BNever!Idontbelieveyou!Hemustbemad!,Warmingup,Answer:Conversation1:SundaySaturdaychampionleadersgreatnewConversation2:halftwicesoundslooksbeautyrose,Warmingup,Workinpairsanddiscussthequestions.,1Didyoufindanythingstrangeaboutthetwoconversations?2Whichdoyouthinkismostlikelytotakeplace,andwhy?3Doyouhaveconversationslikethese?Whowith?4Whataretheusualsubjectsofyourconversations?5Whatdoyouthinkarethedifferencesbetweenthewaythatmenspeaktoeachotherandhowtheyspeaktowomen?6Whatdoyouthinkarethedifferencesbetweenthewaythatwomenspeaktoeachotherandhowtheyspeaktomen?,Warmingup,Check()thestatementsaboutgossipwhichyouthinkaretrue.,1Mengossipjustasmuchaswomen.2Mentalkmoreaboutpoliticsthanwomen.3Mentalkmoreaboutfootballthanwomen.4Womentalkmoreaboutthemselvesthanmen.5Mendontadmittheygossip.6Womendontadmittheygossip.,NowreadthepassagefromthebookWatchingtheEnglishandcheckyouranswers.,Thepassagementionspoints1,3and5.,Skimming,Browsethepassagewithin8minutestogetaroughideaaboutit.AnswerthequestionsofActivity2and3onpage93.,Task,Skimming,Numberthedifferentpartsofthepassageintheordertheyoccur.,Giveadetailed,technicalaccountofhowwomengossip.Refertorecentresearchtodispelthemythaboutmalegossip.Concludethatthevitaldifferencebetweenmaleandfemalegossipliesinthepositiveresponseoftheaudience.Suggestthatthemythaboutmalegossipisreallyaproblemofterminology.Revealthatmenchangethetopicofconversationwhenwomenarepresent.Focusonthedifferenceofcontentbetweenmaleandfemalegossip.,Answer:5,1,6,4,2,3,Skimming,Answerthequestions.,Whatdoestheresearchquotedinthepassageshow?Whatdomentalkaboutwhentheyareontheirown?Whatdomendowhenwomenarepresent?4Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenmaleandfemalegossip?,Thatmengossipasmuchaswomen.,Mostlysocialtopics.,Theytalkmoreabouthighbrowtopicssuchaspolitics,work,artandculturalmatters.,Mentalkmoreaboutthemselves,womengossipmoreaboutothers,Skimming,Whatisthe“tonerule”inwomensgossip?Whatisthe“detailrule”?Whatdoesthe“feedbackrule”sayaboutlisteners?Howdowomenlistenersrespondtogossip?9Whydomenresponddifferentlytogossip?,Aparticulartoneofvoiceisrequiredtoconveygossip.,Theparticulardetailsofapieceofgossipareveryimportant.,Listenersmustgiveappropriatelydramaticreactionstowhattheyhear.,Theysoundsuitablysurprisedorshocked.,Becausethefeedbackruledoesnotapplytomenasitdoestowomen.,SexdifferencesinEnglishgossiprules,译文,Digging,1Contrarytopopularbelief,researchershavefoundthatmengossipjustasmuchaswomen.InoneEnglishstudy,bothsexesdevotedthesameamountofconversationtime(about65percent)tosocialtopicssuchaspersonalrelationships;inanother,thedifferencewasfoundtobequitesmall,withgossipaccountingfor55percentofmaleconversationtimeand67percentoffemaletime.Assportandleisurehavebeenshowntooccupyabouttenpercentofconversationtime,discussionoffootballcouldwellaccountforthedifference.,Backgroundinformation,Digging,2Menwerecertainlyfoundtobenomorelikelythanwomentodiscuss“important”or“highbrow”subjectssuchaspolitics,work,artandculturalmattersexcept(andthiswasastrikingdifference)whenwomenwerepresent.Ontheirown,mengossip,withnomorethanfivepercentofconversationtimedevotedtonon-socialsubjectssuchasworkorpolitics.Itisonlyinmixed-sexgroups,wheretherearewomentoimpress,thattheproportionofmaleconversationtimedevotedtothesemore“highbrow”subjectsincreasesdramatically,tobetween15and20percent.,译文,Digging,3Infact,recentresearchhasrevealedonlyonesignificantdifference,intermsofcontent,betweenmaleandfemalegossip:Menspendmuchmoretimetalkingaboutthemselves.Ofthetotaltimedevotedtoconversationaboutsocialrelationships,menspendtwothirdstalkingabouttheirownrelationships,whilewomenonlytalkaboutthemselvesonethirdofthetime.,译文,Digging,4Despitethesefindings,themythisstillwidelybelieved,particularlyamongmales,thatmenspendtheirconversations“solvingtheworldsproblems”,whilethewomenfolkgossipinthekitchen.Inmyfocusgroupsandinterviews,mostEnglishmalesinitiallyclaimedthattheydidnotgossip,whilemostofthefemalereadilyadmittedthattheydid.Onfurtherquestioning,however,thedifferenceturnedouttobemoreamatterofsemanticsthanpractice:Whatthewomenwerehappytocall“gossip”,themendefinedas“exchanginginformation”.,译文,Digging,5Clearly,thereisastigmaattachedtogossipamongEnglishmales,anunwrittenruletotheeffectthat,evenifwhatoneisdoingisgossiping,itshouldbecalledsomethingelse.Perhapsevenmoreimportant:Itshouldsoundlikesomethingelse.Inmygossipresearch,Ifoundthatthemaindifferencebetweenmaleandfemalegossipisthatfemalegossipactuallysoundslikegossip.Thereseemtobethreeprincipalfactorsinvolved:thetonerule,thedetailruleandthefeedbackrule.,译文,Digging,Thetonerule6TheEnglishwomenIinterviewedallagreedthataparticulartoneofvoicewasconsideredappropriateforgossip.Thegossip-toneshouldbehighandquick,orsometimesastagewhisper,butalwayshighlyanimated.“Gossipsgottostartwithsomethinglikequick,high-pitched,excitedtoneOoohGuesswhat?Guesswhat?”explainedonewoman,“orHey,listen,listenquick,urgentstagewhisperyouknowwhatIheard?”,译文,Digging,Anothertoldme:“Youhavetomakeitsoundsurprisingorscandalous,evenwhenitisntreally.Youllgo,Well,donttellanyone,butevenwhenitsnotreallythatbigofasecret.”,译文,Digging,7Manyofthewomencomplainedthatmenfailedtoadoptthecorrecttoneofvoice,recountingitemsofgossipinthesamelat,unemotionalmannerasanyotherpieceofinformation,suchthat,asonewomansniffed,“Youcanteventellitsgossip.”Which,ofcourse,isexactlytheimpressionthemaleswishtogive.,译文,Digging,Thedetailrule8Femalesalsostressedtheimportanceofdetailinthetellingofgossip,andagainbemoanedtheshortcomingsofmalesinthismatter,claimingthatmen“neverknowthedetails”.