civil rights movement独立运动

1. Back groundThe African blacks were first introduced to the America to be the slaves who work at the North farms in order to remedy the shortage of the local labor. In theory, after the Emancipation Proclamation issued by PresidentAbraham Lincolnon January 1, 1863, they already enquire the liberty. However, in fact, because of the poverty and lower education, they had to work for the whites to survive, especially after the Federal army left the North the African-Americans lost the shied of Federal and still remained in the racial segregation. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163U.S.537(1896), is alandmarkUnited States Supreme Courtdecision upholding the constitutionalityof state laws requiringracial segregationin public facilities under the doctrine of separate but equal.1However They executed thoroughly the segregation but neglect the part of equality. Whats more the Racial segregation even existed in the factory, hospital, school and army. 2. AimTheAfrican-American Civil Rights Movementencompassessocial movementsin theUnited Stateswhose goals were to endracial segregation and discriminationagainstblack Americansand to secure legal recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights counted in theconstitutional amendmentsadopted after theCivil War. This article covers the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in theSouth.An African-American man goes into the colored entrance of amovie theaterinBelzoni, Mississippi, 1939.An African-American man drinking at a colored drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal inOklahoma City, 1939.在历经58年后，的法律观念才被推翻；1954年联邦最高法院在“布朗诉教育委员会”一案，判定种族隔离的学校并未提供黑人学生公平教育，因此公立学校应该要种族混合。一连串的非裔美国人民权运动也正式开始。3. Figure4.; boycott follows and bus segregation ordinance is declared unconstitutional.Federal Interstate Commerce Commission bans segregation on interstate trains and buses.1956- Coalition of Southern congressmen calls for massive resistance to Supreme Court desegregation rulings.1957- Arkansas Gov. Orval Rubus uses National Guard to block nine black students from attending a Little Rock High School; following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in federal troops to ensure compliance.Congress approves a watered-down voting rights act after a filibuster by Southern senators.1961- Freedom Rides begin from Washington, D.C., into Southern states.1962- President Kennedy sends federal troops to the University of Mississippi to quell riots so that James Meredith, the schools first black student, can attend.The Supreme Court rules that segregation is unconstitutional in all transportation facilities.The Department of Defense orders full integration of military reserve units, the National Guard excluded.1963- Civil rights leader Medgar Evers is killed by a snipers bullet.Race riots prompt modified martial law in Cambridge, Maryland.Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers I Have a Dream speech to hundreds of thousands at the March on Washington.Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, leaves four young black girls dead.1964- Congress passes Civil Rights Act declaring discrimination based on race illegal after 75-day long filibuster.Three civil rights workers disappear in Mississippi after being stopped for speeding; found buried six weeks later.Riots in Harlem, Philadelphia.1965- March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand protection for voting rights; two civil rights workers slain earlier in the year in Selma.Malcolm X assassinated.Riot in Watts, Los Angeles.New voting rights act signed.1966- Edward Brooke, R-Massachusetts, elected first black U.S. senator in 85 years.1967- Riots in Detroit, Newark, New Jersey.Thurgood Marshall first black to be named to the Supreme Court.Carl Stokes (Cleveland) and Richard G. Hatcher (Gary, Indiana) elected first black mayors of major U.S. cities.1968- Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee; James Earl Ray later convicted and sentenced to 99 years in prison.Poor Peoples March on Washington - planned by King before his death - goes on.Ralph David Abernathy, Sr.(March 11, 1926 April 17, 1990)12was a leader of theAmerican Civil Rights Movement, a minister, and a close associate ofMartin Luther King, Jr.in theSouthern Christian Leadership Conference. FollowingKings assassination, Dr. Abernathy took up the leadership of theSCLCPoor Peoples Campaignand led theMarch on Washington, D.C., that had been planned for May 1968.Allthreemarcheswereattemptstowalkfor54milesalongthehighwayfromSelmatotheAlabamastatecapitolofMontgomery.Thefirstmarch,initiatedanddirectedbytheSouthernChristianLeadershipConferencesDirectorofDirectAction,JamesBevel,wasstrategizedasacounter-measuretorelievethetraumaandescalatingangercausedbythekillingofVotingRightsactivistJimmieLeeJacksonduringanighttimemarchinMarion,Alabama.12BornJames Luther BevelOctober 19, 1936Itta Bena, MississippiDiedDecember 19, 2008(aged72)Springfield, VirginiaOccupationNonviolent scientist,SCLCDirector of Direct ActionKnownforStrategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement,Selma Voting Rights Movement,Birmingham Childrens Crusade,Selma to Montgomery march, andChicago Open Housing MovementThevotingrightsmovementinSelmawaslaunchedbylocalAfrican-AmericanswhoformedtheDallasCountyVotersLeague(DCVL).In1963,theDCVLandorganizersfromtheStudentNonviolentCoordinatingCommittee(SNCC)beganvoter-registrationwork.Whenwhiteresistancetoblackvoterregistrationprovedintractable,theDCVLrequestedtheassistanceofMartinLutherKing,Jr.andSCLC,whofinallybroughtmanyprominentcivilrightsandcivicleaderstosupporttheSelmaVotingRightsMovementinJanuary,1965.ThefirstmarchtookplaceonMarch7,1965BloodySundaywhen600marchers,protestingthedeathofJacksonandtheongoingexclusionfromtheelectoralprocess,wereattackedbystateandlocalpolicewithbillyclubsandteargas.ThesecondmarchtookplaceMarch9;policeandmarchersstoodoffagainstoneanother,butwhenthetrooperssteppedasidetoletthempass,Dr.MartinLutherKingledthemarchersbacktothechurch.3ThethirdmarchstartedMarch16.Protectedby2,000soldiersoftheU.S.Army,1,900membersoftheAlabamaNationalGuardunderFederalcommand,andmanyFBIagentsandFederalMarshals,themarchersaveraged10miles(16km)adayalongU.S.Route80,knowninAlabamaastheJeffersonDavisHighway.ThemarchersarrivedinMontgomeryonMarch24andattheAlabamaStateCapitolonMarch25.4TherouteismemorializedastheSelmaToMontgomeryVotingRightsTrail,andisaU.S.NationalHistoricTrail. The movement was characterized by major campaigns ofcivil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts ofnonviolent protest andcivil disobedienceproduced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations that highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans.Forms of protest and/or civil disobedience included boycottssuch as the successfulMontgomery Bus Boycott(195556) in Alabama; sit-ins such as the influential Greensboro sit-ins(1960) in North Carolina;marches, such as theSelma to Montgomery marches(1965) in Alabama; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities.Montgomery Bus BoycottFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaTheNational City Linesbus, No. 2857, on which Rosa Parks was riding before she was arrested (aGM old-look transit bus, serial number 1132), is now a museum exhibit at theHenry Ford Museum.TheMontgomery Bus Boycott, a seminal event in theU.S. civil rights movement, was a political and socialprotestcampaign against the policy ofracial segregationon the public transit system ofMontgomery,Alabama. The campaign lasted from December 1, 1955whenRosa Parks, anAfrican Americanwoman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white personto December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling,Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional.1Many important figures in the civil rights movement took part in the boycott, including ReverendMartin Luther King, Jr.andRalph Abernathy.Greensboro sit-insFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA section of lunch counter from theGreensboro, North CarolinaWoolworth is now preserved in theSmithsonian InstitutionNational Museum of American HistoryTheGreensboro sit-inswere a series ofnonviolentprotests inGreensboro, North Carolinain 19601which led to theWoolworthdepartment store chain reversing its policy ofracial segregationin the Southern United States.2While not the firstsit-insof theAfrican-American Civil Rights Movement, the Greensboro sit-ins were an instrumental action, leading to increased national sentiment at a crucial period inUS history.3The primary event took place at theGreensboro, North CarolinaWoolworth store, now theInternational Civil Rights Center and Museum.The 1965Selma to Montgomery marches, also known as Bloody Sunday and the two marches that followed, led to the passage of the1965 Voting Rights Act, a landmark achievement of the1960s American Civil Rights Movement.Selma to Montgomery marchesPart ofCivil Rights MovementAlabama state troopers attack civil-rights demonstrators outside Selma, Alabama, on Bloody Sunday, March 7, 1965DateMarch 7, 1965 March 25, 1965LocationEdmund Pettus Bridge,U.S. Route 80,Alabama State Capitol,SelmaandMontgomery, AlabamaCausesObstruction of voter registration forAfrican AmericansVoter registration campaignDeath ofJimmie Lee JacksonDeath ofRev. James ReebGoalsVoting rightsMethodsStrikes,Protest,Protest marchResultVoting Rights Act of 1965Rosa ParksFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other uses, seeRosa Parks (disambiguation).Rosa ParksRosa Parks in 1955, withMartin Luther King,Jr.in the backgroundBornRosa Louise McCauleyFebruary 4, 1913Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.DiedOctober 24, 2005(aged92)Detroit, Michigan, U.S.NationalityAmericanOccupationCivil rights activistKnownforMontgomery Bus BoycottHometownTuskegee, AlabamaSpouse(s)Raymond Parks (19321977)SignatureRosa Louise McCauley Parks(February 4, 1913 October 24, 2005) was anAfrican-Americancivil rightsactivist, whom theUnited States Congresscalled the first lady of civil rights and the mother of the freedom movement.1Her birthday, February 4, and the day she was arrested, December 1, have both becomeRosa Parks Day, commemorated in both California and Ohio.Martin Luther King, Jr.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMartin Luther King and MLK redirect here. For other uses, seeMartin Luther King (disambiguation)andMLK (disambiguation).Martin Luther King, Jr.King in 1964BornMichael King, Jr.January 15, 1929Atlanta,Georgia, U.S.DiedApril 4, 1968(aged39)M