英语专业四级完形填空

英语专业四级,完形填空,完形填空题材内容,真题年份题材2001论说文2002说明文2003说明文2004论说文2005论说文2006说明文2007记叙文2008说明文2009说明文2010说明文2011论说文,1.论说文的篇章结构,最常见的议论文结构是纵贯式，即：提出问题、分析问题、解决问题，按照这样的逻辑顺序来安排层次的，即开头（引论）正文（本论）结尾（结论）。论说文主要有以下四种篇章结构：并列式：文章围绕中心论点，从不同的角度，提出几个并列的分论点,层进式：文章个层次、段落之间环环相扣、层层深入，前一部分的论述是后一部分论述的基础，最后推到出文章的结论。各层的前后顺序有严格的要求，不能随意改动。层进式是议论文经常使用的一种结构方式对照式：在论证中，把两种事物（或意思）加以对比，或者用另一事物（或意思）来烘托某一事物（或意思）,总分式：先提出中心论点（总），然后根据中心论点，逐项展开论述（分）,2004年的完形填空就是一篇典型的层次式结构的论文短文。短文一开头便点明主题即正常人的生活周期是7-8小时的睡眠与16-17小时的清醒的相互交替，而现在人们面临的问题是如何把这个周期调整过来以适应高度工业自动化的现代社会；下面紧接着分析工人们如何改变生活周期以及由此带来的问题，最后针对出现的问题提出了解决方法。整篇短文结构紧凑、环环相扣、逐层深入，充分体现了层进式结构的特点。1999和2001的完形填空也是这种类型,2005的完形填空则以总分结构为主，层进结构为辅的论说文。文章首先点明中心-拥有一个理想的家并不容易，因为所需要的日常开支和所处的地理环境都会带来一些现实问题。首段确定主题后，下面就日常开支和地理位置所带来的弊端分段进行分析论述，并在其中贯穿了解决问题的方法。,2说明文的篇章结构,说明文是以解说事物或者事理为内容，给人以知识为目的，以说明为主要表达手段的文章。说明文的总体结构大体可以分为三个部分：首先，引出说明对象（引说部分）；其次，阐述说明对象（主体部分）；最后是总结说明对象（收尾部分）.就主体部分来讲，由于段落之间的关系不同，形成以下常见的结构形式：,并列式：各层之间的关系是并列的连贯式：各层之间按照事物发展过程安排层次，（时间为线索）前后互相承接递进式：各层之间的关系是由浅入深，由表及里，由现象到本质，各层之间的关系是递进的总分式：这种结构形式大致有三种情形：总-分，分总，总分-总。,2008年的完形填空讨论了盐、贝壳和金属仍然时世界上某种流通货币这一中心主题.2006年的完形填空讨论了英国人的一些迷信思想，2000年的完形填空时一篇探讨关于气体和液体的区别的说明文。这三篇短文都在开头便提出中心句，然后分别展开阐述说明，充分体现了总分式写作思路。,2003年完形填空讲述了麦当劳薯条的发展历史，段落之间是以时间为线索联系在一起的属于连贯式篇章结构。,2002年完形填空由语言的起源谈起，进而引出爱斯基摩人的语言，然后对其词汇的特点进行了阐述，进一步说明爱斯基摩语被认为时世界上最难学的语言之一。整个短文各个段落之间联系紧密，环环相扣，步步推进，属于典型的层进式结构。,完形填空的题型,1词汇类型主要考察对词汇意义和用法的掌握熟悉程度以及他们之间细微差别的辨识能力，包括单词的基本用法、近义词、同义词、反义词的辨析等，而名词、动词、形容词则是其重点考察词汇。同时它与词汇选择填空又有所不同，那就是作为一种测试考生综合语言知识和技能的题型，完形填空答案的选择更依赖于上下文的理解，而不仅仅是空白处所在句。,1）词义辨析题,Inthesearch(31)thepickingsoftheforest,theape-menhad(32)efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolourthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnotpossess.（1999）31.A.forB.ofC.onD.at32.A.progressedB.generatedC.developedD.advanced,2）词组释义题,Fiveyearsago,IbecametheprincipalofDeMatha.onceagain.DrOffuttwasthereforme,lettingmeknowthatIcould(49)_him.(2007)A.countinB.countdownC.countoutD.counton,3）固定搭配题,Thenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hourssleepalternationwithsome16-17hourswakefulnessandthatthesleepnormallycoincides(26)_thehoursofdarkness.A.inB.withC.ofD.over,BlackcatsaregenerallyconsideredluckyinBritain,eventhoughtheyare47witchcraft.A.concernedaboutB.relatedwithC.associatedwithD.connectedin,2语法类型,与单纯的语法测试不同，完形填空中语法测试的重点是考生综合运用英语语言的能力，即把语法放在语篇或上下文中测试。这就要求考生在熟练掌握各种语法的基础上还要进一步掌握句子和段落之间的衔接手段。,主要考点包括：虚拟语气、各种从句、非谓语动词、比较句、平行结构、倒装句等。常见的考察有：as和which引导的非限定性从句;that引导的同位语从句；what引导的宾语从句以及who引导的定语从句。虚拟语气主要考察if引导的虚拟条件句和倒装句。反映在试题上主要是关系代词、关系副词、动词时态和助动词的选择。,Thesuperstitionissupposedto（46）inancienttimes,whenmirrorswereconsideredtobetoolsofthegods.（2006）AhaveoriginatedBbeoriginatingCbeoriginatedDoriginate,Peoplethinkingabouttheoriginoflanguageforthefirsttimeusuallyarriveattheconclusionthatitdevelopedgraduallyasasystemofgrunts,hissesandcriesand_26averysimpleaffairinthebeginning.