英语国家社会与文化入门unit3

.,英语国家社会与文化入门（上册）,TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookOne),.,TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandUnit4Politics,ClassandRace,.,GivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:卫报保守党环境保护自由民主党京都议定书,Quiz,.,Thegeneralelections-Importanceofthegeneralelections-ProcedureofthegeneralelectionsThepoliticalpartiesandrecentpoliticalproblemsandtrends-TheLaborParty-TheConservativeParty-TheLiberalDemocraticPartyUKpolicyonenvironmentalprotectionSocialClassinBritishsocietyEthnicrelationsinBritain,FocalPoints,.,TheUnitisDividedintoFiveSections,I.TheGeneralElectionsinBritainII.ThePoliticalPartiesandRecentPoliticalproblemsandTrendsIII.UKPolicyonEnvironmentalProtectionIV.SocialClassinBritishSocietyV.EthnicRelationsinBritain,TheUnitIsDividedintoFiveSections,.,ITheGeneralElections,Importanceofthegeneralelections-Thecitizensrighttovoteforthecandidateoftheirchoicetorepresenttheminparliament-TheelectionseenasanopportunitytoinfluencefuturegovernmentpolicyFormationofthegovernment-650MPsrepresenting650constituencies-Thepartywithmajorityseatsinparliamentformingthegovernment-Thegovernmentstandingfornomorethan5yearsexceptinexceptionalcircumstances,.,ITheGeneralElections,Requirementsforbeingacandidate:-AnyonewhoiseligibletovotecanstandasaMPinprinciple.-Candidateswithpoliticalbackgroundstendtogetmorevotesthananindependentcandidate.-Peoplewhowanttomakeanimpactinnationalpoliticsmustusuallyjoinoneofthebigpartiesandapplytobechosenastheircandidateinoneoftheconstituencies.,.,ITheGeneralElections,Procedureofthegeneralelections:-Everyoneonthe“electoralregister”getsavotingcardinmailwithdetailsofwhenandwheretovote.-Thepoliticalpartiesgettheirelectoralcampaigns,includingadvertisinginnewspapers,onTV,door-do-doorcampaigningandpostaldeliveriesofleaflets.-Peoplegototheirstationsandtakeacardwiththecandidatesnameslistedonit.Thentheyputan“X”besidethenameofthecandidateoftheirchoiceandinsertitintothesealedboxthroughaslitinthetop.,.,TheGeneralElections,BritainsPrimeMinisterGordonBrownisjoinedbyhiswifeSarahafterhegavehisfinalcampaignspeechtoLabourPartysupportersinDumfries,ScotlandMay5,2010.,.,TheGeneralElections,BritainsConservativePartyleaderDavidCameronaddressedthefinalcampaignrallyinBristol,southwestEngland,onMay5,2010.,.,TheGeneralElections,Peoplequeuedforhourstovoteinthe2010election,.,ThePoliticalPartiesandRecentPoliticalProblemsandTrends,TheLaborPartyTheConservativePartyTheLaborPartyTheLiberalDemocraticPartyRecentpoliticalproblemsandtrends-Inthe1970s,badeconomywithhighinflationandlowgrowth-Inthe1980s,theprivatizationofnationalizedindustry-Inthemid-90s,steadyeconomicgrowthandreducingunemploymentfigures,.,TheLaborParty,Foundedin1900,theLaborPartyisacentre-leftpoliticalpartyintheUK.Itsalsothenewestpartywhichgrewoutofthetradeunionmovementandsocialistpoliticalpartiesofthe19thcentury.Itsasocialistparty,believingthatasocietyshouldberelativelyequalineconomictermsandthatthegovernmentshouldredistributethewealthbetweentherichandthepoor.,.,TheLeaderoftheLaborParty,BorninLondon,Ed.MilibandgraduatedfromCorpusChristiCollegeattheUniversityofOxford,andtheLondonSchoolofEconomics.MilibandwaspromotedtothepostofSecretaryofStateforEnergyandClimateChangefrom2008to2010.OnSeptember25,2010,hewaselectedLeaderoftheLaborParty.,.,TheConservativeParty,TheConservativePartywasfoundedin1834andwasoneoftwodominantpartiesinthe19thcentury.Itsacentre-rightpoliticalpartythatstatesthatitespousesthephilosophiesofconservatismandBritishunionism.Itsbasicallythepartyoftheindividual,protectingtheindividualsrighttogetwealthandspenditastheywant.Itadvocateseconomicpolicieswhicharefavorabletobusinessmen.,.,TheLeaderoftheConservativeParty,DavidWilliamDonaldCameron(born9October1966)isthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomandLeaderoftheConservativeParty.CameronstudiedPhilosophy,Politicsandeconomics,atBrasenoseCollege,Oxfordin1988.HewontheConservativeleadershipelectionin2005.Inthe2010UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,CameronformedacoalitionwiththeLiberalDemocrats.,.,TheFormerLeaderoftheConservativeParty,MargaretThatcher(19252013):ShewasthePrimeMinisterfrom1979-1990andtheLeaderoftheConservativePartyfrom1975-1990.Shewasthelongest-servingBritishPMofthe20thcenturyandistheonlywomantohaveheldtheoffice.,.,TheLiberalDemocrats,TheLiberalDemocratsarethethirdbiggestpartyandmaybeseenasapartyofthe“middle”,occupyingtheideologicalgroundbetweenthetwomainparties.Theyarecomparativelyflexibleandpragmaticintheirbalanceoftheindividualandthesocial.TheyemphasizetheneedforchangeinBritainsconstitu-tionalarrangementstomakethegovernmentmoredemocraticandaccountable.,.,TheLeaderoftheLiberalDemocrats,NicholasWilliamPeterNickClegg(1967-)isaBritishpoliticianwhosince2010hasbeenDeputyPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomatthegeneralelection.ClegghasbeentheleaderoftheLiberalDemocratssince2007.,.,IIIUKPolicyonEnvironmentalProtection,KyotoProtocolin1997ClimateChangeProgramin2000TheClimateChangeActin2008UKLowCarbonTransitionPlanin2009AHighLevelAdvisoryGrouponClimateChangeFinancingin2010HouseholdEnergyManagementStrategyin2010,.,HouseholdEnergyManagementStrategy,By2015,everyhouseholdwillhaveinstalledloftandcavitywallinsulationtosaveenergy.By2020,morethan7millionhomeswillhavereceivedmoresubstantialeco-upgrades.,.,EnvironmentalProtection,ToughactiontoprotectEnglandsbeachesand3.6bnseasideeconomy.,.,EnvironmentalProtection,EnvironmentAgencyforcesDudleycompanytostopoperating.,SeatroutreturntotheRiverLevenafteracenturyofabsence.,.,CommonAgriculturalPolicyGreeningCriteriaHaveBeenAnnounced.,UndernewEUregulations,knownasgreening,farmersmustensurethat5percentoftheirlandissetasideasanEcologicalFocusArea(EFA),insteadofbeingusedforfarming.,.,IVSocialClassinBritishSociety,ClassdivisionsinBritain:-Middleclass:officeorwhitecollarworkers-Workingclass:manualorbluecollarworkers-Lower-middleclass:unskilledofficeworkersandwell-paidmanualworkers-Upper-middleclass:doctors,lawyersandsoonThehereditaryaristocracyLifepeers,.,SocialClassinBritishSociety,TheHereditaryAristocracy:AdistinctivecharacteristicsoftheBritishclass-systemisthatithasretainedahereditaryaristocracy.Childrenfromthesefamiliesareentitledtoinherititstitleaswellasfortune.TheseniortierofthearistocracyalsoinherittherighttositandvoteintheHouseofLords.Lifepeers:ThosewhoremadeofrecognitionforachievementinUKsocietyarelordsfortheirlifetimebuttheirchildrencantinheritthetitle.,.,SocialClassinBritishSociety,Highereducationisoneofthemostdistinguishingfeaturesofthemiddleclasses.,.,SocialClassinBritishSociety,OilworkersaredrillingintheNorthSea.,.,VEthnicRelationsinBritain,About5%ofBritishcitizensfromnon-Europeanethnicgroups;MajorityofrecentimmigrantsfromSouthAsiaandCaribbeancountries;Britishculturesuchasfood,music,writingandreligionenrichedbyimmigrants;Immigrantsfacinghigherunemploymentthanthewhite;Tenseethnicrelations.,.,MixedUnitedKingdomEthnicityCategory,TotalpopulationEngland-1,192,879(2011)Wh