2020高考英语二轮复习课堂学案课件-阅读理解之文章或段落大意题

,专题三阅读理解,真题感悟,名师点津,随堂限时练,第四节主旨大意题,二、文章或段落大意题,PART1,真题感悟,(2018江苏，B)Inthe1760s，MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsomm.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup，Rozeschainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout，whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.Today，scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat：dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone，customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.,Lightingmatters，too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldnttellhowmuchtheydhad：thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewisertheydidntfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.Timeismoney，butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces，finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround：putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect：dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon，ornoscent.,Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending“bad”tables，crowding，highpricesdontnecessarily.Dinersatbadtablesnexttothekitchendoor，sayspentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedaboutbadtables，”giventhattheyreprofitable.Asforcrowds，aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurantsreputation，suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffetspriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.,语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。它主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素(餐具、灯光)、听觉要素(音乐)、嗅觉要素(气味)、其他要素(桌位、拥挤程度和价格)。素材旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。,58.Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.A.notawareofeatingmorethanusualB.notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC.notconsciousofthefoodqualityD.notfondofthefoodprovided,解析词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“.thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewisertheydidntfeelfuller.”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的nonethewiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选A项。,59.Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit?A.Playingclassicalmusic.B.Introducinglemonscent.C.Makingthelightbrighter.D.Usingplatesoflargersize.,解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。spentmore就是对题干中makemoreprofit的语意转化。故选A项。,60.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaurantsreputation.D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.,解析段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的“thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespendingbadtables，crowding，highpricesdontnecessarily”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解，故选D项。,PART2,名师点津,一、文章大意题的题型解读说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都会考查到文章大意类题。设问形式常有：(1)Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthispassage?(2)Thepassageismainlyabout.(3)Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageis.(4)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.,二、文章大意题的解题技巧“主题句定位”寻主旨文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。,主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。(4)主题句出现在文中。写作方式为：细节描述归纳主题进一步解释。,以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：(1)段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，infact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。(2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。(3)作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。(4)表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，inshort，conclude，conclusion等词。,三、段落大意题的题型解读段落大意类题型多在说明文和议论文中所涉及的各类话题如社会文化类、科普说明类等进行考查。设问形式常有：(1)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis.(2)Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?(3)Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout.,四、段落大意题的解题技巧,(1)段首：说明文和议论文中的主题句常在段首(2)段尾：先表述细节，后归纳概括，段落中心在段尾,(3)段中间：先用一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，然后陈述主题，再论述细节，即引出主题段落中心再论述(4)没有明显段落中心时，需概括段落内容，总结段落中心例如：【真题感悟】中第60题，根据文章最后一段首句“Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespendingbadtables，crowding，highpricesdontnecessarily.”