（2002）A.mustbeB.musthavebeenC.oughttobeD.shouldbe,Heshouldbewillingtoworkonhisown,oftenathighspeeds,butshouldbehumbleenoughtoconsultothers(29)hisownknowledgenotalwaysproveadequatetothetaskinhand.A.shouldB.whenC.becauseD.if,3.语篇类题,除了考察词汇和语法外，英语专业四级考试中的完形填空更加注重考查语篇的衔接性和连贯性。要求学生能够理解语篇的结构，分清句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间内在的逻辑关系，从而在此基础上找出关键词语将整个语篇连贯起来。经常出现在完形填空中表示逻辑关系的有连词、副词、介词词组和插入语等。,逻辑关系词分类,表补充递进：furthermore,moreover,inaddition;additionally;whatismore;aboveall;besides,apartfrom等表等同：equally,likewise,similarly,inthesameway;inasimilarway表转折让步：anyhow,anyway,still,though,yet,inanycase,however,but,nevertheless,inspiteof,despite,allthesame,表对照：contrastingly,conversely,oppositely,onthecontrary,incontrast,bycomparison表同位与举例：namely,inotherwords,forexample,forinstance,thatis,thatistosay表原因：since,for,as,because,dueto,duetothefactthat,owingto,thanksto,forthereasonthat,表结果：accordingly,asaconsequence,inconsequence,consequently,hence,therefore,thus,asaresult,表两方面：alternatively,ontheonehand.ontheotherhand,eitheror表时间顺序：inthemeantime,meanwhile,meantime,atthesametime,priorto,previously,afterwards表并列：and,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,ontheonehandontheotherhand,.aswellas,Agasformsnofreesurfacebuttendstodiffusethroughoutthespaceavailable;itmust(29)bekeptinaclosedcontainer,asinthecaseofaplanetsatmosphere.(2000)A.howeverB.neverthelessC.soD.therefore,Ifyoumustpassunderaladderyoucanavoidbadluckbycrossingyourfingersandkeepingthemcrosseduntilyouhaveseenadog.(36),youmaylickyourfingerandmakeacrossonthetoeofyourshoe,andnotlookagainattheshoeuntilthemarkhasdried.AConsequentlyBHoweverCComparativelyDAlternatively,.解题步骤,1.浏览全文，了解大意完形填空不同于单项的选择填空，它要求学生有较强的语篇分析能力。我们知道一篇文章就是一个整体，尽管被抽掉若干词而显得残缺不全，但文章的基本轮廓不会受到太大的影响。2.注重首句，推测全文,3.细读全文，综合作答；往返迂回，各个击破先易后难，各个击破。一般来说，针对不同的情况，可以分为三个步骤。第一步，首先选出那些只根据上下文就能确定的，直接明显的答案比如说介词的用法、倒装句、虚拟语气等固定句型以及固定搭配或习惯用法等。,第二步：处理那些在通读过程中未能轻易猜出答案的题目。这类题目的答案要在对语篇理解的基础上，利用上下文字里行间的线索才能推测出来，所以要先看清题目所在句的句法关系，辨别句子是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句，并根据语法判断词性，进而推断猜测该词或短语的语义范围。,第三步：集中解决前两步未能解出的题目。在前两轮筛选的基础上，针对最后的难题，直接对照选项，采用排除法，排除不符合题意的选项，最后敲定答案。4.重读全文，核实答案，消除疏漏,.完形填空解题技巧,1.代入选项排除明显的干扰如果不能很有把握的直接选出某一道的答案，可以先将各选项代入空白处，排除明显不符合题意的选项，从而缩小选择的范围。具体来说，可以利用以下线索：判断所填词在句中充当什么成分，应是什么词性，从而排除干扰项根据上下文的时态，语态和语气排除不符合要求的选项,根据名词的数来判断各选项是否符合句子的要求寻找与空白处构成搭配的词语，从而排除不能与其搭配的选项将各选项代入空白处将句子译成汉语，排除与句子明显不通顺的选项。,Atthis33,therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease.(2009)A.timeB.pointC.aspectD.instance,2.搭配照应法,照应法指的是根据空格前或空格后出现的暗示线索选择答案的解题方法。搭配照应法是指通过判断主谓搭配、动宾搭配、主语与表语是否符合逻辑得出答案。不要就题解题，孤立的根据一句话进行判断，而应该“左顾右盼”，寻找照应关系词，这样完形填空的准确率就会大大提高。,1）选项为动词时要看与其主语在语法上、意义上或主谓搭配是否合适，看主语是人还是事物，主语可不可能发出这个动作，同时还要看与其宾语是否搭配合适。例1.