高级英语写作

environment,positiveconserveresourcespreservetheenvironmentpromotesustainabledevelopmentraise/elevatecitizensawarenessofharnessnaturalresourcesenrichbiodiversityrecyclesomethingshoulderonesresponsibilityprotect/preservewildanimalsuseresourcesproperly,negativeconsume/depleteresourcesruin/devastatetheenvironmentpushforwardtheeconomyattheexpenseof.desensitizecitizenstomisusenaturalresourcesJeopardizebiodiversityoverlooktheemissionproblemthrowsomethingawayendangerwildanimaluseup/exhaustresources,practice,Itisgenerallybelievedthateducationisofvitalimportancetothedevelopmentofindividualsandthewell-beingofsocieties.Whatshouldeducationconsistoftofulfillboththesefunctions?,Practiceoftopicsentenceandcontrollingideas,1.Peoplecanavoidburglaries.Peoplecanavoidburglariesbytakingcertainprecautions.2.Growingupinasmalltownisgood.Thereareseveraladvantagesofgrowingupinasmalltown.3.AirpollutioninMexicoCityistheworstintheworld.AirpollutioninMexicoCityistheworstintheworldforanumberofreasons.,Practiceoftopicsentenceandcontrollingideas,4.Fixingaflattireonabicycleiseasy.Fixingaflattireonabicycleiseasyifyoufollowthesesteps.5.Animalsindangerofbecomingextinctcomefromcountries.Animalsindangerofbecomingextinctcomefromawiderangeofcountries.6.Effectiveleadershiprequiresqualitiesthatanyonecandevelop.Effectiveleadershiprequiressomespecificqualitiesthatanyonecandevelop.,Topicsentence&supportingstatements,在应试型（雅思或新托福等）议论文写作中，通常遵循introduction-body-conclusion（引言段-主体段-结论段）的“三步曲”。Body（主体）段落提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，在评分中占有很大的比重。例如一篇满分的雅思作文（9分）必须“presentsafullydevelopedpositioninanswertothequestionwithrelevant，fullyextendedandwellsupportedideas”。这里的“fullyextended/wellsupported”，必须通过主体段来体现。新托福的满分作文（5分）也要求“iswellorganizedandwelldeveloped，usingclearlyappropriateexplanations，exemplifications，and/ordetails”，同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现。,Topicsentence&supportingstatements,Topicsentenceisthecentreoftheparagraph.Supportingstatementsarethesentenceswhichcangivethefurtherexplanationsofthetopicsentence.Therearetwotypesofsupportingstatements:majorsupportingstatements&minorsupportingstatements.,Therelationbetweenmajorsupportingstatements&minorsupportingstatements.主要推展句与次要推展句的关系(relation)基本可以遵循下面的“三部分”(three-part)规则。1每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。2每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句。3含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展素材，又要有次要推展素材。,supportingstatementmajorsupportingstatement主要推展句(majorsupportingstatement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。例1：(主题句)Thereareseveralfactorsaffectingclimate.(推展句1)Onefactoristhemountofsunlightreceived.(推展句2)Altitude,ortheheightabovesealevel,alsodeterminesclimate.(推展句3)Theoceanshaveaneffectontheclimateofadjacentland.(推展句4)Inaddition,climateisinfluencedbythegeneralcirculationoftheatmosphere.,2.（主题句）Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.（推展句1）Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant,foradvertisingexertsasubtleinfluenceonus.（推展句2）Intheireffortstopersuadeustobuythisorthatproduct,advertisershavemadeaclosestudyofhumannatureandhaveclassifiedallourlittleweakness.以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。,minorsupportingstatement次要推展句(minorsupportingstatement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。例:(主题句)Idontteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme.(主要推展句1)TeachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysIhaveattemptedtoearnmyliving:mechanic,carpenter,writer.(主要推展句2)Forme,teachingisared-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomachprofession.(次要推展句1)Red-eye,becauseIneverfeelreadytoteachnomatterhowlateIstayuppreparing.