2020届高三英语一轮复习必备精品：SB2Bunit11-20专题四

2020;2020届高三英语一轮复习必备精品SB2 B (unit11unit20)专题四：语法高考解读【高考导航】2020;2020高考命题趋向分析1 情态动词的考查是历年高考的重点。主要考查情态动词的含义及其在具体语言环境中的运用。考生需要掌握基本的情态动词can，could,may，might,shall, should，must，need， ought to， have to的用法，以及情态动词与have done连用表示对过去的某种推测。如：could have done， should have done等2. 虚拟语气是高考的热点和重点。主要考查虚拟语气在不同从句中的用法，其中对于非真实条件句的考查是重难点，考生需要注意if条件句可以省略if倒装，提前助动词should， were， had.以及含蓄条件句的基本用法。虚拟语气在” If it were (had been ) not for - “句型中，意为“要不是-”3. It的用法是历年高考的重点，主要考查it与关系词as,that，what的区别。考生要想掌握则必须对于句子结构有清晰的理解4. 对于介词的考查，主要针对一些介词短语的词义辨析【真题品析】1. -Do you mind if I keep pets in this building?- （NMET2000上海）A. Id rather you didnt, actually. B. Of course not. Its not allowed here.C .Great. I love pets. D. No, you cant.【答案】 A 考查交际用语【点拨】B 选项自相矛盾，应淘汰；C，D 两项答非所问；A是正确选项。I could rather you didnt可以用来表达说话者的委婉拒绝，要注意would rather 后的从句的谓语动词用过去式2 What would have happened, as tar as the riverbank?（NMET2001上海）A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk fartherC. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther【答案】C 考查虚拟语气省略倒装【点拨】由would have happened可知，这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，条件句中的谓语动词应用过去完成式。答案C 是省略if后变成的倒装句。31. It was_back home after the experiment. (2020;2020年湖北卷)A. not until midnight did he goB. until midnight that he didnt goC. not until midnight that he wentD. until midnight when he didnt go【答案】C。考查强调句型。【点拨】notuntil 句型变为强调结构时，不用when引导，要用that 引导，that后的从句用陈述语序。因此答案为C。此句的正常语序为：He didnt go back home until midnight after the experiment.此句的倒装句为：Not until midnight did he go back home after the experiment.4（09 福建卷）-How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space!-Its a challenge, I guess, man against nature.A. of B. for C. by D. about【答案】 A 考查介词搭配【点拨】根据句意a challenge of 知识网络【考点概览】1情态动词2虚拟语气3it的用法4介词5反意疑问句精讲点拨一、情态动词【基础过关】 can表示“能力；许可；可能性”。表示“可能性”时指的是理论上的可能性。不表示某事实际发生的可能性或真实性。例如：A computer cant think for itself; it must be told what to do.电脑不具备独立思考的能力。I should have been there, but I could not find the time.You can come any time you like.Anybody can make mistakes.表达某事实际发生的可能性时用may, could或might等We may spend our summer holidays in Hangzhou this year.“Are you coming to Jeffs party?” “Im not sure. I might go to the concert instead.”could/might 用来表示请求允许或许可时,语气比can/may委婉,但在答语中不能用could/might.如:-Could I use your telephone?-Yes, you can.当表示过去成功地做了某事时,要用was/were able to, 而不能用could.如:The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.大火很快蔓延了整个旅馆, 但全体人员都脱离了危险It was a holiday and the children were able to go to the seaside.mustnt 表“禁止,不准”;cannot 表“不可能; 拒绝”; need not 表“不必要”; may not 表“可能不”.You mustnt play with the knife, you may hurt yourself.“Will you stay for lunch?” “ Sorry, I cant. My brother is coming to see me.”“Is John coming by train?” “ He should, but he mat not. He likes driving his car.”“ Shall I tell John about it?” “No, you neednt. Ive told him already.”may用于征求对方许可， shall用于征求对方的意见或指示May I have a look? 我能看一下吗？Shall I have a look? 要我看一下吗？shall用来征求对方意见时用于第一、三人称。当表示说话人的命令、警告、强制、允诺、威胁或决心等时用于第二、三人称Shall she go to the concert with us this evening? （征求意见）You shall go to the front at once. （命令）Dont worry. You shall get the answer this very afternoon. （允诺）He shall be sorry one day. I tell you. （警告）Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution. （决心）should除表示必要或义务外，还可以表示比较肯定的推测或可能性-When can I come for the phone? I need them tomorrow afternoon.-They should be ready by 12: 00.The old man is always hunting the lions, so terrible things should happen to him.ought to与should一般可以互换，但是should谈的是主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。另外，should还有“一旦，万一；竟然”之意，而ought to则无此意We should / ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work.She is your mother, so you ought to support her.We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I dont think we will.You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be rude to a lady.【拓展延伸】1. must 的主要用法 表示必须、必要We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。 must be + 表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）He must be an honest boy. 他一定是个诚实的男孩must +have +过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用can。She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。 