2020届高三英语一轮复习讲义：SB2 A (unit1-unit10) 语法

SB2 A (unit1unit10)专题四：语法高考解读【高考导航】2020;2020高考命题趋向分析1对于非谓语动词的考查一直是历年高考的重点主要考查分词做表语，定语，宾语补足语与状语。考生需注重掌握现在分词与过去分词在做表语，定语，宾语补足语与状语时的区别。另外分词的完成时态以及动名词的复合结构也将是考查的重点2倒装句式是高中阶段重要的语法项目，考生需掌握部分倒装与完全倒装的区别并加强记忆。其中对于虚拟条件句及so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句的倒装是高考考查的重点3多个形容词修饰名词时的排序是考生的难点，需牢记如：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠【真题品析】1 (2020;2020 上海春招)_the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragementA The president will attend B The president to attendC The president attended D The presidents attending【答案】 D 考查动名词的复合结构【点拨】 动名词可以有自己的逻辑主语, 从而构成动名词的复合结构.动名词所带的逻辑主语通常是形容词性物主代词,宾格代词,名词所有格或普通格,如果逻辑主语是无生命物,则只用普通格(宾格).动名词的复合结构作主语时,通常使用名词的所有格或形容词性物主代词2(08 上海卷) So much of interest _ that most visitors simply run out of time before seeing it all.A. offers Beijing B.Beijing offers/C. does Beijing offer D. Beijing does offer【答案】 C 考查倒装句型的用法【点拨】当so/suchthat结构中的so/such位于句首时，句子谓语要部分倒装所以本题答案为C项，又如：So frightened was she in the earthquake that she didnt dare to move.3(2020;2020北京)This _ girl is Lindas cousin.A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little prettyC. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish【答案】 A 考查形容词的排序【点拨】pretty是描绘性形容词，little是表示大小的形容词，Spanish是表示国籍的形容词，所以，它们的排序是pretty little Spanish。注：限定词的排序：前位限定词 (指量限定词all, both, half等；倍数词double, twice等；分数词one-third, two-fifths等) +中位限定词 (冠词，指示代词，形容词性物主代词，名词所有格)+后位限定词 (序数词及last, next等；基数词及few, several等知识网络1非谓语动词-分词2名词3倒装句式4形容词，副词5代词精讲点拨一、非谓语动词分词【基础过关】1现在分词做宾语，定语，状语的用法2过去分词做后置定语，前置定语，状语的用法【拓展延伸】一：分词做表语。现在分词做表语，一般表主动或表明的是主语的性质与特征，主语与表语位置不可互换1The music they are playing sounds exciting. 他们演奏的音乐是如此令人兴奋2 The task of this class is practising the idioms. 这节课的任务是练习这些短语3Seeing is believing. 眼见为实4My work is looking after the children. 我的工作是照看这些孩子过去分词做表语，一般表被动或表明主语所处的状态多数情况下，如果主语是人，表语使用过去分词，即“人+ belook 等 +动词ed形式”； 如果主语是事或物，表语使用现在分词，即“物+ belook 等+动词 ing形式”。如：All of us were so disappointed at his absence.Though the trip was tiring, we felt very happy.事实上，当表示主语处于某种状态中，即“感到/觉得、”，表语要使用过去分词时，所以有时主语是物时也要使用过去分词；而要表示主语“具有令人/使别人感到、的特征/性质”，表语使用现在分词，包括有时主语是物时也要使用现在分词如：He is terrifying他很吓人。（指他的长相或举动令人害怕)He is terrified. 他很害怕。Please describe a dog that is frightened. 请描述一只惊恐的狗（狗受到了惊吓）。Please describe a dog that is frightening.请描述一只令人害怕的狗。类似常用的过去分词有：interested, excited, surprised, puzzled, amused, confused, embarrassed, satisfied；类似常用的现在分词有：interesting, exciting, surprising, puzzling, amusing, confusing, embarrassing, satisfying。二：分词做定语共同点：单个分词做定语放在所修饰名词前(a swimming pool)；分词短语（就是不仅仅由一个分词构成的用来修饰名词的短语the book written by Luxun）做后置定语，即放名词后用过去分词还是现在分词做定语的判断关键：名词与该动作的关系1. 现在分词(Ving)做定语：从功能上看，现在分词做定语表示 1）主动（及物）；2）进行（不及物）。做定语：相当于一个定语从句 (主动)Do you know the boy standing at the door? Do you know the boy who is standing at the door? A developing country needs aids. A country that/which is developing needs aids.They lived in a house facing the south They lived in a house that faced the south.The man wearing a red tie is our head. The man who wears a red tie(戴红领带) is our head.The workers working in the factory are well-paid. The workers who are working in the factory are well-paid. 在这家工厂工作的工人报酬很好2过去分词(p.p)做定语从功能上看，过去分词做定语表示1）被动（及物）；2）完成（不及物）做定语：相当于一个定语从句（被动），有时侯也表示完成的The broken window was repaired this morning.The sold hamburgers are not to my taste.The arrived guests will be led in.（此过去分词表示完成）The book written by Wang sells well.The shoes (that were) made in a small factory are of bad quality.小厂产的鞋子质量差反之，一个定语从句可以转化为分词做定语的结构The man I introduced to you yesterday had just returned from Japan.The man introduced to you by me yesterday had just昨天我给你介绍的那人刚从日本回来He is a man who is loved by all. He is a man loved by all. 