(次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm,becauseImalwaysnervousbeforeIentertheclassroom,surethatIwillbefoundoutforthefoolthatIam.(次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach,becauseIleavetheclassroomanhourlaterconvincedthatIwasevenmoreboringthanusual.,howtomakesupportingstatements主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问解答(why-because)的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。例3：假设(suppose)Topicsentence:Englishisaninternationallanguage?设问(why)WhycanwesayEnglishisaninternationallanguage?,解答(because)Because:Englishisspokenbypilotsandairportcontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld.Because:Over70percentoftheworldsmailiswritteninEnglish.Because:Morethan60percentoftheworldsradioprogramsareinEnglish.Because:PakistanwasonceoneoftheBritishcolonies.Because:ManymembersoftheInternationalLanguageSocietyareselectedfromEnglish-spokencountries.,从上面可以看出，最初的三个推展句是和关键词aninternationallanguage一致的。第四句和主题句不统一，尽管第四句会成为另一主题句(ManyPakistanisspeakEnglish)很好的推展句。第五句说服力不强。当然，在写成段落时，没有必要在每个句子开头写上because，但是，在动笔展开句子时，头脑里要想着这个词，这种检验方法能帮助你把注意力集中在某个重心，围绕主题思想层层展开。,Example:KnowledgeIsPowerIsstudyreallyofnouse?Asacollegestudent,Idontthinkso.WeallknowthatitiswithadvancedscienceandtechnologythatAmericanshaveturnedtheircountryintoahighlydevelopedone.Andifwedontstudy,ifwehavenoknowledge,wewillbeleftfurtherbehindthedevelopedcountrieslikeAmerica.Soinordertokeepupwiththedevelopedcountriesandbuildoursintoapowerfulcountry,weshouldstudymuchharderandmastermuchmoreknowledge.Knowledgeiswealth.Knowledgeispower.,Example:Nowadaysmoreandmoremoviesofviolenceareproducedassomepeopleenjoythem.Accordingtotheiropinion,moviesofviolenceareexcitingandthereforepeopleeasilykilltheirtimebywatchingthem.Someothersevengofurthertoarguethatmoviesofviolencealsoencourageustotakethelawintoourhandsandtoarmourselvesincaseweareattacked.,Thesecondwayisclassification.Somepeopleholdthatautomobileswillgiverisetoproblems.Somepeopleholdthatautomobileswillgiveseveralrisetoproblems.,Thereasonsoftheincreasingnumberofstudentspursuingmastersdegreearemany.,Example:PursuitofMastersDegreeThereasonsoftheincreasingnumberofstudentspursuingmastersdegreeareasfollows.First,withthegrowthofcollegegraduateseachyear,thesituationinthejobmarketisgettingtighterandtighter.ThepublicawarenessofthesituationhascreatedasurgeinterestinreadingforaMasterdegree.Secondly,manycross-nationalcompaniessetamuchhigherstandardfornewrecruitsthanever.Itseemsthatthehighereducationyouhave,thehighersalaryyoumayreceive.,Therearecomponentsaccountingfortherisingpercentageofprivate-cardrivers.,Example:DrivingPrivateCarsToWorkTherearetwomaincomponentsaccountingfortherisingpercentageofprivate-cardrivers.Nowadays,itiscommonforpeopletotravelalongdistancetoworkinbigcitiesorevenacrosscities.Privatecarswillundoubtedlybecomethefirstchoicewhenspeedandconvenienceareconsidered.Whatsmore,withrisingaverageincomeandtheadventofsometypesofeconomiccars,peoplecanaffordprivatecars,whichusedtobeluxuriesforalmostallChinese.,Example:RecreationsGenerallyspeaking,therearetwokindsofrecreations:physicalactivitiesandintellectualactivities.Physicalactivities,ontheonehand,keeponefitanddevelopteamspiritandbasketballisanexample.Ontheotherhand,intellectualactivitiessuchasplayingchessandreadingnovelscantrainonesbrainsandprovidetemporaryescapefromonestroubles.,Practice:EmploymentWithCollegeGraduatesImproves请分析变化原因：如从政府的就业政策，学校关注的就业培训，或大学生开辟自营空间等方面加以分析。你认为目前大学生就业难的原因是什么，如从中国出现劳动力高峰、大学生择业心态等方面加以分析。