must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用neednt或dont have to表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，就用must not。Must I go tomorrow? 明天我必须去吗？Yes, please.是的，请吧！No , you neednt. 不，你不必去2. have to 的主要用法 have to 有人称和数的变化，可用于多种时态中：一般现在时中当主语是第三人称单数时要用has to，其余的人称用have to，一般过去时中要用had to； 一般将来时中则要用will have to.She has to go to school by bus. 她不得不乘公共汽车上学Youll have to see the doctor if you get ill. 如果你生病了，就得去看医生 have to 的否定句和疑问句的构成往往要借助于助动词do的适当形式或助动词will即have to, has to, had to和will have to的否定式分别为dont have to, doesnt have to, didnt have to和wont have to，疑问句是在句首加助动词do的相应形式，句中还原成have to或把will放到句首。What does she have to do? 她必须做什么？You didnt have to wait for me yesterday. 昨天你没有必要等我。 have to和must 的区别 含义和用法上的区别，have to强调客观需要做某事，即表示由于客观外界的条件的需要不得不做某事，含有“形势逼迫”的意味，must强调说话者主观上认为必须做某事，含有“主观判断”的意味My bike was broken on my way to school. I had to walk there.我的自行车在上学的路上坏了， 我不得不走路去上学We must learn English well. 我们必须学好英语 否定式的区别：have to 的否定式意思为“不必”，must的否定式mustnt 意为“禁止，不允许”。因此，以must 开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答为“Yes, 主语+must.”。否定回答为“No, 主语+neednt / dont have to.”.Must I finish the homework now? 我必须现在完成作业吗？Yes, you must. /No, you neednt. 是的，你必须现在完成。（不，你不必。） need与have to 用法辨析need表示需要，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用于疑问句，肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt。have to表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”，也可以翻译为“不得不”，have to否定形式意思是“不一定”或“没有必要”3. ought to 的用法 表示义务，意为“应该”(因责任、义务而该做)，口气比should稍重。We ought to defend our country.我们应当保卫我们的国家。You ought to respect your parents.你应当尊敬你的父母。 表示推测，暗含很大的可能，可译为“应该是，会是”Prices ought to come down soon.价格可能会很快下跌 ought to和should的含义较近，但不完全相同。ought to表示“应该”，是从“义务”或“按理推断”的角度来讲的。should则是从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。You are her mother. You ought to look after her.你是她的母亲，你应当照管她 (是道义上的责任，不能和should互换。)We should encourage him, for we are his classmates.我们应该鼓励他，我们是他的同班同学啊！【典型例题】1.I have been more than six years old when the accident happened.（NMET 2020;2020天津）A. shouldnt B. couldnt C. mustnt D. neednt【答案】 B 考查情态动词表示猜测。【点拨】从后面的时态看是对过去情况的判断，“couldnt have+动词+ed 形式”表示“（过去）不可能”。同步练习1. You_ all those clothes! We have a washing machine to do that sort of thingA. neednt have washed B. shouldnt have washedC. must not have washed D. can not have washed2. Johns score on the test is the highest in the class; he_ last night.A. should study B. should have studiedC. must have studied D. must have to study3. You_ to town to see the film yesterday. It will be on TV tonight.A. neednt go B. had better not goC. should not go D. neednt have gone4. We_ the letter yesterday, but it didnt arrive.A. must receive B. ought to receiveC. must have received D. ought to have received5. When I got to the cinema, the film had already started; I_ there earlier.A. ought to get B. ought to have gotC. must have got D. must get6. We ought to help each other in our work, _?A. oughtnt weB. should weC. ought weD. ought to we7. You _ your tooth pulled out before it rot completely.A. had better got B. had to get better C. had better to get D. had better get8 When we got to the cinema, the film hasnt started yet, so we _.A. neednt hurry B. didnt need hurryC. neednt to hurry D. neednt have hurried9. As he had heart attack, he was told that he _ continue the work.A. neednt B. may not C. mustnt D. cant10. I know things are hard with you, but you _try to get over the difficulties.A. can B. may C. must D. ought to11. The city cleaners _ repeat their work many times a day during the dust-storm season.A. may B. can C. might D. have to12.Tom ought not to _ me your secret, but he meant no harm.A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told13.Johnny, you play with the knife, you hurt yourself.A. wont; cant B. mustnt; mayC. shouldnt; must D. cant; shouldnt14. Shall I tell John about it No, you . Ive told him already.A. neednt B. wouldnt C. mustnt D. shouldnt15. John, look at the time. _ you play the piano at such a late hour？A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need16. Tom, you _ leave all your clothes on the floor like this！