2016美赛一等奖论文 中文翻译版VIP

目录问题回顾3问题分析：3模型假设：5符号定义54.1-64.2 有热水输入的温度变化模型144.2.1模型假设与定义144.2.2 模型的建立The establishment of the model154.2.3 模型求解174.3 有人存在的温度变化模型Temperature model of human presence184.3.1 模型影响因素的讨论Discussion influencing factors of the model184.3.2模型的建立214.3.3 Solving model255.1 优化目标的确定255.2 约束条件的确定275.3模型的求解285.4 泡泡剂的影响315.5 灵敏度的分析318 non-technical explanation of the bathtub33Summary人们经常在充满热水的浴缸里得到清洁和放松。本文针对只有一个简单的热水龙头的浴缸，建立一个多目标优化模型，通过调整水龙头流量大小和流入水的温度来使整个泡澡过程浴缸内水温维持基本恒定且不会浪费太多水。首先分析浴缸中水温度变化的具体情况。根据能量转移的特点将浴缸中的热量损失分为两类情况：沿浴缸四壁和底面向空气中丧失的热量根据傅里叶导热定律求出；沿水面丧失的热量根据水由液态变为气态的焓变求出。因涉及的参数过多，将系数进行回归分析的得到一个一元二次函数。结合两类热量建立了温度关于时间的微分方程。加入阻滞因子考虑环境温湿度升高对水温的影响，最后得到水温度随时间的变化规律（见图*）。优化模型考虑保持水龙头匀速流入热水的情况。将过程分为浴缸未加满和浴缸加满而水从排水口溢出的两种情况，根据能量守恒定律优化上述微分方程，建立一个有热源的情况下水的温度随时间变化的分段模型，（见图*）接下来考虑人在浴缸中对水温的影响。我们从各个方面进行分析：人的体温恒定在37左右，能量仅因人的生理代谢而丧失，这一部分数量过小可以不考虑；而人在水中人的体积和运动都将引起浴缸中水散热面积和总质量的变化，从而改变了热量的损失情况。因人的运动是连续且随机的，利用MATLAB生成随机数表示人进入水中的体积变化量，将运动过程离散化。为体现其振荡的特点，我们利用三角函数拟合后离散的数据，以频率和振幅的变化来反映实际现象。将得到的函数与上述模型相结合，作图分析其变化规律（见图*）。利用以上温度变化的优化模型，结合用水量建立多目标优化模型。将热水浴与缸中水温差、浴缸水温偏离最适温度最值进行正向化和归一化再加权求和定义为舒适度。在流量维持稳定的情况下，要求舒适度越大而用水量越小。因该优化模型中的约束条件中含有微分方程，难以求解，则对其进行离散仿真，采用模拟退火算法求解全局最优解。最后讨论了加入泡泡剂后对模型的影响，求得矩形浴缸尺寸为长*宽*高=1.5m*0.6m*0.5m时，最优的热水温度、热水输入速率为T1=63.4, f=0.33L/s。然后对浴缸形状体积和人的形状体积等影响因素进行灵敏性分析，发现结果受浴缸体积的影响最大。问题回顾这是一个关于能量变化的连续型问题。 家庭中普通的浴缸无法像SPA的高端浴缸那样控制水温也没有热水喷射系统，泡澡的时间过长则会导致水变凉。因此只能打开水龙头让热水源源不断的流进来，但是当水满了之后就打开排水口使得水从排水口流出，按照此种办法使得浴缸中的水保持相对恒定的温度。This is a continuous problem about energy changes. Households in the ordinary bathtub cannot be like the SPAs high-end bath tub that control water temperature，there is no hot water injection system, bath too long will cause the water cools. Therefore only open the faucet to let water flow in a steady stream, but when the tub reaches its capacity, excess water escapes through an overflow drain, in accordance with such an approach makes the water in the bathtub to maintain a relatively constant temperature.我们知道水的温度是随着时间的变化而变化的，但是当加入热水后，浴缸中的水温将会发生变化，他不可以看作是一个恒温物体，因此我们需要建立一个浴缸中的水温关于位置和时间的变化而变化的模型，确定一个最佳的策略，决定水龙头入水量的大小和入水量的时间等因素，使得整个浴缸从头到尾的水都能够保持温度，还要不能浪费太多的水。We know that the water temperature varies over time, but when added to hot water, bath water temperature will change, it cannot be seen as a constant object, so we should develop a model of the temperature of the bathtub water in space and time to determine the best strategy the person in the bathtub can adopt to keep the temperature even throughout the bathtub and as close as possible to the initial temperature without wasting too much water.为了详细考虑现实生活中可能发生的情况，我们还要考虑人对温度变化过程的影响。除了上述涉及到的因素外，浴缸的大小和形状、人的大小和形状、以及人在浴缸中的动作等。例如可以考虑因人的运动使得水蒸发速率加快，在第一次加水时加入了泡泡剂来帮助清洁的等因素对模型的影响。For a detailed consideration of real-life situations that may occur, we have to consider the human impact on the process temperature changes. In addition to factors related to the above, the size and shape of the tub, human size and shape, as well as human action in the tub. For example, consider the persons movement so that the water evaporation rate accelerated in the first addition of water is added to help clean the bubble agent and other factors on the modelIn addition to the required one-page summary for your MCM submission, your report must include a one-page non-technical explanation for users of the bathtub that describes your strategy while explaining why it is so difficult to get an evenly maintained temperature throughout the bath water.问题分析：这个问题是一个连续型优化问题，我们应该从最基础的问题分析起，逐步完善和优化，得到最优解。