“Menjustdontdothehe-said-she-saidthing,”oneinformanttoldme,“anditsnogoodunlessyouactuallyknowwhatpeoplesaid.”Anothersaid:“WomentendtospeculatemoreTheylltalkaboutwhysomeonedidsomething,giveahistorytothesituation.”,译文,Digging,Forwomen,thisdetailedspeculationaboutpossiblemotivesandcauses,requiringanexhaustiverakingover“history”,isacrucialelementofgossip,asisdetailedspeculationaboutpossibleoutcomes.Englishmalesfindallthisdetailboring,irrelevantand,ofcourse,unmanly.,Digging,Thefeedbackrule9AmongEnglishwomen,itisunderstoodthattobea“goodgossip”requiresmorethanalivelytoneandattentiontodetail:Youalsoneedagoodaudience,bywhichtheymeanappreciativelistenerswhogiveplentyofappropriatefeedback.Thefeedbackruleoffemalegossiprequiresthatlistenersbeatleastasanimatedandenthusiasticasspeakers.Thereasoningseemstobethatthisisonlypolite;thespeakerhasgonetothetroubleofmakingtheinformationsoundsurprisingandscandalous,sotheleastonecandoistoreciprocatebysoundingsuitablyshocked.,Digging,Englishmen,accordingtomyfemaleinformant,justdontseemtohavegraspedthisrule.Theydonotunderstandthat“YouaresupposedtosayNO!Really?andOhmyGOD!”,Digging,10Myfemaleinformantsagreed,however,thatamanwhodidrespondintheapprovedfemalemannerwouldsoundinappropriatelygirly,orevendisturbinglyeffeminate.EventhegaymalesIinterviewedfeltthatthe“NO!Really?”kindofresponsewouldberegardedasdecidedly“camp”.TheunwrittenrulesofEnglishgossipetiquettedoallowmentoexpressshockorsurprisewhentheyhearaparticularlyjuicybitofgossip,butitisunderstoodthatasuitableexpletiveconveyssuchsurpriseinamoreacceptablymasculinefashion.,1.Assportandleisurehavebeenshowntooccupyabouttenpercentofconversationtime,discussionoffootballcouldwellaccountforthedifference.(Line9,Para1),Researchershavefoundthatmenspendabouttenpercentoftheirconversationtimetalkingaboutsportandleisure,thereforethesmalldifferencebetweenmenandwomeningossiptimemengossipabout12percentlessthanwomencanbeexplainedbythetimespentondiscussingfootball,whichwomenarelesslikelytotalkabout,andwhichdoesnotcountasgossip.,Difficultsentences,Difficultsentences,2.Onfurtherquestioning,however,thedifferenceturnedouttobemoreamatterofsemanticsthanpractice:Whatthewomenwerehappytocall“gossip”,themendefinedas“exchanginginformation”.(Line8,Para4),Thesentencemeansthatinpracticetherewasnotsomuchdifferencebetweenmenandwomeningossiping;thedifferenceliesinhowmenandwomendefinedthemeaningof“gossip”“gossip”forwomenwasthesameas“exchanginginformation”formen.,Difficultsentences,3.Clearly,thereisastigmaattachedtogossipamongEnglishmales,anunwrittenruletotheeffectthat,evenifwhatoneisdoingisgossiping,itshouldbecalledsomethingelse.(Line1,Para5),Englishmenfeelitissomehowwrongorembarrassingtogossip,sowhentheygossip,theygiveitanothername.unwrittenrule:aruleorcustomwhichisnotwrittendown.Peoplewillrecognizeit,butmaynotbefullyconsciousofsucharuleuntilsomeonedrawsattentiontoit.,Difficultsentences,4.Theylltalkaboutwhysomeonedidsomething,giveahistorytothesituation.