A. wouldnt B. mustnt C. neednt D. may not17. Lucy doesnt mind lending you her dictionary. She _. Ive already borrowed one.A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. shouldnt18. Sir, you _be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.A. mustnt B. cant C. wont D. neednt19. It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you _it.A. mustnt have done B. would not have doneC. might not have done D. didnt have to参考答案 1-5 . ACDDB 6-10 ADDCC 11-15DABAA 16-19 BCAD二、虚拟语气【基础过关】虚拟语气表示说的话不是事实或者不是可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望，建议或者与事实相反的假设等，一般常用与正式的书面语中与现在事实相反的条件句虚拟语气在条件句中共有3种情况：与现在的事实相反；与过去的事实相反；与将来的事实相反。与现在的事实相反的条件句，谓语动词的形式见下表：条件从句主句例句动词的过去式（be的过去式用were）Would（should，could，might）+动词原形If I were you， I would not be so proud.I dont have a cell phone. If I had one, it would be convenient for me to get in touch with others. 2 表示与过去事实相反的情况，其主句从句中动词的使用情况见下表：条件句主句例句Had+p.p.Would/should/could/might+have+p.pIf you had come earlier， you would have met him.与将来的事实可能相反时虚拟条件句主句例句动词的过去式或should+动词原形或were to+ 动词原形Should/would/could/might+动词原形If it were to rain tomorrow, we would not go out.省略if的虚拟 条件句的用法在正式文体中， 有时可以把虚拟条件句中的连词if 省略，而将were, had， should等助动词（不包括行为动词）提到主语前面，形成主谓倒装。如果句中没有were, had, 或should时， 既不能省略if ，也不能倒装例如：Were I to meet him tomorrow(=If I were to meet him tomorrow), I should ask him about it.要是我明天见到他，我就会问他这事的。Had I had the money last year (= If I had had the money last year ), I would have bought the house.如果我去年有了这笔钱，我几买那栋房子了Should there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling until would cut off the fuel oil supply.假如锅炉出问题的话，自动装置会自动切断燃油的供应混合型虚拟条件句通常情况下，在非真实条件句中 的主句和从句所指的时间是一致的，主从句中的谓语动词要么都是与现在事实相反，要么都是与过去事实相反等。但也有可能指不同的时间，这是要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式例如：If I were you , I would have taken his advice.我要是你，我就采纳了他的建议。（从句指现在，主句指过去 ）If her husband had not been killed in the war, she would not be helping others with the housework now.如果她丈夫没有在战争中死去的话，她现在就不会帮助别人做家务了（从句 指过去，主句指现在）含蓄虚拟条件句（1）有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示通常的词或短语有：without, but for, but that, otherwise, or ,but等。例如：Without your help(= If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.要是没有你的帮助， 我们是不会成功的But for electricity(=If there were no electricity ), there would be no modern industry.要是没电， 就不会有现代工业（2）有时虚拟与语气可以由otherwise，but， or来引导例如：I ran all the way to school, otherwise I would have been late.我一路跑到学校，不然就迟到了He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have helped you.他昨天很累， 不然他会帮助你们的I ought to have remembered to tell them the decision this morning, but I was so busy that I forgot to do so.我本来应该记得今天早上告诉他们那个决定的， 但是我太忙了，把这个事给忘了7“If it were (had been ) not for -“句型中的虚拟语气虚拟语气也常用于” If it were (had been ) not for - “句型中，意为“要不是-”例如：If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.要不是有了和平，我们今天就不可能过上幸福的生活了If it had not been for your advice, I would not have accepted the job.要不是你的建议，我可能就不会接受那个工作了【拓展延伸】一；虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法1在动词wish后的宾语从句中，谓语常用过去式来表示现在的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，用would/could/might+动词原形来表示将来的情况He wishes he could paint as well as a professional artiest.I with I had been with you yesterday.We wish the rain would stop.2.在would rather后的宾语从句中，谓语常用过去式来表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况I would rather you hadnt told me the truth.I would rather you did it.3.在demand, suggest, order, propose, request, command, insist等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语通常用should+动词原形或只用动词原形，来表示愿望、建议、命令、请求等，而should常可省略John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined.hey requested that the meeting be postponed.误区警示suggest表示”暗示.认为.可能”之意时,宾语从句中的谓语动词用陈述语气Her expression suggested she was sad.insist不表示”坚持让某人做某事”时后面宾语从句用陈述语气.He insisted that he was better.(insist是”坚持说”之意)二 虚拟语气用于名词性从句中1 .It is necessary that从句That引导的主语从句中谓语动词用(should)+v.能这样用的形容词还有:important, natural, impossible, strange, surprising等It is strange that he (should) have left without saying anything.2 .It is ordered/suggested that 从句that引导的主语从句谓语用(should)+v.这一类的动词还有:order, proposal, require, demand, request, insist, ask等.It is ordered that the cloth (should) be woven right now.3 .