他是个大家所热爱的人The leaves that have fallen are collected by the cleaners. The fallen leaves are collectedThat letter I received last week was from Li. The letter received last week was from Li.三； 分词做宾语补足语现在分词形式主要用于以下两类动词后构成宾语补助语表示感觉和状态的动词，如see, hear, feel, smell, watch, find, notice等例如:I heard Mr. Smith singing in the next door. 我听到史密斯先生在隔壁唱歌。I felt someone patting on the shoulder. 我感到有人拍了拍我 的肩膀表示“指使”等意义的动词，如have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。例如:We wont have you doing that. 我们不允许你这么做Im sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起，让你久等了过去分词做宾语补足语常出现在以下动词之后.1: 感官动词如: see, hear, feel , watch., notice, think, findEg. He felt himself cheated.2: 表示使役动词: have, keep, make, get, leaveEg. Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.Dont leave such an important thing undone.have sth done 常有两种含义：1） 表示让某事被别人做I had my computer repaired.2） 表示“受的影响，蒙受.的损失”He had his leg broken in the match yesterdayThe managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year3: 表示希望意义的词 : want , wish, like, expect等此时宾语补足语与间接宾语的关系绝大多数是被动或完成的.e.g. We like the problem settled.I would like my house painted white.四：分词做状语现在分词作状语 作时间状语Walking along the street, I met Mary. (=While I was walking along the street, )Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.作原因状语Being tired, I stopped to take a rest.(=Because I was tired, )Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.由于不知道她的地址，我们无法和她联系。作条件状语Turning to the left, you will find the school. (=If you turn the left, )If you work hard, youll succeed. =Working hard, youll succeed.作让步状语Working hard as he did, he was still unable to support the whole family.Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me.=Though he knows where I live, he never comes to see me.作伴随状语I stood there, waiting for her. (=, and waited for her.)Following Mike, they started to climb.The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.那些孩子们跑出房间，愉快地笑着、说着. V-ing 形式的完成式如果V-ing 表示的动作发生在句子谓语之前，则要用V-ing 的完成式，即是：Having +P.P(过去分词), 主语+谓语1) After she had finished her work, she went home.Having finish her work, she went home.2) As we have invited him here to speak, wed better go to his lecture.Having invited him here to speak, wed better go to his lecture. V-ing的复合结构带有逻辑主语的V-ing称为V-ing的复合结构.当V-ing的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,要在V-ing之前加上物主代词或名词所有格,这便构成了V-ing的复合结构.其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语, V-ing是逻辑上的谓语. V-ing复合结构在句中可作主语,宾语,表语等,分别相当于一个主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句. 其复合结构可以为:物主代词(如:his ,my ), 名词所有格(如:Toms)+ V-ing ,人称代宾格(如:him, me), 名词普通格(如:Tom).Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她来帮忙鼓舞了我们(=That she came to help encouraged all of us)过去分词作状语过去分词作状语同现在分词作状语一样,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,所不同的是现在分词与主句主语存在着主谓关系,而过去分词与主句主语之间是被动关系过去分词或过去分词短语在句中作状语时相当于一个状语从句,可表原因,时间,条件,让步,方式或伴随.(1)作原因状语,多放在主句之前,相当于because, since, as引导的从句.Tired from the days hard work, he fell asleep soon.=(Because he was tired from the days hard work, he)由于一天的劳累工作,他很快就睡着了Deeply moved by what he said, I promised to give him some help.(2)作时间状语,相当于when引导的时间状语,有时在分词前直接加when, while, until等词可使其表达的时间意义更明确.如:When heated, water can be changed into steam.水加热后可以变成水蒸气.Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.(3)作条件状语,相当于if, unless引导的从句.Given another chance, he can do it better.=(If he is given another chance,.) 如果再给他一次机会,他会做的更好United we stand, divided we fall.团结则存,分裂则亡(4)作让步状语.Much tired, he still kept on working.(=Though he was much tired, he.)尽管很累,他仍继续工作.