Unit 1 Time-Conscious Americans 时间观念强的美国人

UNIT1SectionA,Time-ConsciousAmericans,Contents,BackgroundInformationWarming-upActivitiesVocabularyandQuizTextStudyWritingAssignment,BackgroundInformation,TimeConsciousnessMostAmericansplaceastrongemphasisonbeingontime.Theytendtoorganizetimebymeansofschedules.TimeishighlyvaluedandtreatedassomethingrealinAmericanculturebecauseitconveysdifferentmeaningstoAmericanpeople.Intheireyes,“Timeandtidewaitfornoman”and“Timelostisneverregained”.Asaresult,theywanteveryminutetobeimportantandmeaningful,andtheyfirmlybelievethatnotimeshouldbewasted.,BackgroundInformation,Notsurprisingly,thenewcomerstoAmericafindtheAmericansseemalwaysinahurryanddoeverythingatarunningpace.Sowhatmakesthenewcomersembarrassedistohavenoopportunitytosmile,converseorhaveashortexchangewithstrangersbecausetheAmericansregardsuchpracticesasawasteoftime.,BackgroundInformation,KeepingAppointmentsandDatesItisconsideredimpoliteandinconsideratetofailtokeepanappointmentordatewithoutgivingpriornoticetotheotherperson.Ifyoudonotplantomeetthetheperson,thenyoushoulddeclinetheinvitation.,BackgroundInformation,SomeProverbsaboutTimeTimeworkswonders.时间创造奇迹。Timetriestruth.时间检验真理。Timeisthebesthealer.时间是治愈创伤的良药。Timeandtidewaitfornoman.时间不等人。,Alltimeisnotimewhenitispast.机不可失，时不再来。Neverputofftilltomorrowthatyoucandotoday.今日事，今日毕。Idleforkshavetheleastleisure.懒散的人最没空。Procrastinationisthethiefoftime.拖延就是偷盗时光。,Warming-upActivities,Readthefollowingstatements.Aretheytrue(T)or(F)accordingtothetext?1.TimeandmoneyarethetwofactorsthatAmericanssavecarefully.2.Americanstreattimeassomethingofrealvalue.3.ThetempooflifeandworkintheU.S.isratherslow.4.ItiscommonpracticeinAmericatotalkbusinessinrelaxedsurroundings.,F,T,F,F,Warming-upActivities,5.Americansproduceaseriesoflabor-savingdevicesinordertosavetime.6.WhenAmericanscommunicatethroughfaxes,emailsandtelephones,itdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheyregardthematterunderdiscussionasunimportant.7.Newarrivalsholdthatthetaskisoflittleimportance,ifonlyasmallamountoftimeisspentonit.8.Intheu.S.,ifyoucansolveaproblemslowly,youwillbeconsideredacreativeperson.,T,T,F,T,budgetvt.,学校编列了一百万美元建新图书馆的预算。Sheisextremelybusy,soshehastobudgethertimecarefully.,Theschoolbudgetedonemilliondollarsforanewlibrary.她忙极了,所以必须好好安排时间。,WordsandExpressionsWordUsing,planthespendingof,budgetforvi.,小两口为下一年定预算。,Theyoungcouplebudgetedforthecomingyear.,WordsandExpressionsWordUsing,saveorspendmoneyfor,acuteadj.严重的；敏锐的；(疾病）急性的WhenSARS(SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome)threatenedthecityofBeijingintheyear2002,thewholecountrycollaboratedintheeffortstofightagainstitandeventuallywonthebattle.2002年非典（严重急性呼吸系统综合症）威胁北京城时，全国上下齐心协力最终战胜了非典。,例句,Someanimalshaveveryacutesenseofsightorsound,whileothersmayhavesharpsenseofsmellandtouch.