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto(47)_theillness.A.acquireB.receiveC.obtainD.contract,2)选项为四个形容词时,如果是系表结构，主要看主语和表语搭配是否合适。要看主语是人还是物，不是所有的形容词都能修饰人或物。如果直接修饰名词或名词性词组，那么要看它们的逻辑意义是否通顺、褒贬意义是否一致。例1.Saltmayseemratherastrangesubstancetouseasmoney,butincountrieswherethefoodofthepeopleismainlyvegetable,itisoftenan(33)_necessity.（2008）A.abstractB.advantageousC.abundantD.absolute,3)选项为四个名词时,如果是名词做主语，要看主谓搭配或主表搭配是否合适。如果该名词作宾语，那么需看动宾搭配是否合适。例1.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe(48)_mightspreadthroughair,orthatthevirusmightlingerfortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorothersurfaces.（2009）A.ailmentB.ill-healthC.diseaseD.infection,3结构照应法,完形填空中经常会测试一些固定结构、固定句式，这时考生就需要用到结构照应法来解题。例1.In1997,Ineededhis(45)_aboutleavingDeMathatobecomeprincipalatanotherschool.（2007）A.opinionB.requestC.permissionD.order,4.原词复现照应法,短文中为了表达的需要，经常用到“原词复现”，即主题词或其他一些重要的词汇一般会在短文中反复出现，考生需要捕捉此信息点。例1.Salt,shellsormetalsarestillusedasmoneyinout-of-the-waypartsoftheworldtodayCakesofsalt,stampedtoshowtheirvalue,wereusedasmoneyinsomecountriesuntilrecenttimes,andcakesofsalt(36)_buygoodsinBorneoandpartsofAfrica.(2008)A.evenB.alsoC.stillD.never,5.反义词复现照应法,反义词的功能是在两个词项之间可以形成一种意义有区别的对比关系，因而也能促使语篇的衔接，达到语义贯通的目的。例1.Dependingonpersonality,mosthaveinminda(an)31home.Butingeneral,therearepracticallimitationof.(2005)A.idealB.perfectC.imaginaryD.satisfactory,6.同义或近义复现照应法,同义词或近义词在语篇中复现能帮助语篇达到句子相互衔接和语义连贯。严格的说，完全同义是非常少的，所以在语篇中使用完全同义的词也非常少，而近义词的使用却比比皆是。,TherearemanysuperstitionsinBritain,butoneofthemostwidelyheldisthatitisunluckytowalkunderaladderevenifitmeanssteppingoffthepavementintoabusystreet!.Anothercommon（39）isthatitisunluckytoopenanumbrellainthehouse-itwilleitherbring（40）tothepersonwhoopeneditortothewholehousehold.theworstmisfortunethatcanhappentoapersoniscausedbybreakingamirror39.AargumentBsuperstitionCopinionDidea40.AlossBdifficultyCtragedyDmisfortune,TherearemanysuperstitionsinBritain,butoneofthemostwidelyheldisthatitisunluckytowalkunderaladderevenifitmeanssteppingoffthepavementintoabusystreet!.Anothercommon（39）isthatitisunluckytoopenanumbrellainthehouse-itwilleitherbring（40）tothepersonwhoopeneditortothewholehousehold.theworstmisfortunethatcanhappentoapersoniscausedbybreakingamirror39.AargumentBsuperstitionCopinionDidea40.AlossBdifficultyCtragedyDmisfortune,7.利用逻辑知识解题,语篇是由一些意义相关的句子被合乎逻辑的组织起来的语义整体。语篇衔接与连贯中的逻辑纽带能表达出作者的思路和篇章的意义重心，因此非常重要。,逻辑纽带主要是由表示时间与空间关系、列举与例证、比较与对比、引申与递进、让步与转折、推论与归纳、原因与结果等逻辑概念的过度词组成的。这类词通常是一些连词和连接副词，或者是一些介词词组、非限定分句、无动词分句等。做完形填空时正确理解并判断文章的内在逻辑关系，选用正确的过渡词。,Nowadays,coinsandnoteshavereplacednearlyallthemorepicturesqueformsofmoney,and(48)_inoneortwoofthemoreremotecountriespeoplestillkeepitforfutureuseonceremonialoccasionssuchasweddingsandfunerals,examplesofprimitivemoneywillsoonbefoundonlyinmuseums.A.whileB.althoughC.becauseD.if,8利用常识回答,InAfrica,shellsweretradedrightacrossthe40fromEasttoWest.A.cityB.districtC.communityD.continent,.