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.,高等院校研究生英语系列教材,综合教程(下)INTEGRATEDCOURSE,.,2,Unit3,LeisureActivity,.,Content,StartingoutReadingFocusReadingMorePracticalTranslationFocusedWritingFinalProject,.,Task1WatchthefollowingvideocarefullytolearnhowglobalwarmingisthreateningthetraditionalwayoflifeontheChesapeakeBaysSmithIslandasitswaterlevelrisesanditsbluecrabstocksdwindleandcompletetheblank-fillingexercise.,Startingout,Clickthepictureforvideo,.,SmithIsland,SmithIslandisalonelyoutpost,12milesoutinthelowerChesapeakeBay.Theshallowgrassywatersaroundtheclusterofislandsthat_SmithIslandaresomeofthebestbluecrabhabitatintheBay.Formorethan300yearsthepeopleherehave_natureshardships.But,increasingly,theysensethatamore_futureliesahead.Thewatermenarebringinginsmallercatches,andprofits_.,comprise,endured,precarious,fallingdown,.,Thepopulationhasdroppedfrommorethan800toabout300overthelast100years,andSmithIslandis_.MostoftheIslandisonly1footabovesealevel.Thehigherareaswherethepeoplelivearejust2-4feetabovethewater.CoastalecologistssaytheChesapeakeBayhasrisenbymorethanahalffootoverthepastcenturyand_.,losingitsland,continuestoswallowtheland,.,CrumblingwoodencrabshacksandbatteredbulwarksaretestimonytotheIslands_tothesea.TohelptheIslandersbeatbackthebay,thearmycallofengineerslaunchedaplanto_newbulkheadsandstonebreakwatersaroundTanleten,partofamulti-million-dollarplanto_.,vulnerability,install,persuadepeopletostay,slowerosionand,.,_“Ifahurricanecategory4comesupandactuallyhitsthisIsland,Ithinkitcouldbeflattened.Itprobablyisthecasethatoverthenextcenturyif_,weprobablywillhaveafewhigherspots,butnotmuchmore.”Mostpeoplehopethattheneweffortstostemerosioncanatleastdelaytheinevitablesothatoneortwomoregenerationscan_hereattheedgeofthesea.,Despitethisproject,SmithIslandmayberunningoutoftime.,wecantgetcontrolofthegreenhousegases,makealiving,.,Discussingroupsthefollowingquestions:1.Whatstherelationshipbetweenmanandnature?2.Manyspeciesofwildlifearereportedtohavebecomeextinctortobeonthevergeofextinction.Whatdoyouthinkcausesthisproblem?3.Inyouropinion,whatmeasuresshouldbetakentopreservethebiodiversityofwildlife?,StartingoutTask2,.,Usefulwordsandexpressions:interrelated/inseparable/interdependent/interactiveprotect/benefit/hamonydestruct/disaster/takerevengeonglobalwarming/greenhouseeffectearthquake/flood/sandstorm,StartingoutTask2,1.Whatstherelationshipbetweenmanandnature?,.,2.Manyspeciesofwildlifearereportedtohavebecomeextinctortobeonthevergeofextinction.Whatdoyouthinkcausesthisproblem?,Sample:PhysicalAlterationofHabitatCommercialHuntingandHarvestingTheIntroductionofForeignSpeciesPestandPredatorControl,.,TheCollectionofAnimalsandPlantsforHumanEnjoyment,Research,andOtherpurposesPollutionBiologicalFactorsthatContributetoExtinctionTheLossofKeystoneSpeciesAMultiplicityofFactorsManyfactorsactingtogethercontributetothelossofbiodiversity.Thesefactorsmaysynergizetoproducealevelofdevastationfargreaterthananticipated.,.,Open-ended.,StartingoutTask2,3.Inyouropinion,whatmeasuresshouldbetakentopreservethebiodiversityofwildlife?,.,ThinkingLikeaMountain,ReadingFocus,.,ReadingFocus,.,Abouttheauthor:,AldoLeopold(18871948)iswidelyacknowledgedastheinitiatorofmodernwildlifeconservationintheUnitedStates.,BackgroundInformation,.,HewasaprofessorattheUniversityofWisconsinandisbestknownforhisbookASandCountyAlmanac沙郡年记,fromwhichthistextisextracted,andsoldoveramillioncopies.TheessaysarestoriesofLeopoldsobservationsofnaturearoundhim,thepassingofseasons,andofwildlife,basedonthebeliefthateverylivingthinghasanicheintheecosystem.,.,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,(Paras.1-4),PartI(Paras1-3)Everylivingthingpaysheedtothewolfsbawl.PartII(Paras4-6)Theauthorsexperienceofkillingawolf.PartIII(Paras7-9)Thechainconsequenceofkillingwolfsandcows.PartIV(Para10)Thelong-termrelationshipbetweennatureandhumans.,.,PartIEverylivingthingpaysheedtothewolfsbawl,A.Differentinterpretationsofthemeaningofthewolfcall.,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,a.Tothedeer,itisareminderofthewayofallflesh.b.Tothepine,aforecastofmidnightscufflesandofblooduponthesnow.c.Tothecoyote,apromiseofgleaningstocome.d.Tothecowman,athreatofredinkatthebank.e.Tothehunter,achallengeoffangagainstbullet.f.Tothemountain,itisasignofpossibledanger.,Supportingevidence:,.,a.Thesoundofwolvesbynight.b.Thesightofwolftracksbyday.c.Themidnightwhinnyofapackhorse.d.Therattleofrollingrocks.e.Theboundofafleeingdeer.f.Thewayshadowslieunderthespruces.,B.Tracesofwolvesexistence.,Supportingevidence:,.,PartIITheauthorsexperienceofkillingawolf,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,A.Whendidtheauthorseethewolves?B.Howdidtheauthorkillthewolves?C.Whydidtheauthorkillthewolves?,Whenheandhisfellowswereeatinglunchonahighrimrock.,Theyshotatthewolveswiththeirrifles.,Theyshotatthewolvesfortworeasons:Firstly,sincetheauthorwasyoungandtriggerhappy,hewassoexcitedtobeabletoshootananimal;secondly,hethoughtfewerwolvesmeansmoredeer,whichmeanshuntersparadise.,.,a.Fewerwolvesleadtomoredeer.b.Moredeerleadtofewerbushes,seedlings,trees,andinternalkilling.c.Fewerbushes,seedlingsandtreesleadtodamageoftheaffectedrangeandanaturaldisasterforhumanlife.,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,PartIIIThechainconsequenceofkillingwolfsandcows,Arguments:,.,Conclusion:Toomuchsafetyseemstoyieldonlydangerinthelongrun.,PartIVThelong-termrelationshipbetweennatureandhuman,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,.,Task2,Workingroupstodecidewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalseaccordingtothepassage.(P228),Key:2345678910,T,F,F,F,T,F,F,T,T,T,ReadingFocusDetailedInformation,.,CriticalThinking,ReadingFocus,.,Worktogetherwithyourpartnertoanswerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetextyouvejustread.,ReadingFocusCriticalThinking,1.Inthetext,theauthordeclares:“Onlythemountainhaslivedlongenoughtolistenobjectivelytothehowlofawolf.”Whatdoesthemountainthinkofthehowlofawolf?Whydoestheauthorthinkonlythemountaincanlistenobjectivelytothehowl?,.,2.Theauthorsaysinthelastparagraph,“toomuchsafetyseemstoyieldonlydangerinthelongrun”canyoufindanequivalentChinesesaying?Doyouagreewiththisopinion?Ifyouagree,supplyexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Ifyoudont,explainthereasons.,AnequivalentChinesesaying“生于忧患,死于安乐”.,.,Discussingroupsthefollowingquestions.,ReadingFocusCriticalThinking,1.Whyshouldwepreservebiodiversity?Whatbenefitscanitbringabouttohumanbeings?,2.Doyouthinkitpossibletostrikeabalancebetweenecologicalsustainabilityandthedevelopmentalneedsofpeople?,.,Itisanoutburstofwilddefiantsorrow,andofcontemptforalltheadversitiesoftheworld.(Para.1)outburst;burst;outbreakA.Therehasbeenanotherangry_againstthenewlocaltaxintroducedtoday.B.Terrikeeps_intotearsfornoreason.C.A(n)_offoodpoisoningledtothedeathsoffivepeople.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,outburst,bursting,outbreak,.,defiantadj.refusingtodowhatisaskedbecauseonedoesnotagree公然违抗的;反抗的;挑衅的e.g._,theysangarevolutionarysongastheywereledawaytoprison.他们被带走投入监狱时,仍以最后的反抗姿态唱起了一支革命歌曲。,Withalastdefiantgesture,.,2.Everylivingthing(andperhapsmanyadeadoneaswell)paysheedtothatcall.(Para.2)payheedto:topayattentiontosth.,especiallysth.someonesays,andseriouslyconsiderit注意某事;慎重考虑某事e.g.Agoodleadershouldalwayspayheedtothevoiceofthemasses.一位好领导应该经常注意倾听群众的呼声。翻译:大山中所有的生物(可能也包括许多死去的生物)都侧耳倾听这声号叫。,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,3.Thoseunabletodecipherthehiddenmeaningknowneverthelessthatitisthere,foritisfeltinallwolfcountry,anddistinguishesthatcountryfromallotherland.(Para.3)decipherv.tofindthemeaningofsomethingthatisdifficulttoreadorunderstand辨认;解释;破译(密码)e.g.有谁能辨认他的字迹吗?Cananyonedecipherhishandwriting?,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,4.Wewereeatinglunchonahighrimrock,atthefootofwhichaturbulentriverelboweditsway.(Para.4)Personification(拟人)isusedtoshowhowtheriverflowedandturnedroundsofast,asifitwereapersonstrugglingforawayforward.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,5.Wesawwhatwethoughtwasadoefordingthetorrent,herbreastawashinwhitewater.(Para.4)awash:adj.coveredwithwateroranotherliquid被水或其他液体漫过的bewithThiscity_drugs.这座城市毒品泛滥。,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,isawashwith,.,6.Inthosedayswehadneverheardofpassingupachancetokillawolf.(Para.5)passup:togiveup,refuse放过,放弃,拒绝e.g.Neverpassupachancetolearn.永远不要放弃学习的机会。Paraphrase:Inthosedayswewouldsurelykillawolfaslongaswefindone.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,SincethenIhavelivedtoseestateafterstateextirpateitswolves.Ihavewatchedthefaceofmanyanewlywolflessmountain,andseenthesouth-facingslopeswrinklewithamazeofnewdeertrails.Ihaveseeneveryediblebushandseedlingbrowsed,firsttoanemicdesuetude,andthentodeath.Ihaveseeneveryedibletreedefoliatedtotheheightofasaddlehorn.(Para.7)Parallelstructureisusedheretoemphasizetheseriouschainconsequenceofwolfkilling.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,8.SincethenIhavelivedtoseestateafterstateextirpateitswolves.(Para.8)extirpate(v.)tocompletelydestroysomethingthatisunpleasantorunwanted消灭,根除e.g.Thefarmersextirpatedweedsfromthefield.