英语语法专题讲座5-定语从句

形容词性从句-定语从句,用来修饰名词、代词、句子等，在句中的作用相当于形容词，故称为形容词性从句。,英语语法专题讲座,定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,限制性定语从句对被修饰词起到限制、修饰的作用，一般不可缺少。非限制性定语从句起补充、附带说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。,e.g.Shesaidshehadfinishedherwork,whichIdoubtedverymuch.IvegotsomepersonalaffairsthatIhavetodealwith.,定语从句常用关系词,关系代词：who,whom,whose,that,which,as等（在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分）关系副词：where(onwhich),when(inwhich),why(forwhich)（在句中作状语）关联词：that（引导表示方式、时间的定语从句）,e.g.Inthisearthquake,thenumberofpeoplewholosthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.IhavemanygoodfriendstowhomIamgoingtosendpostcards.,Youretheonlypersonwhoseadvicehemightlistento.Theriverwhichrunsthroughthecenterofthecitybringsusalotofpleasure.Hehasgivenusasmuchadviceashecan.Potatocanbegrowninplaceswhereitistoocoldtogrowrice.Idontliketheway(that)youtreatus.,定语从句引导词的选择,取决于先行词（被修饰词）在定语从句中的位置、成分。e.g.ThepeoplewhomwhothatyoumetinthecampusarefromAustralia.（作宾语）ThiswasthetimewhenatwhichsheleftforBeijing.Theplacewhich/thatheoftenvisitsisalwaysfullofartists.,使用要点,1.关系代词在从句中作主语时，不能省略。e.g.Theclassroomthatisonthefourthfloorispoorlyequipped.,2.关系代词在从句中作宾语且前面没有介词时，常可省略。e.g.Thisisthegirlwithwhomheworks.,3.关系副词在定语从句中不可省略。e.g.IhavecometoexplainthereasonwhyIwasabsentfromthemeeting.,4.只用that，不用which的情况当先行词有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；当先行词前有theonly,thevery,thelast等词修饰时；当先行词为anything,nothing,something,everything,all,little,much等不定代词修饰时；当先行词前有all,every,no,some,any,little,much,few等词修饰时；Itis句型中的引导定语从句时。,5.只用which，不用that的情况引导非限制性定语从句时；引导词前有介词时；一个句子中若有两个定语从句，一个用that引导，另一个用which引导；e.g.Heboughtabookthatcouldgivehimmuchknowledgeandwhichcouldhelphimtokillthetime.,6.当先行词是those,he,she,anyone,one,noone,all,nobody,anybody,none等人称代词时，常用who引导，不用that。Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.自助者天助。Hewhohesitatesmustbelost.当断不断，必受其乱。,as从句的先行词是thesame,such,或被他们所修饰；多用于表示肯定意义的从句中，不用于表否定意义的从句中。Manyofthesportsarethesameastheywerewhentheystarted.Theresultwasnotsuchasheexpected.Itwasraininghard,which(as)wasunexpected.,8.but在英语句子中可用作关系代词but在英语句子中可用作关系代词，引导定语从句。但应特别注意but常与否定词连用，表示肯定意义。Thereisnooldhabitbutmaybecuredbyastrongwillpower.没有顽强的意志力改不了的旧习惯。Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer，thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedinafewhours.由于引进了电子计算机，没有在几小时内解决不了的复杂问题。,9.than也可以用作关系代词than也可以用作关系代词引导定语从句，但要注意主句中必须有比较级形式和than前后呼应，同时than后谓语的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。Thequestionismorecomplicatedthanappearsonthesurface.问题比表面上看起来的要复杂得多。Hesmokedmorecigarettesthanwerenormallyavailable他吸的香烟比他通常弄到的要多。,Weoftenadvisehimnottodrinkmorewinethanisgoodforhishealth.我们经常劝他为了身体健康不要喝过量的酒。Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.要彻底理解这种局势需要作比迄今为止更多的思考。,10.关系代词that和关系副词when，where，why,先行词为表示时间、地点或原因的名词时并不都用相应的关系副词when，where，why引导，关键要看它在定语从句中所作的成分。如果在从句中作主语或宾语则用关系代词which或that。比较：Istillrememberthedayswhenwestudiedtogetherinthisschool.（when在从句中作状语）Istillrememberthedayswhichwespendtogetherinthisschool.（which在从句中作spend的宾语）,Thisisthemuseumwhichwevisitedlastweek.（which在从句中作visited的宾语）Thisistheplacewherethetrafficaccidentoccurred.（where在从句中作状语）Thereasonwhyherefusedherisnotknown.why在从句中作状语）Thereasonwhichhegaveisunbelievable.（which在从句中作gave的宾语）,ThisisthehouseinwhichLouisXIIIlived.=ThisishousewhichLouisXIIIlivedin.=ThisisthehousewhereLouisXIIIlived.,11.在case，point，condition，situation等表示“情况、方面”的名词后亦可用where引导，意为“在这种情况下”。例如：Hehasreachedthepointwhereachangeisneeded.他已到了需要改弦易张的地步。Cheatingismostlikelytohappeninsituationswherethevitalinterestsarehighandthechancesofgettingcaughtarelow.在利益丰厚而且被人发现的可能性很小的情况下，欺诈行为最有可能发生。,12介词+关系代词中代词的确定先行词IllneverforgetthedayonwhichwhenIjoinedtheparty.b.句子表达的意思ThebossinwhosedepartmentMrKingworkedgotsacked.,c.在非限制性定语从句中，名词代词+of+whichwhom表示整体与部分的关系Theworkers,someofwhomstayedforfouryears,camefromdifferentcountries.d.介词的位置一般放在关系代词之前，有时也可放在从句中原来的位置上。e.g.Wediditinthesamewayinwhichhedidwhichhedidin.,注意：1)两个词或三个词构成的固定短语，在定语从句中一般不将介词分开放在关系代词中，这类固定短语如inadditionto；takecareof；payattentionto；lookforwardto；listento，lookfor等。例如：Suchathingwhichwecannotputupwithmustnothappenanylonger.我们不能容忍这样的事情再次发生。,2)whose多指人