历年真题解析,2009年Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnose,treatandstopthespreadofanew,deadlydisease.SARS-SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome-was(31)_forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi,(32)_sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1,600peoplein15countries,killing63.Atthis(33)_,therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease.,Symptomsstart(34)_afeverover100.4degreesF,chills,headacheorbody(35)_.Withinaweek,thepatienthasadrycough,whichmight(36)_toshortnessofbreath.In10%to20%ofcases,patientsrequire(37)_ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms(38)_beginintwotosevendays,butsomereportssuggestit(39)_takeaslongas10days.,Scientistsarecloseto(40)_alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantime,itisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence(41)_antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp,(42)_doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof(43)_Scientistsarentsureyet,butsomeresearchersthinkitsa(44)_discoveredcoronavirus,thefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds.,Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed(45)_dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocare(46)_themhavebeenmostlikelyto(47)_theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe(48)_mightspreadthroughair,orthatthevirusmight(49)_fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother(50)_.Healthexpertssayitisunlikely,though,thatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus.,2008年,Salt,shellsormetalsarestillusedasmoneyinout-of-the-waypartsoftheworldtoday.Saltmayseemratherastrange(31)_touseasmoney,(32)_incountrieswherethefoodofthepeopleismainlyvegetable,itisoftenan(33)_necessity.Cakesofsalt,stampedtoshowtheir(34)_,wereusedasmoneyinsomecountriesuntilrecent(35)_,andcakesofsalt(36)_buygoodsinBorneoandpartsofAfrica.,Seashells(37)_asmoneyatsometime(38)_anotheroverthegreaterpartoftheOldWorld.Thesewere(39)_mainlyfromthebeachesoftheMaldivesIslandsintheIndianOcean,andweretradedtoIndiaandChina.InAfrica,shellsweretradedrightacrossthe(40)_fromEasttoWest.,Metal,valuedbyweight,(41)_coinsinmanypartsoftheworld.Iron,inlumps,barsorrings,isstillusedinmanycountries(42)_papermoney.Itcaneitherbeexchanged(43)_goods,ormadeintotools,weapons,orornaments.TheearlymoneyofChina,apartfromshells,wasofbronze,(44)_inflat,roundpieceswithaholeinthemiddle,calledcash.The(45)_ofthesearebetweenthreethousandandfourthousandyearsold-olderthantheearliestcoinsoftheeasternMediterranean.,Nowadays,coinsandnoteshave(46)_nearlyallthemorepicturesque(47)_ofmoney,and(48)_inoneortwoofthemoreremotecountriespeoplestillkeepitforfutureuseonceremonial(49)_suchasweddingsandfunerals