最开始我们找到一些关于数据，包括一般情况下室温为25，洗澡的最适合的温度为39，浴缸取的是市面上发展较好的玻璃钢材料的中空保温的浴缸。This problem is a continuous optimization problem, we start from the most basic problem analysis, and gradually improve and optimize to get the optimal solution. To start, we collected some data, including general room temperature 25 , the most suitable temperature bath for 39 , and the bathtub is FRP material.首先我们考虑的是影响浴缸中水温度变化的因素。将浴缸中的热量损失分为两类情况，沿浴缸四壁和底面的热量丧失和沿水面因水的蒸发丧失，两类情况设计的计算方法不同。对于缸壁和底面丧失的热量，在水温达到恒定后，热量丧失主要是因浴缸上的热量向空气中散发，因此可以确定这一部分散发的热量。而沿水面蒸发的部分我们不能仅仅考虑热对流引起的热量损失，还应该考虑水由液态变为气态，发生了物态变化所吸收的热量，因此我们需要考虑焓变的因素。其中涉及到的变量过多，对于一些类似于相对湿度和大气压等值可以假定为定值，而对于一些随时间变化的值，因最终考虑的是温度与时间的关系，我们将各参数整合在一起，以一个关于时间的函数来表示。最后将得到的二者丧失的能量相加，获得丧失的总能量，结合水的质量和比热容，将能量的损失转换成温度的变化。限定浴缸尺寸大小，做出温度随时间的变化规律。同时我们也必须考虑空气的温度随时间的变化，而不是恒定在25，对模型优化加入阻滞因子，考虑环境温湿度升高对水温的影响。First, we considered the factors affecting the water in the bathtub temperature. There are two forms of bathtub water heat loss, heat conduction along the walls and bottom of bathtub and water evaporation along surface of the water. For the heat loss of heat conduction along the walls and bottom of bathtub, it is mainly due to the heat bath on the circulated air, so we can determine this part of the heat. For the heat loss of water evaporation along surface of the water, we not only considered the heat loss caused by thermal convection, but also the heat loss caused by water phase change, which is from a liquid to a gaseous state, so we consider the enthalpy change. To obtain the relationship between temperature and time, we sum the energy loss of the two together to get the total energy loss, combined with the mass of water and the specific heat capacity, the energy loss is converted into a change in temperature, and draw temperature variation with time figure. At the same time, we have to consider the air temperature changes over time, rather than constant at 25 , and the environmental effects of elevated temperature and humidity on the water temperature, retardation factor was added to the model,因洗澡时可以一边洗一边加入热水，此时我们要考虑在有热源引入的情况下水温的变化。结合实际人泡澡时不可能一开始就将浴缸放满，我们假设已经放了80%的39的水，从此时考虑加热水的情况。因此此时情况要分为浴缸未加满和浴缸加满而水从排水口溢出的情况，利用能量守恒定律可得到热量流入流出的关系，建立微分方程，求解作图分析其变化规律。Because the person adds a constant trickle of hot water from the faucet to reheat the bathing water, we consider water temperature changes in the case of hot water introduced in. In real life, the bath tub can not be filled outset, we assume that it has been put 80% of the 39 water, from this point consider the case of add heating water. Therefore, these two situation are considered, bath tub is not filled up and filled up and excess water escapes through an overflow drain, using the energy conservation law to give the heat flow in and out of the relationship, the establishment of differential equations, solving and graphing analyze the variation.接下来需要考虑人在浴缸中对水温的影响。我们从以下方面进行分析：对于人的体温，因人的温度恒定在37左右，能量仅因人的生理代谢而丧失，这一部分数量过小可以不考虑；而人在水中人的体积和运动都将引起浴缸中水的体积的变化，这样将改变其散热面积，从而改变其热量的丧失。对于人运动的问题，这是一个连续且随机的变量，我们无法直接将他的影响引入温度方程，于是我们考虑将运动过程离散化，每20s为一个周期，利用MATLAB生成的随机数体现其随机性，结合生活实际将随机数与三角函数结合，考虑频率和振幅的变化来将离散的过程连续化，与以前模型相结合。规定具体条件作图分析其变化规律。