虚拟语气还可用于某些表语从句中(should)+v.有下列名词作主语order, suggestion, request, proposal, advice, requirement, plan, idea, decision.His order is that the cloth(should) be woven right now.4 .虚拟语气还可用于某些同位语从句中,能这样做同位语中心名词的名词与上面中的名词相同同位语从句中的谓语动词形式用(should)+v.What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English Evening?三 虚拟语气在其他从句中的用法1 .由as if/as though (好像)引导的状语从句,谓语动词用过去时或过去完成时表示虚拟语气.He looks as if he were ill.He looked as if he had been abroad.误区警示：as if 从句虚拟语气动词的时态不受主句动词的支配,时态的确定有以下几种:主.从句同时,从句用一般过去时.He passed the soldiers as if they didnt exist. 他走过哨兵,好像他们不存在一样主.从句同时,且在进行,从句用过去进行时.He heard a noise, as if someone were breathing. 他听到一种声音,好像有人在呼吸.从句先.主句后发生的动作,从句用过去完成时.He looked as if he had been ill. 他看上去像是生过病.as if从句中表达的意思是真实的要用陈述语气.It looks as if it is going to rain. (真的就要下雨)2It is time/high time /about time that 从句中用虚拟语气,过去时或should+v., should不能省略.It is high time that I went home .=It is high time that I should go home .3.表示祝愿或诅咒的祈使句May you succeed! 祝你成功！God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你.【典型例题】1.- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.- Oh, did you ? You wit Barbara.（NMET1998）A. could have stayed B. could stayC. would stay D. must have stayed【答案】A 该题的考点是虚拟语气。【点拨】从上句所提供的信息可知，谈论的是过去的事情，故正确答案A 项，could have done表示“ 本可以做某事，而实际上没做”。2. How I wish every family a large house with a beautiful garden.（NMET2002上海）A. has B. had C will have D. had had【答案】B该题的考点是虚拟语气【点拨】Wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气， 故排除A和C 项；该句谈的是现在的愿望，应用一般过去时，所以选B。同步练习题1If Richard hard next time, he the exam.A. works; would pass B. worked; passedC. had worked; passed D. worked; would passed2.I would have come earlier, but I that you were waiting for me.A. didnt know B. hadnt know C. would have known D. havent known3. We our lives had it not been for the policeman.A. would have lost B. should lose C. might lose D. had lost4. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.A. If the captain were B. Had the captain beenC. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been5Our sister nearly devoted all her spare time to her course during the three years.-Thats all right, or she the first place in her school in the 2002College Entrance Examination.A. wouldnt take B. wouldnt have taken C. hadnt taken D. couldnt take6. If I you how to do it yesterday, you it now.A. told; had finished B. had told; have finishedC. had told; would finished D. have told; will finished7. If Wang Kenan hadnt made a fatal mistake in the final dive of the mens 3m synchronized springboard, the dream of winning Chinas 11th gold at the 28th Olympic GamesA. would have been realized B. should be realizedC. was realized D. had been realized8. What do you think would happen if there no light during the day?A. were B. would be C. will be D. is9. If you here tomorrow, we would hold a meeting to discuss this question.A. are B. should be C. are to be D. had been10.If you here yesterday, he a good beating.A. were; would be given B. were to be; would have beenC. had been; would be given D. had been; would have been given11.Dont come this morning. I would rather you the day after tomorrow.A. come B. came C. are to come D. will come12.The thief insisted that he my mobile phone.A. hadnt stolen B. should not steal C. not steal D. not to steal13.But for the Party, he of hunger fifteen years ago.A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die14.I would love to to the party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to go B. have gone C, going D. having gone15. Robert wishes that he business instead of history when he was in university.A. studies B. studied C has studied D. had studied参考答案： 1-5 DAABB 6-10 CAABD 11 -15B AABD三、it 的用法【基础过关】一.代词it1.用作人称代词,代替上文提到的事物My pen is missing.I cant find it anywhere.2.用来代替指示代词this,thatWhose umbrella is this? Its mine.3.用作非人称代词,表示时间,日期,地点,温度,距离,环境等.Its time for the meeting.Its a beautiful day here.二.引导词it1.用作形式主语,代替不定式,-ing形式或从句表示的真正主语.Its no use crying over spilt milk.2.用作形式宾语,代替不定式,-ing形式或从句表示的真正宾语.在think,make,believe,consider,take,find,feel等动词后跟复合宾语时,多用it作形式宾语.I think it no use arguing with him.在like,enjoy,love,hate,appreciate等表示 “喜,怒,哀,乐”的动词后跟宾