农民们除去了田中的野草。,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,9.Inwildnessisthesalvationoftheworld.(Para.9)Thissentenceisputininvertedorder.Paraphrase:Youcanlearnhowtosavetheworldinthewayhowthenaturegoes.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,Key1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10,Task1Choosetheanswerclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordorphraseinthesentence.(P230),B,D,A,B,A,D,D,A,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,A,C,.,Task2,1.outburstburstoutbreakA.Therehasbeenanotherangry_againstthenewlocaltaxintroducedtoday.B.Terrikeeps_intotearsfornoreason.C.A(n)_offoodpoisoningledtothedeathsoffivepeople.,Fillineachoftheblankswithanappropriatewordfromeachgroup.Changetheformifnecessary.Somewordsmaybeusedmorethanonce.(P231),outburst,bursting,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,outbreak,.,2.adversityadverseadviseA.Despitethe_conditions,theroadwasfinishedinjusteightmonths.B.Theycontinuetofightinthefaceof_.C.Itwashisdoctorwho_thathechangehisjob.3.distinguishdistinguisheddistinctA.Thereissomethingaboutmusicthat_itfromallotherartforms.B.NowthatTonywasnolongerpresent,therewasa_changeinherattitude.C.Hisgrandfatherhadbeena_professorattheUniversity.,adverse,distinguishes,distinguished,distinct,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,adversity,advised,.,4.sightviewoutlookvisionA.Iusemysenseofsoundmuchmorethanmysenseof_.B.Doyouhavea(n)_aboutwhatweshoulddonow?C.The_oftheeconomyisstilluncertain.D.Maybeyouhad_ofbeingsurroundedbyhappy,smilingchildren.5.implicitunderlyingimpliedA.Hehasa(n)_beliefinthegoodnessofpeople.B.Ifeelthereissome_criticismaboutthegiftyouhavechosen.C.Topreventaproblemyouhavetounderstandits_causes.,sight/vision,view,implicit,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,outlook,visions,implicit/implied,underlying,.,6.awashwashwashingA.Youaregoingtohaveyourdinner,get_,andgotobed.B.Theroadswere_withmudandrainwater.C.Mymotheralwaysdidthe_onMondays.7.springjumpleapA.He_tohisfeet,andgrabbedhiskeysoffthecoffeetable.B.Tothenortharethehot_ofBanyasdeSantLoan.C.Thinktwicebeforeyou_.D.Thenumberofcrimes_by10%lastyear.,washed,sprang/jumped,springs,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,awash,washing,leap,jumped,.,8.tracktrailtrace(n.aseriese.g.asuccessionofevents/problems/visitors2)theactoftakingoveranofficialpositionortitlee.g.HebecamechairmaninsuccessiontoBernardAllen.他接替伯纳德艾伦任主席。,ReadingMoreLanguagePoint,.,“alongsuccessionofthemuponthesurfaceofthesea”是“boat”的同位语。“uponthesurfaceofthesea”meanstheseboatsarejustfortemporaryuse.翻译:伴随着我的帆船梦,我拥有过一艘又一艘的海船。其中有不少只是临时的替代品,比较容易倾覆。,ReadingMoreLanguagePoint,.,4.Itjigglesmeup,thewinddoes,andwhatIreallylovearewindlessdays,whenallispeace.(Para.3)jiggle:tomoveormakesomethingmovefromsidetosidewithshortquickmovementse.g.他站在那儿,手里转动着汽车钥匙。