许多动物有敏锐的视觉和听觉，还有一些动物嗅觉和触觉非常灵敏。,例句,abruptadj.突然，唐突,无礼的同根词bankrupt,corrupt,disrupt,eruptinterruptTheabruptandcrypticnatureoftheendinghaspuzzledandannoyedmanyreaders.结局的出乎不意和神秘性使许多读者困惑和烦恼。Thesuggestionthatheputforwardinthemeetingwasrejectedbythechairmeninthemostabruptmanner.他在会上提出的建议被主席极端粗暴地否决了。,例句,conventionn.customarypractice习俗，惯例,Whatstheconventionformentowearonformaloccasions?WhatstheconventionforChinesewedding?,Itstheconventionformentowearsuitsonformaloccasions.Itstheconventionforto,WordsandExpressionsWordUsing,leisuren.空闲时间，闲暇；悠闲，安逸扩展：leisurelyadj.;近义词freetime,sparetime搭配：atleisure有空；不慌不忙地leisuretime空闲时间，闲暇Ifindreadingdetectivenovels/storiesisarelaxingwaytofullmyleisuretime.我发现阅读侦探小说、故事是我填补业余时间的一种放松的方式。,例句,assessvt.judgeordecidetheamount,value,qualityorimportanceof,现在来评价新法规的效果为时尚早。警察对事故造成的损害进行了评估。,Itistooearlytoassesstheeffectsofthenewlegislation.Thepoliceassesseddamageaftertheaccident.,given(that)prep.如果考虑到，takingintoaccount；后可跟名词短语或从句Giventhattheyareinexperienced,theyvedoneagoodjob.考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们算做得不错了。Givenherinterestinchildren,teachingshouldbetherightcareerforher.看她对孩子们的兴趣，教书应是适合她的职业。,例句,obtainvs.获得，取得扩展：近义词getgain;搭配：obtainpermit获得许可证obtainonesassent得到某人的同意obtaingood/excellentresult取得优异成绩WiththewidespreaduseofcomputersandthedevelopmentoftheInternet,ordinarypeoplearenowabletousethemtoobtainvaluableinformation.普通人能运用它们去获取宝贵的信息。,例句,whereasconj.but,incontrast,wheelTheywantahouse,whereas/whilewewouldratherliveinaflat.他们想住一所房子,可我们宁愿住在一套公寓房里。Theircountryhasplentyofoil,whereas/whileourshasnone.他们国家石油丰富,而我们国家则一点也没有。,例句,elapsevi.（时间）过去，经过Timeelapsessoquicklythatwhenyoubegintorealizeyoushouldcherishit,youarenolongeryoung.时间转瞬即逝，当你开始意识到你应该珍惜它时，你已经不再年青。Toomuchgolden/valuabletimehaselapsedsinceIattemptedanyseriousstudy.自从我企图想要严肃认真的学点什么到现在，太多宝贵的时间已经流逝了。,例句,competentadj.胜任的，有能力的，称职的扩展：competencen;incompetentadj.;incompetencen.搭配：becompetentfor胜任的Competentcitizensofthe21stcenturyaresupposedtohavegoodcommandofEnglishandcomputers.21世纪称职的公民应该熟练掌握英语和计算机。Fouryearsoftraininginanormaluniversityenableshimtobecompetentforthejobofteaching.四年的师范大学的培训使他胜任教学工作。,例句,fallbehindsb./sth.落在后面,他在英语方面一直落后于同组同学。,HesbeenfallingbehindhisgroupmembersinEnglish.,resultin,Actingbeforethinkingalwaysresultsinfailure.,做事不先考虑总是会失败的。,WordsandExpressionsWordUsing,cause,haveasaresult,leadto,tobeslavesto是的奴隶；受支配Amanofstrongwillfeelsincontrolofhisownlifewhileamanofweakwillfeelshimselftobeaslavetohisfate.意志坚强的人主宰自己的人生，而意志薄弱者甘愿受命运摆布。,例句,gowith:existortakeplaceatthesametime,befoundtogether同时发生；伴随Happinessdoesnotgoasanautomaticresultwithmoney.有钱不一定就幸福。Responsibilitygoeswithbecomingafather.当了父亲责任就随之而来。