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见观点是一种误解，故选D项。,PART3,随堂限时练,A(2019徐州高三模拟)Theageofadulthoodisbydefinition1arbitrary.Ifeveryonematuredatthesame，fixedrate，itwouldntbeahumanprocess.Indeed，maturationhappensatvaryingspeedsacrossdifferentcategorieswithinthesameindividual，soIdsayIwaseasilyoldenoughtovoteat16，butnobodyshouldhavegivenmeacreditcarduntilIwas32，andIvegotthecountycourtjudgmenttoproveit.,However，webroadlyagreethattheresadifferencebetweenachildandanadult，evenifwemightargueaboutthetransitionpoint.SothepoliticaltheoristDavidRuncimansviewthatsix-year-oldsshouldbeallowedtovotegoesagainstanystandardargumentabouttheageofcivicresponsibility.Nobodywouldsaythatasix-year-oldcouldbeheldcriminallyresponsible，couldbesenttowar，couldbecapableofconsent，couldbegivenresponsibilityforanything.Soallowingthemthevotealongwith，unavoidably，seven-year-oldswhoareevensillier，ifanythingisquiteanamusingproposal.,10Runcimansargumentisthatthisistheonlywaytorebalancepoliticallife，whichiscurrentlytwistedinfavoroftheold，whodont(headded)everneedtodemonstratementalcapacity，evenlongaftertheyvelostit.Thefirstpartofhiscaseisself-evident：pensionsareprotectedwhilechildrenscentersareclosed，conceptssuchassovereignty(最高权威)areprioritizedoverthefarmoreurgentbusinessofthefuture：climatechange.Nostalgia(怀念)forapasttheyoungwouldntevenrecognizeplaysacentral6role，whichiscompletelyunfair.Mostoftheargumentsagainstgivingsix-year-oldsavotearethatchildrenwouldendupvotingforsomethingdamagingandchaotic，ifsomeonemadeunrealisticpromisestothem，whichcouldneverberealized.Well，itsnotchildrensfault.,Havingsaidthat，childrendotendtowardstheprogressive，havinganaturalsenseofjustice(whichkicksinattheageofsixmonths，psychologistshaveshown，bycreatingscenesofgreatunfairnesstobabies，andmakingthemcry)andanunderdevelopedsenseofself-interest.Mykid，whenhewassix，madequiteaforcefulcaseagainst2privateproperty，onthebasisthat，sinceeverybodyneededahouse，theyshouldntcostmoney，becausenobodywouldwantanyoneelsenottohaveone.Also，foodshouldbefree.Itwasakindofpre-Marxcommunism，whereyoulimitthecoverageofthemarkettoonlythosethingsthatyouwouldntmindsomeoneelsenothaving.,Onthat3particularday，whenwewereregisteredasvoters，mykidwasquitefartotheleftofme，butinthenormalrunofthings，wereunited，whichbringsustothepointoftheproblem：childrenobeyyouonalmostnothing，buttheydoseemto7believeinyourpoliticsuntiltheyreadolescent.Sogivingkidsthevoteisreallyjustawayofgivingparentsextravotes.Andwhatcanstopushavingevenmorechildren，oncetheressomuchenfranchisement(选举权)initforus?,Now，ifparentscouldbetrustedtousetheirinfluencewisely，andhammerintochildrenthepoliticsitwilltaketoassureabetterfuture，thenIwouldntnecessarilyhaveaproblemwiththat，apartfrom，obviously，thatcultureisalreadywildlytwistedtowardsparents，andIcanimagineafewnon-parentsboilingwithfierceanger.Butthatsnotworthtalkingaboutanyway，becauseparentscantbetrusted，otherwisewedallalreadyvoteGreen(绿党).Inshort：no，six-year-oldsshouldnotgetthevote；butwhilewerehere，ifanyvotescomeupinthenearfuture，whichwillhaveanimpactonthenextfivedecadesofBritishpoliticallife，alongsideEUmigrants，16-year-oldscertainlyshouldbeenfranchised.,语篇解读这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了儿童成熟的速度是不同的，所以作者认为允许儿童投票并不完全是荒谬的。,1.Theauthorreferstohisageofadulthoodtoprovethat.A.peoplematureatdifferentratesinvariousaspectsB.theresacommonstandardfortheageofadulthoodC.acreditcardismoredifficulttogetthanthevoteD.certainrightsaregrantedatdifferentstagesoflife,解析细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，作者以他的成年年龄来证明人们在各个方面成熟的速度不同，故选A。,2.PeoplerejectDavidRuncimansproposalbecause.A.theydontthinkachildcangrowintoadulthoodearlierB.theyareuncertainwhetherchildrencanassumeresponsibilityC.theybelievechildrenarefarfrommatureinmanywaysD.theyknowtheagetogetthevoteisnottobequestioned,解析推理判断题。根据第二段倒数第二句的内容“没有人会说一个六岁的孩子会被追究刑事责任，会被送上战场，会有同意的能力，会被赋予任何责任。”可推断出，人们拒绝DavidRunciman的提议是因为他们认为孩子们在很多方面还远远不够成熟，故选C。