Hestoodjigglinghiscarkeysinhishand.,ReadingMoreLanguagePoint,.,5.Thisisanintellectualresponsetheoldyearningisstillinme,belongingtothepast,toyouth,andsoIamtornbetweenpastandpresent(Para.4)Paraphrase:Itisveryrationaltothinkthisway:Ifeelmiserableaboutthecontradictionbetweenmylongingtosailandfearofthewind,whichisnecessaryforsailing,andcannotmakeanydecision.,ReadingMoreLanguagePoint,.,6.Therewillliethesloop,therewillblowthewind,oncemoreIwillgetunderway.(Para.6)getunderway:starthappeninge.g.我要等到比赛正式开始。Illwaittillthecampaigngetsunderwayproperly.,ReadingMoreLanguagePoint,.,7.Andwiththetillerinmyhand,Illfeelagainthewindimpartinglifetoaboat,willsmellagaintheoldmenace,theonethatimpartslifetome:(Para.6)impart:sth(tosb)topassinformation,knowlege,etc.tootherpeopletoimpartfacts/news/skills披露事实,消息,传授技艺Shehadinformationthatshecouldntwaittoimpart.,ReadingMoreLanguagePoint,.,Task,Keys:1.A.promise(n.)B.promised(v.)C.promise(n.)2.A.succeeded(v.)B.succession(n.)C.succeed(v.)3.A.compact(adj.)B.compact(adj)C.compactness(n.)4.A.stable(adj.)B.stable(n.)C.stability(n.)5.A.nerves(n.)B.nerved(v.)C.nerve(n.),Fillineachblankwithanappropriateformofthewordgiven,andidentifyitsmeaning.(P240),ReadingMoreVocabularyinAction,.,6.A.encounter(v.)B.encounter(n.)C.encounter(n.)7.A.repelled(v.)B.repellent(adj.)C.repelled(adj.)8.A.compulsive(adj.)B.compulsion(n.)C.compulsory(adj.)9.A.alcoholic(n.)B.alcohol(n.)C.alcoholic(adj.)10.A.instruction(n.)B.instructing(adj.)C.instructions(n.),.,Key1-2-3-4-,Readthefollowingsentencesanddecidewhichoftheitalicizedwordsfitseachofthesentencesbest.(P241),obsessed,stationary,clue,restless,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,Task2,5-6-7-8-9-10-,intellectual,compressed,raising,removed,succession,dispel,.,PracticalTranslation,.,科技英语是用来陈述自然界、科技界所发生或出现的事情,描述其规律、特点、过程等的语言,多采用客观性的描述方式,要求概念准确、判断严密、推理周密、结构严谨。它在词法、语法、句法和修辞角度上都体现出自己的特点:,科技英语的翻译,.,在词法上,科技英语强调语言的简练和专业性,大量使用复合词、缩略语和属于某一专业领域的专业化词汇。1)Spacetechnologyshouldbecombinedwithcivilianlifetodevelopvarioushigh-techproducts.译文:要将航天技术与民用生活相结合,开发出多种高科技含量的产品。2)DNAhasadoublehelixstructure,whichwasdiscoveredbyFrancisCrickandJamesWatsonintheCavendishlabatCambridgein1953.译文:DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)的双螺旋结构是由弗朗西斯克里克和詹姆斯沃森于1953年在剑桥的卡文迪许实验室里发现的。,.,解析:例1)中,原语为了语言的简练,high-technological缩略成了high-tech。在目标语中,为了强调客观事实,原文的被动句译成了汉语的无主句,符合汉语的句式特点。例2)中,DNA是专业词汇,lab是laboratory的缩略语,为了让目标读者看懂,在译文中,DNA要译出完整的意思,而且被动句译成了汉语的主动句,使行文更流畅。,.,2.从语法方面看,名词化结构(nominalization)、一般现在时和被动语态用得较多;使用名词化结构和一般现在时是因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大,强调已存在的事实,而非某一行为。运用被动语态是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确性。第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象,因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态。,.,3)Thegreatestsourceofworryatthemomentisthedisposalofradioactivewastes.Untilnowthesewasteshavebeenpackedincontainersandburiedinremoteareasordumpedintheocean译文:现在最令人担心的问题是放射性废物的处理,到目前为止,这些废物是用容器装好,埋在边远地区或沉入海里。4)Thebloodsugarlevelrepresentsabalancebetweentheamountofcarbohydrateingestedorformedfromproteinandlipid,ontheotherhand,andthestorageorutilizationofcarbohydrate,ontheother.译文:摄入的或由蛋白质及脂肪转化来的糖类与体内糖类贮存或利用这两者之间的数量平衡,便是血糖水平的标志。,.,解析:例3)和例4)的两个句子都符合科技英语的语法特点。