(Line8,Para8),giveahistorytothesituation:toexplainthebackgroundtowhathashappened,Difficultsentences,5.Forwomen,thisdetailedspeculationaboutpossiblemotivesandcauses,requiringanexhaustiverakingover“history”,isacrucialelementofgossip(Line10,Para8),Womenspeculateaboutthereasonswhypeoplehavedonethingsandwhatcausedthemtodoso.hisrequiresthemtogooverthehistoryofaneventortalkindetailaboutsomething.Forwomen,thisisakeypartofgossip.,Difficultsentences,6.allowmentoexpressshockorsurprisewhentheyhearaparticularlyjuicybitofgossip(Line8,Para10),juicy:Juicystoriesareslightlyshockingbutinterestingorfuntolistento.,gossip,释义1,n.Uconversationaboutunimportantsubjects,especiallypeoplesprivatelives(尤指关于人们私生活的)闲言，流言,例句,Therehasbeenmuchgossipaboutthepossiblereasonsforhisabsence.,关于他缺席的原因有很多传言。,翻译,Words,例句,Pollyfollowsallthegossipabouttheroyalfamily.,波莉关注一切有关王室成员的八卦消息。,翻译,释义2,vi.totalkaboutotherpeopleoraboutthingsthat闲聊，说长道短,Words,例句,MrsWhitenevergossiped.,怀特夫人从来不说长道短。,翻译,例句,Thisiswherethelocalsgathertogossipandtalkpolitics.,这里是本地人聚集在一起闲聊和谈政治的地方。,翻译,gossip,释义,a.(to)completelydifferentoropposedtosomethingelse相反的，对抗的,Words,例句,Contrarytowhatyoumightthink,neithermanwasoffended.,你也许以为那两个人生气了，但实际上正相反，两个人都没有生气。,翻译,例句,Contrarytopopularbelief,gorillasareshyandgentlecreatures.,与人们普遍的看法恰恰相反，大猩猩是一种害羞而温顺的动物。,翻译,contrary,释义,a.likelytointerestpeoplewhoareinterestedinlearning,culture,andart文化修养高的,Words,例句,Theprogrammewastoohighbrowtoappealtomostviewers.,该节目太高雅，对多数观众没有吸引力。,翻译,例子,highbrowclassicalmusic,高雅的古典音乐,翻译,highbrow,释义,a.suddenandsurprisingoreasytonotice突如其来的，引人注目的,Words,例句,Thatprogramtalksonlyaboutthedramaticchangeinsociety.,这个节目只谈论那些引人注目的社会变化。,翻译,例句,Sheplaysaverydramaticwomanwithflashingeyes.,她饰演一位双眼闪光的引人注目的妇人。,翻译,dramatic,释义,n.Uafeelingthatsomethingiswrongorembarrassinginsomeway羞耻，耻辱，见不得人的感觉,例句,Beinganunmarriedmotherusedtocarryasocialstigma.,做未婚母亲在社会上曾是不光彩的事。,翻译,Words,例句,翻译,Mostofthetimepeopledontgettreatmentformentalproblemtoavoidthestigmaofmentalillness.,很多时候人们精神上有问题时不去接受治疗，免得被人认为自己有精神病。,stigma,释义,a.somethingthatisscandalousshocksyouandmakesyoufeelveryangrybecauseitseemsunfair让人震惊的，令人愤慨的,例句,翻译,Words,例句,Itisabsolutelyscandalousthatafantasticbuildinglikethisisjustlefttorotaway.,翻译,一栋如此气势辉煌的大楼就任其腐朽败落，真令人愤慨。,Itsscandalousthatpeoplehavetowaitsolongforoperations.,人们要等这么久才能做手术，真是不像话。,scandalous,释义1,vi.(at)tocriticizesomethingorsuggestitisnotgoodenoughforyou对嗤之以鼻，轻蔑地批评,例句,Veteranaudiofansmaysniffatsuchready-madestereopackages.,老音响迷可能对这种现成的套装立体声音响不屑一顾。,翻译,Words,例句,翻译,ForeignOfficesourcessniffedatreportsthatBritishtroopsmightbesent.,外交部消息人士对有可能派出英国军队的报道不屑一顾。,sniff,释义2,v.(at)tosmellsomething嗅，闻,例句,Officersuseddogstosniffouthiddenmine.,警员们用狗来闻出掩藏的地雷。,翻译,Words,例句,Hesniffedandfoundtherewasasmellofburning.,他吸了吸鼻子，发觉有一股烧焦的味道。