Next, we need to consider the impact of people in the bathtub on water temperature. We analyze the following aspects：First, for the human body temperature, the human constant temperature is around 37 , the energy loss come from physiological metabolism, which is too small and can be ignored. Second, the volume of people and movements will cause a change in the volume of water in the bathtub, which will change its cooling area, thus affecting the heat loss. Third, for the motions made by the person in the bathtub, this is a continuous and random variables, we can not directly introduce the affect into temperature equation, so we consider the person movements discrete, each for a period of 20s, using the random number generated by MATLAB to reflect its randomness, combining the actual life with random numbers and trigonometric functions, considering the change in frequency and amplitude of the person motions. Finally, we plot and analyze the variation.为了考虑在浴缸中泡澡的最佳方式，需要建立多目标优化模型。保持温度的恒定实际上是为了使得人更加舒适，因此我们可以从舒适度的角度上来看温度条件，温度必须恒定在39左右，而且最大温度和最小温度不能相差过大。而用水量方面也必须越小越好，根据实际情况分配权重和确定约束条件，建立一个多目标优化模型。最后可以用离散仿真的方法将最优解求解出来。To determine the best strategy, we need to establish a multi-objective optimization model. Keeping the temperature constant aims to make people more comfortable. We can consider the temperature conditions in terms of comfort. The temperature must be constant at about 39 . There are not too much difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures. The water also have to be as small as possible. According to the actual situation and assigning a weight to determine the constraints, we established a multi-objective optimization model. Finally, we use a discrete simulation method to get the optimal solution.后面还有接上一段用离散仿真的方法将连续问题离散化，利用模拟退火的办法求解最优解。最后分析各个因素对模型的影响：泡泡剂影响了水的蒸发速度和面积，而对于浴缸的大小体积、人的大小体积和人的运动等因素进行灵敏性分析，得到其影响程度，根据具体情况可以得到各种情况下的最优解。模型假设：这个优化模型考虑到了人的形状、体积以及人在浴缸中的运动，浴缸的形状、体积，是否添加泡泡剂，还有时间和空间等方面的因素，要探求保持浴缸中水的用量一定时，用水量最少的情况。同时考虑所有的约束条件问题复杂，而且有些问题条件我们可以事先作如下假设：The optimization model takes into account the factor of the shape and volume of the tub, the shape/volume/temperature of the person in the bathtub, and the motions made by the person in the bathtub, a bubble bath additive, space and time and so on. To keep the temperature even throughout the bathtub and as close as possible to the initial temperature without wasting too much water. If we consider all the constraints, problems become complex and difficult to solve, so we make the following assumptions in advance:l 对于空气和水，因温度差异大时对流的速度会特别快，我们事先假设温度是分布均匀的，因此未考虑水的空间分布差异。l For air and water, when the temperature difference is large, convection speed particularly fast, so we assume that the temperature is evenly distributed in advance, that is, without considering the differences in the spatial distribution of water.l 我们知道温度达的情况下水蒸发的速度也是非常快的，此处我们需要根据水的蒸发情况考虑能量损失，但是相对于整体来说损失的量是非常小的，可以仅仅忽略掉水质量的损失。l The higher the temperature, the faster evaporation of water, so we need to consider the energy loss of water evaporation. Compared to the amount of water in the bathtub, the water mass loss caused by evaporation is very small, so we ignore the loss of water quality.符号定义SymbolMeaningq单位时间下丧失的热量Heat loss per unit of timeQ热量损失总量Total heat lossT水体表面温度Water surface temperatureA1热传导散热面积Heat transfer areaA2蒸发散热面积Evaporation cooling area水面蒸发系数Water evaporation coefficientP水蒸气饱和分压力Water vapor saturation partial pressurek定义的简化参数Defined reduced parametersC水的比热容Specific heat capacity of waterm水的质量mass of watercdown浴缸底面周长Bottom circumference of bathtubf热水流入的流量Flow of hot waterSdown浴缸底面积Bottom area of bathtubT1流入热水的温度temperature of hot water flowing intoH浴缸高度 Bath heightT浴缸中温度与39差值的绝对值the absolute value of the difference between the temperature of bath water and 39 Co舒适度Comforttmax浴缸中水开始溢出的时间the start time that water in the bathtub overflow w浪费的水量Waste waterz温度和水量综合优化目标函数The optimization objective function of water temperature and waste water4.1-这是一个关于控制水温的连续型问题，首先我们讨论没有热水输入的情况，分析其热量丧失的情况。