为了表达客观、内容确切,两个句子都用了一些名词化结构的词汇,如例3)的sourceofworry,disposal,例4)的balance,storage,utilization。为了避免造成主观推理和臆断,强调客观事实,两个句子都采用了一般现在时和被动语态。而科技汉语最明显的特点是多用无主句,语言平实,多采用客观性描述方法,因此例3)的译文采用了直译的翻译方法,翻译出了原文的内容,语言平实、客观。例4)译文中,为了符合汉语的习惯,被动语态处理成汉语的无主句,而且英语句子多采用重心前置式,但汉语句子应采取重心后置式,因此在译文中,把“血糖水平的标志”放在句子最后,从前面的分析出发,最后形成一个结论,句子结构衔接、连贯、合理。,.,3.在句法上,科技英语使用大量的长句和复杂句,修饰、限定及附加成分多;注重衔接和连贯,注重逻辑的严密,以达到句子连贯、行文流畅的目的。,.,5)Wedonotrealizehowmuchwedependontheearthsgravityuntilwearedeprivedofit,whenourfeetnolongerstayontheground,wefloataroundintheairandtheslightesttouchmaysendusdriftingoffintheoppositedirection.译文:我们只有在失去地球引力的时候,才意识到它对我们是多么的必不可少。那时候,我们将无法立足于地面,全都漂浮在半空中,哪怕是被轻轻一碰,我们都会朝着相反的方向飘移。6)Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthe19thcentury,becausenowhereinnatureisitfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen,forwhichithasastrongaffinity.译文:铝总是和其他元素结合在一起,因为铝对氧有很强的亲和力,最常见的就是和氧结合在一起。因此,在自然界任何地方都找不到处于游离状态的铝。由于这个原因,直到19世纪,铝才为人们所知。,.,解析:例5)和例6)都是典型的英语长句和复杂句。为使句子逻辑严密、衔接连贯,在主干结构SV(主语+谓语)之外,添加了很多修饰、限定和附加的成分。例5)中有时间状语从句、定语从句。例6)中有时间状语从句、原因状语从句、定语从句。为了符合汉语行文的习惯,译文作了两个方面的调整。一是英语的长句,按照时间先后,按照先因后果的关系,切分成了汉语的两个短句,句子短小,意思清楚,陈述客观合理,汉语句子的“意合”特征也更明显。而且,汉语句子重心后置式的特点在例6)中得到了最好的体现,英语原文中的重心Aluminumremainedunknown出现在句子开头,而在译文中,它被放在句子末尾,句式更加连贯、衔接和地道。,.,1.Theheartisaboutthesizeofafist,weighsabout9-11ouncesandisplacedsnuglybetweenthelungs,alittlemoretotheleftthantotheright.2.ThesuccessfullaunchingofChinasfirstexperimentalcommunicationsatellite,whichwaspropelledbyathree-stagerocketandhasbeeninoperationeversince,indicatesthatournationhasenteredanewstageinthedevelopmentofcarrierrocketsandelectronics.3.Sincethejointgapbetweenapistonandacylinderhasgreatinfluenceontheservicelifeofanengine,andtheprimaryfactorinfluencingthejointgapisthedeformationofpistonunderworkingcondition,itisimportanttoshowuptheactualdeformationofpistonandforthispurposethefiniteelementhasbeenwidelyappliedtoanalyzeitnumericallyinChina.,TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.,.,TranslationforReference:,1.心脏约有一只拳头那么大,重约9到11盎司,位于两肺之间,略偏于左方。2.中国已成功发射了第一颗试验卫星。这颗卫星是由三级火箭推动的,一直运转正常。它标志着我国在发展运载工具和电子技术方面进入了一个新阶段。3.活塞与气缸的配合间隙,对于电动机的使用寿命有很大影响,影响配合间隙的主要因素是活塞在工作状态下的变形。真实反映活塞变形情况非常重要,国内已广泛采用有限元法进行数据分析。,.,Memos,FocusedWriting,.,Memo(shortformemorandum)writingissomethingofanartform.Aletterisnotamemo,norisamemoaletter.Memosvaryinlargemeasureinformalityandcomplexityandhavequitewideapplicationsforbothinternalandexternalcommunication.Companiesusememostoannouncepolicies,spreadinformation,delegateresponsibilities,instructemployees,andreportthefindingsofaresearchoraninvestigation.Companiesalsorelyonmemostokeepemployeesinformedaboutcompanygoals,topersuadeemployeestotakeanaction,ortobuildemployeemorale.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,Whatisamemo?,.,Howisamemolaidout?,Aswithallwriting,memowritingneedsastructure.Becausetheyareshort,ramblingmeanderings(闲聊)willsoondestroythememoseffectivenessandbecomeawasteofproductivetimetothosethatreaditandtothepersonwhowritesit.Amemoshouldinclude

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