,翻译,sniff,释义,vt.(fml)tocomplainorsaythatyouaredisappointedaboutsomething抱怨,例句,Peopleshouldntunderestimatetheirowncapabilitiesandconstantlybemoantheirfate.,人们不应该低估自己然后自怨自艾。,翻译,Words,例句,Universitiesandotherresearchestablishmentsbemoantheirlackoffunds.,高校及其他研究机构抱怨经费不足。,翻译,bemoan,释义1,n.Csomeonewhogivesinformationabouttheirlanguage,socialcustomsetctosomeonewhoisstudyingthem资料提供人（尤指为研究者提供语言、风俗资料的人）,例句,Theresearchdidnotwanttorevealtheidentityofhisinformant.,研究人员不想透露消息提供人的身份。,翻译,Words,informant,释义2,n.Csomeonewhosecretlygivesinformationaboutsomeonetopoliceortosomeoneinauthority检举者，密告者,例句,TheinformantclaimstobeoneofmanyundercoverspiesworkinginMexico.,这名告密者声称自己是众多在墨西哥秘密工作的间谍中的一员。,翻译,Words,例句,Workingasaninformant,JohnsonprovidedtheFBIwithdetailsontheMafiascriminalactivities.,翻译,约翰逊充当线人向联邦调查局提供了黑手党犯罪活动的细节。,informant,释义,a.thoroughorcomplete彻底的，完全的,Phrases,例句,翻译,Theauthorstreatmentofthesubjectisexhaustive.,该作者对这个问题的分析很透彻。,例句,翻译,Therescueteammadeanexhaustivesearchofthearea.,救援队在这个地区进行了全面彻底的搜寻。,exhaustive,释义,例句,翻译,他说政治对大多数美国人来说已经变得越来越不重要了。,HesaidpoliticshasbecomeincreasinglyirrelevanttomostAmericans.,Phrases,例句,翻译,Hercommentsseemedirrelevanttotherealissue.,她的评论似乎与真正的问题不相干。,irrelevant,释义,例句,翻译,鲍勃似乎对提议的这项行动不太感兴趣。,Bobseemedlessthanenthusiasticabouttheproposedmove.,Phrases,例句,翻译,Thereisenthusiasticsupportforanewhighschool.,大家热情支持建一所新的中学。,enthusiastic,释义,例句,翻译,政府当局还没有意识到这场危机的严重性。,TheGovernmenthasnotyetgraspedtheseriousnessofthecrisis.,Phrases,例句,翻译,Taylormanagestoexplaintechnicalideasinawaythatnon-specialistscangrasp.,泰勒成功地通过非专业人员也能够理解的方式解释了技术概念。,grasp,释义,例句,翻译,Phrases,例句,翻译,girly,我讨厌健美和瑜伽这些比较女孩子气的运动。,IhatethesegirlysportslikebodybuildingandYoga.,Doyouthinkthiswatchlookstoogirlie?,你觉不觉得这块表看上去太女孩子气？,释义,例句,翻译,Phrases,例句,翻译,disturbing,他身上有某种东西使她不安。,Therewassomethingabouthimshefounddisturbing.,Itsverydisturbing,thewaytheyregettingridofolderemployees.,他们解雇老员工的方式让人不安。,释义1,例句,翻译,Phrases,例句,翻译,accountfor,计算机占去该国商业用电的5%。,Computersaccountfor5%ofthecountryscommercialelectricityconsumption.,Theseproducts,intotal,accountforabout80ofalloursales.,这些产品总共约占我们全部销售额的80。,释义2,例句,翻译,Phrases,Thegenetheydiscoveredtodaydoesntaccountforallthosecases.,他们现在发现的基因无法解释所有的病例。,accountfor,释义,例句,翻译,Phrases,例句,翻译,totheeffectthat,他发表一项声明，大意是他将很快辞职。,Hemadeadeclarationtotheeffectthathewouldsoonresign.,Theletteristotheeffectthathewillsoonarrive.,信的大意是说他不久就会来。,1研究人员发现，与人们的普遍看法相反的是，男人聊八卦一点儿也不逊色于女人。英国的一项研究表明，男性和女性谈论社会话题如人际关系所花的时间相同（约65）；另一项研究发现，男性和女性八卦的时间相差不大，聊八卦占男性交谈时间的55，占女性的67。有研究表明，谈论体育运动和休闲活动占人们交谈时间的10，所以这一差异可能是由男性花更多的时间讨论足球而导致的。,Translation,原文,英国人八卦规则中的性别差异,2研究发现，男人并没有比女人花更多的时间去谈论诸如政治、工作、艺术和文化事务等“重要”或“高雅”的话题除非有女人在场（女人在场时情况会有明显的不同）。女人不在场时，男人们就会聊八卦，而谈论如工作或政治等非社会性话题的时间不会超过5。只有在男女都在场时，为了给女人留下好印象，男人谈论这些“高雅”话题的时间才会明显增加，达到1520。,Translation,原文,3事实上，最近的研究表明，男性和女性八卦内容的显著差异只有一个，那就是：男人花更多的时间谈论自己。