热水水面向大气中丧失的方式有三种：对流散热、传导散热和辐射散热。由于辐射散发的热量很小，对于沐浴这一小段时间来说，辐射散发的热量可以忽略不计，我们先不考虑浴缸内水对流的情况，将热量损失分为两部分，分别是沿浴缸四壁和底面的热量丧失和沿水面因水的蒸发丧失。This is a continuous problem about how to control the water temperature, first we discuss without hot water input, analyzing the heat loss. There are three ways that hot water loss energy to the atmosphere: Convective heat transfer, heat conduction and radiation. Due to the heat coming from the radiation is very small, for bath lasting a short period of time, the heat coming from the radiation can be neglected, we wont consider the waters convection in of bath crock, heat loss can be divided into two parts, respectively is along the walls and the bottom of the bathtub heat loss and along the surface of the water because of the evaporation loss of water.Step one 沿缸壁和底面丧失的热量q1：Along the walls and the bottom of the bathtub heat loss对于此方面的热量，因其通过热传导的方式丧失，其与接触面积、材料的导热系数、温度差和浴缸厚度等因素有关，得到热量的计算公式为【】： As for this Heat, because of the loss by means of heat conduction with the contact area. It is related to the contact area, the thermal conductivity of the material, the temperature difference and the thickness of the bath tub. Get the calculating formula for heat:q1=A1T-式中：A1热传导散热面积;导热系数，取市面常见玻璃钢导热系数0.4 W/(mK);在此处我们应该考虑浴缸在制作时一般在制成中间夹层夹空气的情况，假设是两层玻璃钢之间夹一层空气，各层的厚度均相等，因此对于导热系数我们应该加以修正。空气一般的导热系数为0.023 W/(mK)，修正后的导热系数为0.021 W/(mK)。T水体表面温度;空气干燥温度，取为室内常温25; 缸壁厚度，取常见值1.5cm。In this formula:A1- Heat dissipation area in heat conduction;- Thermal conductivity, take common market 玻璃钢 sheet thermal conductivity 0.4K-1m-1 market;T - Water surface temperature- Air drying temperature, taken as indoor ambient temperature 25 ;- The thickness of the cylinder wall, take common values 1.5cmStep two 沿水面随蒸发丧失的热量q2：Along with the evaporation of the water heat dissipated沿水面热量的丧失是因为水和空气的对流引起的，水的蒸发携带热量的丧失，此处除了热量的变化外还存在物态的变化，因此在此需要考虑焓变的问题。晗是热力学中表征物质系统能量的一个重要状态参量，是具有能量的量纲，一定质量的物质按定压可逆过程由一种状态变为另一种状态，焓的增量便等于在此过程中吸入的热量，也就是焓变【】。除此之外能量损失还与散热面积和散热系数有关，因此得到丧失热量关于焓变的关系式【】如下： The loss of heat from the surface of the water is caused by the convection of water and air, and the loss of heat from the evaporation of water. There is a change of matters state in addition to the change of heat. So in the problems need to consider the change. Enthalpy in thermodynamics is an important state parameters to present the material system energy, is a dimension of energy, a certain mass of material according to the constant pressure reversible process from one state to another state, the enthalpy increment is equal to the heat in the process of inhaled, namely enthalpy change 【 】.Besides energy losses associated with the cooling area and the coefficient of heat transfer, result in loss of heat on the relation between the enthalpy change 【 】 as followsq2=P00.623LhT-hA2=kA2式中: In this formula: P0 该地大气压The atmospheric pressure，取标准大气压Take the standard atmospheric pressure P0=101.325kPa；L 水的汽化热Heat of vaporization of water， 其值为Its value is 40.8kJ/mol，The same as2260kJ/kg；hT-和水温t相应的饱和空气焓；Corresponding saturated air enthalpy with temperature th- 空气焓Air enthalpy；A2 散热面面积Area of heat radiating surface；水面蒸发系数； Evaporation coefficient of water surface上述参量均不是固定值，它会随着时间、温度和其他一些因素的改变而改变，因此以下对各因素一一作分析。The above parameters are not a fixed value, it will with the change of the time, temperature and other factors, so the following make analysis on the factors one by onel 水面蒸发系数计算公式【】： Calculation formula of water surface evaporation coefficient=22+12.5W2+2(T-)1/2 , TW 水面上的风速Wind speed on the surface of the water， Indoor bath W 0.20.5 m/sl 对于hT，h的计算，查阅文献可得，湿空气焓值的计算有以下公式【】：For the calculation of hT，h, get from the literature available, wet air enthalpy calculation with the following formulah=1.01T+(2500+1.84T)dd空气含湿量，可由相对湿度及水蒸气饱和分压力换算得到Air moisture content, relative humidity and the saturated water vapor partial pressure conversiond=622opP0-op式中：o相对湿度，对于饱和水蒸气取为100%，对于浴室取常用湿度40%-70%中较大值70%。Relative humidity, for saturated vapor was 100%, in the bathroom to take larger humidity 40% to 70% of value of 70%P水蒸气饱和分压力，它是一个与温度相关的值，为得到饱和分压力p与温度T的函数关系，我们从文献上得到0100下各温度对应的饱和分压力【】，具体数据见表*，将得到的数据绘制成散点图，进行一元线性回归分析。P - saturated water vapor partial pressure, it is a value associated with temperature, In order to get the function relation between the saturation pressure P and temperature T, We get from the corresponding literature the saturated partial pressure at each temperature 0 100 【 】, specific data are shown in table * *, data will be mapped into a scatterplot, monadic linear regression analysis.Fig.1 温度与水蒸气饱和分压力散点图Fig. 1 temperature and water vapor saturation pressure scatter plot散点图图显示随着温度的增大，水蒸气饱和分压力也随着增大，大致可以看出成三阶幂函数分布规律。Scatter tutu showed with the increase of temperature, water vapor saturated with partial pressure increases, which can be roughly into three order power function distribution.因此对原始数据进行逐阶差分Stepwise difference，结果显示原始数据的三阶差分数据较接近，故可认为水蒸气饱和分压力与温度呈三次函数关系So Stepwise difference the raw data, results show that the original data of the third order differential data is the most close to, It can be considered saturated with water vapor partial pressure with temperature cubic function relationship我们采用三次函数P=at3+bt2+ct+d 对原始数据进行拟合，计算各各参数的最小二乘估计值，借助SPSS进行一元非线性回归分析，得到拟合曲线方程为： We use cubic functionP=at3+bt2+ct+d raw data were fitted to calculate the least squares estimates of the parameters of Calvary performed, by means of SPSS monovalent non-linear regression analysis, curve fitting equation as follows:P=1.5910-4t3-8.67410-3t2+0.285t-0.590对得到的回归方程进行残差检验：残差平方和:SSE=23.226，已更正平方和:SST=76563.275，样本决定系数make the resulting regression equation residual tested: the sum of squared residuals: SSE = 23.226, has been corrected sum of squares: SST = 76563.275, the coefficient of sample decisionR2=1-SSESST=1.000因此该回归模型充分利用了指标量t的信息，拟合度很好。So the regression model makes full use of the index quantity t information, fitting is very good.l 因计算公式过于复杂，此处我们主要关注热量散失随温度的的变化规律，因此我们定义一个函数：Because of its complex calculation formula, here we focus on heat losses with the temperature change rule, so we define a function:k=P00.623LhT-h运用MATLAB求解，得到k-t图像（见图*），并计算k在T为25100时的值（见附件表*）。Using MATLAB to solve, getting k-t image (see figure * *), and calculate the value of k when T is 20 100 (see annex table * *)Fig 2 参数k随温度t的变化规律Fig 2 parameters k changing with the temperature t 由图可以看出，k值随着时间的增加逐渐增大，增长率逐渐降低，最后趋近于直线，可以近似看作一条开口向下的抛物线的左侧部分。By the graph, you can see that k value is gradually increasing with the increase of time, growth rate gradually reduced, finally tend to be linear, can be approximately regarded as a country opening to the left of the parabola.由于k与T的函数关系式过于复杂，用它建立微分方程求解后面的问题不仅加大了算法的复杂度，而且不一定能找到可行解。因此我们采用其他的简单函数对其进行拟合。对k逐阶差分，结果表明二阶差分值基本相等，因此采用一元二次函数逼近原函数。借助SPSS，对T=1,2,3,100时的k值进行拟合，得到是拟合残差平方和最小的曲线方程Because of the function relation with T is too complex, and use it to establish differential equations to solve the problem not only increase the complexity of the algorithm, but also cann