(5)作方式或伴随状语.Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.因陷入沉思,他几乎撞到前面的汽车上.He turned away disappointed.他失望地走开了The teacher stood there, surrounded by many students.老师站在那儿,周围围着许多学生注意:(1).过分作状语,有时前面带有连词,是状语从句的省略形式,其中省去了从句的主语和be动词,通常主语与主句的主语相同when (it is)heated, water will boil.She wont go to the party, unless (she is)invited.(2).过去分词与句子的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系,改为时间,条件,原因,让步,方式状语从句时，从句的谓语动词应用被动语态(表示伴随情况多改为and +并列谓语).而现在分词与其逻辑主语则是主谓关系.(3)过去分词作定语不仅表示被动,还表示已经完成,但过分作状语,动作不一定是已经完成的动作,有可能是同时进行的,也有可能是未来的.(尤其在时间,条件状语从句中).(4)过去分词作状语,相当于对应状语从句,不可再用but, so, and, or否则重复改错:Laughed at by everyone, but he had my sympathy. 应去掉butKnown to all, so he was recognized very easily. 应去掉so(5)过去分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语保持一致,否则用从句或独立结构.【典型例题】1. The salesman scolded the girl caught _ and let her off.A. to have stolenB. to be stealingC. to stealD. stealing【答案】 D 考查动词非谓语形式在句中作宾补的用法【点拨】本题考查动词非谓语形式在句中作宾补的用法正确掌握并灵活运用非谓语形式是解此类题的关键，另外，解这一题目也要用还原法，即catch the girl stealing，若没有把catch the girl stealing 还原，也是很难找出本题的答案的，因此，解题时，不但要有扎实的基础知识，还要掌握解题技巧本题旨在考查catch sb. doing sth.（发现某人做某事）这一短语，故先排除A、C两项，由于girl与catch之间是被动关系，因此需要用catch的过去分词形式作后置定语，stealing所作的只能是定语中的补足语，故本题最佳答案为D2. In the study, I found my son _ at a desk, with his attention _ on a book.A. sitting; fixingB. sit; fixedC. sitting; to be fixedD. seated; fixed【答案】 D 考查不定式与分词作宾补的区别以及短语fix ones attention的用法【点拨】此题考查不定式与分词作宾补的区别以及短语fix ones attention的用法。解答此题时，应特别留意不定式与分词作宾补的区别；第二应注意倘若逻辑宾语提前，则with+复合宾语中宾补应用过去分词表示被动因为强调found的动作与sit同时进行，而省去to的不定式sit作宾补表示动作的完成，但sitting和seated皆可。第二空中，attention原为fix的逻辑宾语，所以应选fixed作宾语补足语。故此题正确答案为：D3. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _the answers ready will be of great help.(2020;2020 北京)A To have had B Having had C Have D Having【答案】D . 考查动名词作主语【点拨】本题用动名词作主语,表示一般性的情况.注意,本题不可选B, 因为没有必要强调动作在某个时间之前完成4.The discovery of new evidence led to _.(2020;2020 上海)A the thief having caught B catch the thiefC the thief being caught D the thief to be caught【答案】 C. 考查动名词作介词的宾语【点拨】动名词可以作介词的宾语，尤其要注意一些含介词to 的短语, 要与不定式分清,像 lead to /devote to /be used to /object to /look forward to 等5. And there, almost _ in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet.A. having lost B. losing C. to be lost D. lost【答案】D 考查过去分词做状语【点拨】 lost in the big chair为过去分词短语在句中作伴随状语。此句的正常语序为：Her little brother sat there.6 （2020;2020上海卷）_ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put【答案】 A 考查过去分词做状语【点拨】 本题中过去分词短语put into use in April 2000做时间状语，相当于状语从句when the hotline was put into use in April 2000。7 _ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _ the beautiful scenery.A. Tiring; to admire B. Being tired; admiringC. Tired; to admire D. Tired; admiring【答案】 C 考查分词做状语表示伴随状况【点拨】tired and out of breath为“形容词和介词短语”在句中作状语。stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事同步练习题1 I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _.A. to be breathedB. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed2_ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked3 _ in the queen for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car.A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having Waited D. To have waited4 Can those _ at the back of the classroom hear me?A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat5. _ the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day.A. Completing B. Complete C . Completed D. To complete6 To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can.A. speak.B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak7. Lucys new job paid twice as much as she had made _ in the restaurant.A. workingB. work C. to work D. worked8. Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge.A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known9. _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed10.Price of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying11._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered12. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given13. The pupil sat there, _ what to do.A. does knowing B. didnt knowing C. not known D. not knowing14. Because of my _ Russian. I cant make myself _.A. broken; understood B. broken; understandC. break; understood D. breaking; understanding15. The farmer _ to the ground last night.A. had his house burning down B. had his house burnt downC. had his house to be burnt down D. had his house being burnt down参考答案 15 BBCCD 6-10 CADCB 11-15AADAB二、名词【基础过关】名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：专有名词 不可数名词普通名词 物质名词抽象名词集体名词可数名词个体名词【拓展延伸】1. 名词复数的规则变化情况 构成方法 读音 例词一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby-babies 其它名词复数的规则变化 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如： two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero-zeros / zeroes。 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halves knife-knivesleaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchiefs。2名词复数的不规则变化 child-children foot-feet tooth-teethmouse-mice man-men woman-women注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。（2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters（3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数例如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的（4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。b. news 为不可数名词。c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。（5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）trousers,clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。（6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。3 不可数名词量的表示1）物质名词a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物 （不可数）These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃 （可数）b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数例如：This factory produces steel.（不可数）We need various steels.（可数）c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。2） 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数例如：four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议4 定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外1) 用复数作定语。例如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定例如： men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3） 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如： goods train （货车） arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式例如：two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划5 不同国籍人的单复数国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美国人 the Americans an American two Americans印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes6 名词的格英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下：1） 单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加 ，如：the workers struggle工人的斗争3） 凡不能加s的名词，都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有例如：Johns and Marys rooms（两间）John and Marys room（一间）6） 复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or twos absence【典型例题】1He gained his _by printing _of famous writersA.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.weaths;work D.wealth ;works【答案】 D 考查名词的单复数【点拨】因为wealth 是不可数名词故可排除B、C两个选项;work既可作不可数名词表“工作”意，又可作可数名词表“作品”意，常用复数形式。根据题目意思，此处work应作可数名词用，于是又可排除A2.Many people agree that_ knowledge of English is a must in _international trade today.A.a; B.the ; an C.the ;the D.;the【答案】 A 考查抽象名