,例句,Quiz-MatchingGame,_superb_budget_acute_skillful_restlessly_conduct,a.carryoutb.impatientlyc.excellent,outstandingd.fine,sharpe.havingorshowingabilitytodosth.wellf.planthespendingof,f,c,d,e,b,a,Quiz-ChinesetoEnglish,停滞不前消磨时间要价承受压力生活节奏开场白/寒暄礼节性交往邮政服务金钱的奴隶直接接触,standstillkilltimecharge(money)forsth.beunderpressurepaceoflifeopeningexchangesritualinteractionpostalserviceslavetomoneypersonalcontacts,Eachofthefollowingsentencesisprovidedwithfourchoices.Choosetheonethatbestcompletethesentence.1.Althoughmostbirdshaveonlyanegligiblesenseofsmell,theyhave_vision.A.vigorousB.exactC.acuteD.vivid2.Acompleteinvestigationintothecausesoftheaccidentshouldleadtoimprovedstandardsandshould_newoperatingprocedures.A.resultinB.matchwithC.subjecttoD.proceedwith,C,A,Quiz-MultipleChoices,3.Thegovernmenthasdevotedalargersliceofitsnational_toagriculturethanmostothercountries.A.resourcesB.potentialC.budgetD.economy4.The_oflastweeksexaminationisnotannouncedyet.A.resultB.consequencesC.effectD.conclusion,C,A,Quiz-MultipleChoices,5.Theytriedto_hardplasticsformetalsinmanufacturingmachineparts.A.replaceB.substituteC.taketheplaceofD.givewayto6.Usingtherighthandtoshakehandsisa(n)_.A.conventionB.inheritanceC.traditionD.habit,B,A,VocabularyTest(3),7.Scientistsstudythe_betweenparentsandtheirbabiestobetterunderstandhowinfantslearn.A.interchangeB.interrelationC.intercourseD.interaction8.Anursehasmanydutiesto_incaringforthesick.A.achieveB.completeC.fulfillD.finish,D,C,VocabularyTest(4),9.Id_hisreputationwithotherfarmersandbusinesspeopleinthecommunity,andthenmakeadecisionaboutwhetherornottoapprovealoan.A.takeintoaccountB.accountforC.makeupforD.makeout10.Along-termstudy_bythemedicalschoolshowsthatbabiesofsmokingmotherswillbelesshealthythanthoseofnonsmokingmothers.A.performedB.undergoneC.managedD.conducted,A,D,VocabularyTest(5),Theauthorcomesstraighttothepoint:Americansattitudestowardstime:Americansvaluetimeandsavetimecarefully.Timeisregardedaspreciousresources.,Illustrationsofthegeneralidea(Para.3-7),Generalideaofthewholepassage(Para.1-2),Restatementandemphasisofthegeneralidea(Para.8),Americansworkhardatthetaskofsavingtime.Theysavetimenotonlyintheirdailylife,businessbutalsointheirwork.ThisisillustratedbytheforeignersfirstimpressionoftheU.S.Besides,Americanscreateaseriesofdevicestosavetime.,BymakingcontrastbetweenAmericansviewpointontimeandthatofthosefromothercultures,theauthoremphasizesthemainidea:InAmericanculture,itistakenasasignofskillfulnessorbeingcompetenttosolveaproblemorfulfillajobwithspeed.,TextStudy-StructureAnalysis,Mainidea?,PartI(Paras.1-2),Americansvaluetimeandsavetimecarefully.Timeisregardedaspreciousresources.,Mainidea?,PartII(Paras.3-7),Americanstryeverymeanstosavetime.Theysavetimeintheirdailylife,businessandworkaswell.Theyalsocreateaseriesofdevicestoimproveefficiency.,StructureAnalysis,PartIII(Para.8),WhilenewarrivalstotheU.S.regardtimedifferently,Americansdotakeitasasignofskillfulnessorbeingcompetenttosolveaproblemorfulfillajobwithspeed.,Mainidea?,StructureAnalysis,Time-ConsciousAmericans,Para.1Americansbelievenoonestandsstill.Ifyouarenotmovingahead,youarefallingbehind.Thisattituderesultsinanationofpeoplecommittedtoresearching,experimentingandexploring.TimeisoneofthetwoelementsthatAmericanssavecarefully,theotherbeinglabor.,Para.2“Weareslavestonothingbuttheclock,”ithasbeensaid.Timeistreatedasifitweresomethingalmostreal.Webudgetit,saveit,wasteit,stealit,killit,cutit,accountforit;wealsochargeforit.Itisapreciousresource.Manypeoplehavearatheracutesenseoftheshortnessofeachlifetime.Oncethesandshaverunoutofapersonshourglass,theycannotbereplaced.Wewanteveryminutetocount.,Para.3aAforeignersfirstimpressionoftheUSislikelytobethateveryoneisinarushoftenunderpressure.Citypeoplealwaysappeartobehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoing,restlesslyseekingattentioninastore,orelbowingothersastheytrytocompletetheirshopping.Racingthroughdaytimemealsispartofthepaceoflifeinthiscountry.Workingtimeisconsideredprecious.,句型,Para.3bOthersinpubliceating-placesarewaitingforyoutofinishsothey,too,canbeservedandgetbacktoworkwithinthetimeallowed.Youalsofinddriverswillbeabruptandpeoplewillpushpastyou.Youwillmisssmiles,briefconversations,andsmallexchangeswithstrangers.Donttakeitpersonally.Thisisbecausepeoplevaluetimehighly,andtheyresentsomeoneelse“wasting”itbeyondacertainappropriatepoint.,Para.4aManynewarrivalsintheStateswillmisstheopeningexchangesofabusinesscall,forexample.Theywillmisstheritualinteractionthatgoeswithawelcomingcupofteaorcoffeethatmaybeaconventionintheirowncountry.Theymaymissleisurelybusinesschatsinarestaurantorcoffeehouse.,Para.4bNormally,Americansdonotassesstheirvisitorsinsuchrelaxedsurroundingsoverextendedsmalltalk;muchlessdotheytakethemoutfordinner,oraroundonthegolfcoursewhiletheydevelopasenseoftrust.Sincewegenerallyassessandprobeprofessionallyratherthansocially,westarttalkingbusinessveryquickly.Timeis,therefore,alwaystickinginourinnerear.,句型,Para.5Consequently,weworkhardatthetaskofsavingtime.Weproduceasteadyflowoflabor-savingdevices;wecommunicaterapidlythroughfaxes,phonecallsoremailsratherthanthroughpersonalcontacts,whichthoughpleasant,takelongerespeciallygivenourtraffic-filledstreets.We,therefore,savemostpersonalvisitingforafter-workhoursorforsocialweekendgatherings.,句型,词汇学习,课文分析,随笔,Para.6aToustheimpersonalityofelectroniccommunicationhaslittleornorelationtothesignificanceofthematterathand.Insomecountriesnomajorbusinessisconductedwithouteyecontact,requiringface-to-faceconversation.,句型,Para.6bInAmerica,too,afinalagreementwillnormallybesignedinperson.However,peoplearemeetingincreasinglyontelevisionscreens,conducting“teleconferences”tosettleproblemsnotonlyinthiscountrybutalsobysatelliteinternationally.,Para.7TheUSisdefinitelyatelephonecountry.Almosteveryoneusesthetelephonetoconductbusiness,tochatwithfriends,tomakeorbreaksocialappointments,tosay“Thankyou”,toshopandtoobtainallkindsofinformation.Telephonessavethefeetandendlessamountsoftime.Thisisduepartlytothefactthatthetelephoneserviceissuperbhere,whereasthepostalserviceislessefficient.,句型,Para.8aSomenewarrivalswillcomefromcultureswhereitisconsideredimpolitetoworktooquickly.Unlessacertainamountoftimeisallowedtoelapse,itseemsintheireyesasifthetaskbeingconsideredwereinsignificant,notworthyofproperrespect.Assignmentsare,consequently,givenaddedweightbythepassageoftime.,句型,Para.8bIntheUS,however,itistakenasasignofskillfulnessorbeingcompetenttosolveaproblem,orfulfillajobsuccessfully,withspeed.Usually,themoreimportantataskis,themorecapital,energy,andattentionwillbepouredintoitinorderto“getitmoving”.,时间观念强的美国人Para.1美国人认为没有人能停止不前。如果你不求进取，你就会落伍。这种态度造就了一个投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个是劳力。,课文翻译,Para.2人们一直说：“只有时间才能支配我们。”人们似乎是把时间当作一个差不多是实实在在的东西来对待的。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、对时间的利用作出解释；我们还要因付出时间而收取费用。时间是一种宝贵的资源，许多人都深感人生的短暂。时光一去不复返。我们应当让每一分钟都过得有意义。,Para.3a外国人对美国的第一印象很可能是：每个人都匆匆忙忙常常处于压力之下。城里人看上去总是在匆匆地赶往他们要去的地方，在商店里他们焦躁不安地指望店员能马上来为他们服务，或者为了赶快买完东西，用肘来推搡他人。白天吃饭时人们也都匆匆忙忙，这部分地反映出这个国家的生活节奏。工作时间被认为是宝贵的。,Para.3b在公共用餐场所，人们都等着别人吃完后用餐，以便按时赶回去工作。你还会发现司机开车很鲁莽，人们推搡着在你身边过去。你会怀念微笑、简短的交谈以及与陌生人的随意闲聊。不要觉得这是针对你个人的，这是因为人们非常珍惜时间，而且也不喜欢他人“浪费”时间到不恰当的地步。,Para.4a许多刚到美国的人会怀念诸如商务拜访等场合开始时的寒暄。他们也会怀念那种一边喝茶或咖啡一边进行的礼节性交流，这也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。他们也许还会怀念在饭店或咖啡馆里谈生意时的那种轻松悠闲的交谈。,Para.4b一般说来，美国人是不会在如此轻松的环境里通过长时间的闲聊来评价他们的客人的，更不用说会在增进相互间信任的过程中带他们出去吃饭，或带他们去打高尔夫球。既然我们通常是通过工作而不是社交来评估和了解他人，我们就开门见山地谈正事。因此，时间老是在我们心中的耳朵里滴滴答答地响着。,Para.5因此，我们千方百计地节约时间。我们发明了一系列节省劳力的装置；我们通过发传真、打电话或发电子邮件与他人迅速地进行交流，而不是通过直接接触。虽然面对面接触令人愉快，但却要花更多的时间,尤其是在马路上交通拥挤的时候。因此，我们把大多数个人拜访安排在下班以后的时间里或周末的社交聚会上。,Para.6a就我们而言，电子交流的缺乏人情味与我们手头上事情的重要性之间很少有或完全没有关系。在有些国家,如果没有目光接触，就做不成大生意，这需要面对面的交谈。,Para.6b在美国，最后协议通常也需要本人签字。然而现在人们越来越多地在电视屏幕上见面，开远程会议不仅能解决本国的问题，而且还能通过卫星解决国际问题。,Para.7美国无疑是一个电话王国。几乎每个人都在用电话做生意、与朋友聊天、安排或取消社交约会、表达谢意、购物和获得各种信息。电话不但能免去走路之劳，而且还能节约大量时间。其部分原因在于这样一个事实：美国的电话服务是一流的，而邮政服务的效率则差一些。,Para.8a有些初来美国的人来自其他文化背景不同的国家，在他们的国家，人们认为工作太快是一种失礼。在他们看来，如果不花一定时间来处理某件事的话，那么这件事就好像是无足轻重的，不值得给予适当的重视。因此,人们觉得用的时间长会增加所做事情的重要性。,Para.8b但在美国，能迅速而又成功地解决问题或完成工作则被视为是有水平、有能力的标志。通常，工作越重要，投入的资金、精力和注意力就越多，其目的是“使工作开展起来”。,TextSummary,Americansare_people.Theyvaluetimeandsaveitcarefully.Timeisareal,_resourcetothemsoeveryminutemust_.ForeignersmaythinkAmericansarealways_andunderpressure.Smiles,shortconversations,andsmallexchangeswithstrangersdontexistbecauseAmericansdislike“_”toomuchtime.Americansassessothers_ratherthansocially,sothey,count,ina,precious,wasting,time-conscious,professionally,(tobecontinued),hurry,starttalkingbusinessimmediatelysincetheyarealways_oftime.Americansworkhardat_timebyproducingasteadyflowoflabor-savingdevices.Theymayhavemeetingsusingequipmentliketelevisionscreensandtelephonesratherthan_.Solvingaproblemordoingajobsuccessfully_istakenasasignof_.Themoreimportantthejob,themoretimeandeffortAmericanswill_it.,inperson,withspeed,saving,skillfulness,conscious,pourinto,ExpressionsfromtheText,tostandstill,tobecommittedto,resultin,toaccountfor,preciousresource,towanteveryminutetocount,toseekattention,thepaceoflife,withinthetimeallowed,smallexchangeswithastranger,togowith,inrelaxedsurroundings,todevelopasenseoftrust,toworkhardatthetaskof,athand,inperson,tobeduepartlyto,inoneseyes,bythepassageoftime,togetthingsmoving,tofallbehind,underpressure,toracethrough,tohavelittleornorelationto,togiveaddedweightto,Writing,UNITYINTHEPARAGRAPHAneffectiveparagraphmarshalsitssentencestowardasinglemainpurpose.Everypartisrelevantandservesthewhole.Thewritermustomittheoddfactthathappenstobetruebutthatisirrelevanttothetopic.Oddfactsormisplacedassertionsbreakthethreadofconcentration.,LearningtocookwellrequiresmorethanjustknowinghowtofolIowarecipe.Cookingdependsonaknowledgeofingredients,asenseofhowdifferenttastescombine,andanabilitytoimaginetheeffectofarangeofcombinations.Settingthetableismoreamatterofknowingwhatgoeswhere,andwhichdishesandforksgowithwhichdishes.Youwouldneveruseafishforkforpastaorasoupspoonforcustard.Thefirsttwoareskillsthatcanbelearned.Imaginationis,likemostartisticgifts,inborn.,ThesentencethatbeginsSettingthetabledoesnotfithere;itredirectsthereadersattentionawayfromtheenumerationofattributesthatisthepointoftheparagraph.Eventhoughthewritersoonreturnstothetopic,thecoherencehasbeencompromised.Unabletotrusttheparagraph,wearedistancedfromtheassertions.Theclearsignalhasbeenmarredbystatic.,Wemustremainalerttomaintainunityofsubjectmatterinourparagraphsbecausetheassociationsinourthought,whichcanleadustonewideasandperceptions,canalsoleadusintoirrelevance.Whenwebegintowriteaboutasubject,ourminddriftsfromonethoughttoanother,bypersonalassociation.AswehaveseeninChapter3,thisrandom,uncensoredthinkingcanbeusefulforgatheringmaterial.Butwemusttakecarethatitnotleadtoramblingdisorganization.,Twokindsofwritingneedespeciallycarefulparagraphing.Exposition(whichsetsforthorexplains)andargument(whichattemptstoconvinceorpersuade)shouldleadthereadersmindbycarefulstepstounderstandingoragreement.Paragraphsinargumentorexpositionaremini-essays.Theydealwithonetopic,withcloselyrelateddata,orwithanintegralsegmentofatopic.Theparagraphishomogeneous.Itisorderlyandwemustrememberthattherearemanyvarietiesoforder.,ModelWriting1Directions:Forthispartyouareallowedtowriteacompositionentitled“TheValueofTime”underthefollowingGuidelines.Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan100words.Timesaystheproverbismoney.Thismeansthateverymomentwell-spentmayputsomemoneyintoourpo