,examplesof(50)_moneywillsoonbefoundonlyinmuseums.,2007,UntilItookDrOffuttsclassinDeMathaHighschool,Iwasanunderachievingstudent,butIleftthatclass_31_nevertounderachieveagain.Henotonlytaughtmetothink,heconvincedme,(32)_byexampleaswordsthatitwasmymoral(33)_todosoandtoserveothers.,(34)_ofuscouldknowhowourrelationshipwould(35)_overtheyears.WhenIcamebacktoDeMathatoteachEnglish,IworkedforDrOffutt,thedepartmentchair.Mydiscussionwithhimwerelikegraduateseminarsinadolescent(36)_,classroommanagementandschoolleadership.,Afterseveralyears,Iwas(37)_departmentchair,andourrelationship(38)_again.Ithoughtthatitmightbe(39)_chairingthedepartment,sinceallofmy(40)_Englishteacherswere(41)_there,butDrOffuttsupportedme(42)_.Heknewwhentogivemeadvice(43)_curriculum,textsandpersonnel,andwhentoletme(44)_myowncourse.,In1997,Ineededhis(45)_aboutleavingDeMathatobecomeprincipalatanotherschool.(46)_hehadaskedmetostayatDeMatha,Imighthave.(47)_,heencouragedmetoseizetheopportunity.,FiveyearsagoIbecametheprincipalofDeMatha.(48)_,DrOffuttwasthereforme,lettingmeknowthatIcould(49)_him.Ihavelearnedfromhimthatgreatteachershaveaninexhaustible(50)_oflessonstoteach.,2006,TherearemanysuperstitionsinBritain,butoneofthemost（31）heldisthatitisunluckytowalkunderaladderevenifitmeans（32）thepavementintoabusystreet!（33）youmustpassunderaladderyoucan（34）badluckbycrossingyourfingersand（35）themcrosseduntilyouhaveseenadog.（36）,youmaylickyourfingerand（37）acrossonthetoeofyourshoe,andnotlookagainattheshoeuntilthe（38）hasdried.,Anothercommon（39）isthatitisunluckytoopenanumbrellainthehouse-itwilleitherbring（40）tothepersonwhoopeneditortothewhole（41）.Anyoneopeninganumbrellainfineweatheris（42）,asitinevitablybringsrain!,Thenumber13issaidtobeunluckyforsome,andwhenthe13thdayofthemonth（43）onaFriday,anyonewishingtoavoidabadeventhadbetterstay（44）.theworstmisfortunethatcanhappentoapersoniscausedbybreakingamirror,（45）itbringssevenyearsofbadluck!Thesuperstitionissupposedto（46）inancienttimes,whenmirrorswereconsideredtobetoolsofthegods.,BlackcatsaregenerallyconsideredluckyinBritain,eventhoughtheyare（47）witchcraft.itis（48）luckyifablackcatcrossesyourpath-althoughinAmericatheexactoppositebeliefprevails.Finally,acommonlyheldsuperstitionisthatoftouchingwood（49）luck.Thismeasureismostoftentakenifyouthinkyouhavesaidsomethingthatistemptingfate,suchasmycarhasnever（50）,touchwood?,2005,Apersonshomeisasmuchareflectionofhispersonalityastheclotheshewears,thefoodheeatsandthefriendswithwhomhespendshistime.Dependingonpersonality,mosthaveinminda(n)“(31)_home”.Butingeneral,andespeciallyforthestudentornewwageearners,therearepractical(32)_ofcashandlocationonachievingthatidea.,Cash(33)_,infact,oftenmeansthattheonlywayof(34)_whenyouleaveschoolistostayathomeforawhileuntilthings(35)_financially.Thereareobvious(36)_oflivingathomepersonallaundryisusuallydone(37)_alongwiththefamilywash;mealsareprovidedandtherewillbeawell-establishedcircleoffriendsto(38)_.Andthereis(39)_theresponsibilityforpayingbills,rates,etc.,Ontheotherhand,(40)_dependsonhowafamilygetson.Doyourparentslikeyourfriends?Youmayloveyourfamily(41)_doyoulikethem?Areyoupreparedtobe(42)_whenyourparentsaskwhereyouaregoingintheeveningandwhattimeyouexpecttobeback?Ifyoufindthatyoucannotmanagea(n)(43)_,andthatyoufinallyhavethemoneytoleave,howdoyou(44)_findingsomewhereelsetolive?,Ifyouplantostayinyourhomearea,thepossibilitiesare(45)_well-knowntoyoualready.Friendsandthelocalpaperarealways(46)_.Ifyouaregoingtoworkina(47)_area,againtherearethepapersandtheaccommodationagencies,(48)_theseshouldbeapproachedwith(49)_.Agenciesareallowedtochargeafee,usuallythe(50)_ofthefirstweeksrent,ifyoutakeaccommodationtheyhavefoundforyou.,2004,Thenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hourssleepalternationwithsome16-17hourswakefulnessandthatthesleepnormallycoincides(31)_thehoursofdarkness.Ourpresent32iswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthis(33)_canbemodified.,Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Theease34whichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisa(35)_ofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomation(36)_round-the-clockworkingofmachines.Itnormally(37)_fromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoa(38)_routineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.,(39)_,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythat40arechangedeveryweek.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutine(41)_hehastochangetoanother,(42)_muchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingvery(43)_.,Oneanswerwouldseemtobe(44)_periodsoneachshift,amonth,oreventhreemonths.(45)_,recentresearchhasshownthatpeopleonsuchsystemswillreverttogobacktotheir(46)_habitsofsleepandwakefulnessduringtheweek-endand47thisisquiteenoughtodestroyany(48)_tonightworkbuiltupduringtheweek.,Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohand49thenightshifttothosepermanentnightworkerswhose(50)_maypersistthroughallweek-endsandholidays.,2003,DuringMcDonaldsearlyyearsFrenchfriesweremadefromscratcheveryday.RussetBurbankpotatoeswere(31)_,cutintoshoestrings,andfriedinitskitchens.(32)_thechain33nationwide,inthemid-1960s,itsoughttocutlabourcosts,reducethenumberofsuppliers,and(34)_thatitsfriestastedthesameateveryrestaurant.,McDonaldsbegan(35)_tofrozenFrenchfriesin1966andfewcustomersnoticedthe36.(37)_,thechangehadaprofoundeffectonthenationsagricultureanddiet.,Afamiliarfoodhadbeentransformed38ahighlyprocessedindustrial(39)_.McDonaldsfriesnowcomefromhugemanufacturingplants(40)_canprocesstwomillionpoundsofpotatoesaday.Theexpansion(41)_McDonaldsandthepopularityofi