,3.WhatisthebaseforDavidRuncimansargument?A.Aculturalpreferencefortheold.B.Theimbalanceinpoliticallife.C.Inequalitiesofopportunity.D.Publicignoranceofchildrensabilities.,解析细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Runcimansargumentisthatthisistheonlywaytorebalancepoliticallife.”及下文的解释可知，DavidRunciman的论点的基础是政治生活的不平衡，故选B。,4.Theauthortalksabouthiskidtoindicatethat.A.childrenaregood-naturedandliketohelppeopleinneedB.childrenaresimple-mindedandcanfallforanadultstrickC.childrenareinnocentanddontwanttobeinvolvedinpoliticsD.childrenareinfavorofajustsocietyandtendtobeidealistic,解析推理判断题。根据倒数第四段中的“Mykid，whenhewassix，madequiteaforcefulcaseagainstprivateproperty.Itwasakindofpre-Marxcommunism，whereyoulimitthecoverageofthemarkettoonlythosethingsthatyouwouldntmindsomeoneelsenothaving.”可推断出，作者以他的孩子为例来说明，孩子们喜欢一个公正的社会，并且倾向于理想主义，故选D。,5.Theauthorthinksallowingchildrenthevotemayleadto.A.twistedcultureB.misuseofrightsC.parentsobjectionsD.unusualmaturation,解析推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的“Sogivingkidsthevoteisreallyjustawayofgivingparentsextravotes.”可推断出，作者认为允许儿童投票可能会导致权力的滥用，故选B。,6.Whatisthemainpointofthepassage?A.Allowingchildrenthevoteisnotaltogetherabsurd.B.Thereisadifferencebetweenadultsandchildren.C.Parentsshouldintroducepoliticstotheirchildren.D.Thedefinitionofadulthoodisquitecontroversial.,解析主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段内容可知，作者认为允许儿童投票并不完全是荒谬的，故选A。,B(2019苏州高三期中)Everydayweexperienceoneofthewondersoftheworldarounduswithoutevenrealizingit.Itisnotthe8amazingcomplexityoftelevision，northeimpressivetechnologyoftransport.Theuniversalwonderweshareandexperienceisourabilitytomakenoiseswithourmouths，andsotransmitideasandthoughtstoeachothersminds.Thisabilitycomessonaturallythatwetendtoforgetwhatamiracleitis.,Obviously，theabilitytotalkissomethingthatmarkshumansofffromanimals.Ofcourse，someanimalshavepowersjustasamazing.Birdscanflythousandsofmilesbyobservingpositionsofthestarsintheskyinrelationtothetimeofdayandyear.InNaturestalentshow，humansareaspeciesofanimalsthathavedevelopedtheirownspecialact.Ifwereduceittobasicterms，itsanabilityforcommunicatinginformationtoothers，byvaryingsoundswemakeaswebreatheout.,Notthatwedonthaveotherpowersofcommunication.Ourfacialexpressionsconveyouremotions，suchasanger，orjoy，ordisappointment.Thewayweholdourheadscan4indicatetootherswhetherwearehappyorsad.Thisisso-called“bodylanguage”.Bristling(直立的)furisanunmistakablewarningofattackamongmanyanimals.Similarly，the9bowedheadordroppingtailshowsareadinesstotakesecondplaceinanyanimalgathering.,Suchameansofcommunicationisabasicmechanismthatanimals，includinghumanbeings，instinctively(本能地)acquireanddisplay.Ifso，howdidhumanbeings5acquirethisamazingskill?11Biologistscanreadilyindicatethatparticularareaofourbrainwherespeechmechanismsfunction，butthisdoesnttellushowthatpartofourbodiesoriginatedinourbiologicalhistory.,语篇解读本文主要介绍人类拥有的语言能力是人类区别于动物的一个主要的特点，能够让我们向他人传递信息。,7.Accordingtothepassage，thewonderwetakeforgrantedis.A.theamazingpoweroftechnologyB.ourabilitytouselanguageC.theunforgettablemiracleofnatureD.ourabilitytomakenoiseswithmouth,解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Theuniversalwonderweshareandexperienceisourabilitytomakenoiseswithourmouths，andsotransmitideasandthoughtstoeachothersminds.”可知，这种能力就是我们的语言运用能力，故B项正确。,8.Whichisthemostsuitableplacefor“Istheabilitytospeakjustanothersortofinstinct？”A.B.C.D.,解析推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Suchameansofcommunicationisabasicmechanismthatanimals，includinghumanbeings，instinctively(本能地)acquirethisamazingskill？”及后文中的“Ifso，howdidhumanbeingsacquireanddisplay.”可知，填在处，承上启下。故A项正确。,9.Thispassageismainlyabout.A.thedevelopmentofbodylanguageB.thespecialrolehumansplayinnatureC.thepowertoconveyinformationtoothersD.thedifferencebetweenhumansandanimals,解析主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是人类拥有的语言的能力能够让我们向他人传递信息。故C项正确。,做完以上两篇阅读后，巧妙运用语境，解决障碍词和长难句,素材提炼再拓展,.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1.Thechoiceofplayersfortheteamseemedcompletelyarbitrary._2.Liketheirchildren，parentsareoftendefensiveaboutth