在谈论社会关系时，男人有三分之二的时间是在谈论自己的各种关系，而女性只用三分之一的时间来谈论自己。,Translation,原文,4即便如此，让人费解的是人们，尤其是男性，仍然普遍认为男人交谈是“解决世界问题”，而女人们则是在厨房里闲聊。在我做的焦点人群调查和访谈中，大多数英国男性最初都声称他们不聊八卦，而女性却很乐于承认自己聊八卦。然而，通过进一步追问，我发现两者的区别与其说体现在实践中，倒不如说是体现在语义层面上：男人把女人津津乐道的“八卦”称为“交流信息”。,Translation,原文,5显然，英国男性认为八卦是件不光彩的事情。有条不成文的规则可以说明这一点，即使一个人就是在聊八卦，也得把它说成是别的事情。或许更重要的是：八卦应该听起来不像是八卦。在对八卦的研究中，我发现男性和女性八卦时的主要区别在于：女人的八卦听起来更像八卦。这其中似乎涉及三个主要因素：语调规则、细节规则和反馈规则。,Translation,原文,语调规则6我访谈的英国女性一致认为八卦时应使用特定的语调。八卦时的语调要高、要快，或有时听起来像故意让大家都能听见的悄悄话，但始终要活灵活现。一位女性解释道：“八卦得这样开始，比如快、高亢、激动的语调哦你猜怎么着？你猜怎么着？或嘿，听着，听着快而急促的、让大家都能听见的悄悄话知道我听说什么了吗？”,Translation,原文,另一位女性告诉我：“你必须让八卦听起来令人惊讶或震惊，即使实际上并非如此。你要这样说：哦，不要告诉任何人，但是即使那并不真的是多大的秘密。”,Translation,原文,7许多女人抱怨男人不会恰当地使用语调，在叙述八卦故事时语调平平、毫无感情色彩，就像在说任何其他事情一样。女人对此嗤之以鼻，“你甚至都听不出那是八卦。”当然，这恰恰是男人想给人留下的印象。,Translation,原文,细节规则8女性还非常注重八卦时细节的重要性，并再次抱怨男性在这方面的不足，声称男人“永远不知道细节”。“男人就是不转述别人的话，”一位被调查者告诉我，“除非你真正知道他们说了什么，否则没什么意思。”另一个被调查者说：“女人往往会推测出更多的内容她们会谈论为什么某人会做某事，并追溯整件事情的始末。”,Translation,原文,对女人来说，对可能的动机和原因进行细致的推敲需要仔细梳理事情的始末，这和对可能出现的结果进行细致推测一样，是八卦的重要组成部分。英国男性觉得谈论所有这些细节都很无聊、无关紧要，当然也不男人。,Translation,原文,反馈规则9英国女性认为“真正的八卦”不仅需要生动的语调和对细节的注重，还需要一个好的听众。她们指的是有欣赏力、并且很多时候能给予恰当回应的听众。女性八卦的反馈规则要求听众至少要和说话者一样活跃、兴致高涨。这可能只是出于礼貌。说话者已经费尽心思地让消息听起来更令人惊讶和震惊，所以听众至少应表现出适度的吃惊作为回应。,Translation,据一位女性被调查者说，英国男人似乎没有掌握这一规则。他们不明白，“你应该说不会吧！真的吗？和噢，我的上帝！”,Translation,10然而，我的女性被调查者认为，如果男性真的以女性认可的方式作出回应，那么他们听起来会让人觉得女性化，甚至是让人极不舒服的娘娘腔。即使我采访的男同性恋者也认为“不会吧！真的吗？”这种反应绝对太“做作”。英国人八卦礼仪的不成文的规则确实允许男性在听到绘声绘色的八卦时表示出震惊或惊讶，但人们认为用一句恰当的脏话表达这种惊讶更容易让人接受，也更男人。,Translation,Backgroundinformation,Thegrowthinthedisciplineoflinguisticshascoincidedwithmanyadvancesinfeminismandconcernwithgenderissuesamongintellectuals.Therehasbeen,asaresult,agreatdealofresearchbysocio-linguistsintothedifferencesbetweenthewaymenandwomenuselanguage.Thepassageisanexampleofsuchresearchandcomesfromthebest-selling2008bookWatchingtheEnglishbyKateFox,whoisasocialanthropologistanddirectoroftheSocialIssuesResearchCentreattheUniversityofOxford.(Tobecontinued),Backgroundinformation,ThebookisaculturaldescriptionofEnglishwaysofcommunicatingandbehaving.Sheobservespeoplesbehaviour,butalso,asasocialscientist,interviewspeopleandconductssocialexperimentstorevealthesocialrulesorunderlyingcodesandcustoms.Othertopicsinthebookincludedresscodes,waysofshopping,queuing,andtheextractheresocialgossip.,Backgroundinformation,Interpreting,UnderstandingtextorganizationAwritersaimsarealwayscloselyconnectedtotheorganizationofthetext.Forexample,inacademicwriting,itisusualtogiveanoverviewofrecentresearchbeforegoingontopresenttheresultsofonesownresearch.ThepassageSexdifferencesinEnglishgossipruleshasalotincommonwithacademicwriting:Factsandfiguresareoftenused,aswellasdiscoursemarkerswhichpointthewayforwardbycontesting(contrarytopopularbelief)orbyclarifying(infact).,Interpreting,Check()thewritersmainpurposesinwritingthepass