,Threechiefelementscontributetotheimprovement.Firstofall,thegovernmentsfavorablepolicieshavefacilitatedthegraduatesemployment.Secondly,itisbecausemostuniversitieshavepaidmoreattentiontovocationaltraining.Lastbutnotleast,somegraduatestriedsuccessfullytobreakvariouspathstobeself-employed.,However,theseriousemploymentproblemofcollegegraduatescantbeneglectedforthefollowingreasons.Foronething,weareexperiencinganotherpeakoflaborboomingwith15millionnew-bornlaborforcessupplyeachyear.Equallyimportant,somegraduatesfailtoadjusttheirunrealisticallyhighgoalstothenewenvironmentofemployment.,InvitationAllmajorandminorlifeeventsaremarkedbyoccasionstowhichweinvitefamilyandfriends.Socialgatheringsofferfriendship,entertainmentandrelaxation.Invitationsrangefromthecasual“comevisit!”Todinner-dances.,Invitation,Theformatandcontentofanyinvitationletterreflectsthestandardofthepersoninvitingthepeople.Invitationletterformatdepictsyourmodestyandcourtesy.Thewayyoupresenttheinvitationisjudgedbytheinviteefollowedbyacceptanceorrejectionfortheinvitation.Invitationletterformatvariesdependingontheoccasion.Aweddinginvitationproposalisjusttheoppositeofbusinessdeals.Similarlybirthdayinvitation,slumberparty,babyshowerceremonyoranykindofinvitationforgatheringshavetheirowntheme.Invitationforsales,grantandconvocationsalsohavetheirownkindofformat.Checkthisgeneralinvitationlettersample.,InvitationTheAmericanTradingCompanyCordiallyinvitesyoutoattenddinnerincelebrationoftheEightiethAnniversaryofthefoundingofthecompanywhichtobeheldatthelotushotelonWednesdaythetwelfthofAprilatsevenoclockp.m.,TheAmericanTradingCompanyCordiallyinvitesyoutoattenddinnerincelebrationoftheEightiethAnniversaryofthefoundingofthecompanytobeheldatthelotushotelonWednesdaythetwelfthofAprilatsevenoclockp.m.,banquet,Lettersofinvitationarewrittentothefollowingevents:Exhibitions:fashionshows,newproductshows,tradeshows,bookfairsFundraisingeventsHospitality:lunches,dinners,teas,receptions,openhouses,cocktailparties,buffets,partiesGet-together,Meetings,workshops,conferenceRecitals,performancesReunions:socialreunion,classreunions,familyreunionweddings,Theelementsofaninvitation:1.thenameofhost2.V&O(requestthepleasureof)3.thenameofinvitee4.thenameoftheactivity5.theaimoftheactivity,6.theplaceoftheactivity7.thedateandexacttimeoftheactivity8.therequirementofthepreferreddress9.theaddressandtelephonenumberofthehosttoR.S.V.P,Commonwords:ThereceptionLuncheonCocktailCostumedanceChristmasplayThegraduationexercisesThecentenarycelebrationoftheuniversity,ThefiftiethanniversaryoftheirmarriageThemarriageofMissSmithtoMr.WhiteTheformalopeningoftheChinabranchDinnerincelebrationofthe80thanniversaryofthefoundingofthecompany,Usefulexpressions:1.requestthepleasureofthe/yourcompany(of)敬请光临thehonorofyourpresenceisrequested敬请光临2.Mr.andMrs.Smithrequestthepleasure/honorofyourcompanyatdanceonFriday5,September2010at7:30p.m.attheGreatHotel.,3.Dress:loungesuit/daydress(informal)Dressinformal/optional(informal)BlackTie.(menblacktieandsuit,womenlongdress)(formal)WhiteTie.(maleguestwhitetieandeveningsuit/tuxedo,femaleguestlongeveningdressofhigh-quality)(veryformal)4.R.S.V.P.敬请回复/pleasereply.（repondezsilvousplait)5.Regretsonly.如不能出席，请通知.,Sbinvitesyoutoareception/partyatplaceondateattimeYouarewarmly/cordiallyinvitedtoattendareception/partyatplaceondateattimeSbrequeststhepleasureofyourcompany/thecompanyofMratareception/dinneratplaceondateattime,Notesofwriting:Womanusewhatevernametheyprefer(marriedname,businessname,birthname)ontheinvitations.Theinviteerespondsusingthatname.Thephrase”requestthepleasureofyourcompany”issuitableforanyinvitationbutthemostcasual,Toindicatethepreferreddress(formal,informal,casual,costume),whenappropriate.Donotuseabbreviationsinformalinvitationsexceptfor”Mr.,Mrs.,Ms.,Dr.,“andsometimesmilitaryrank.,Wheninvitingasinglepersonorsomeonewhosepersonallifeisunfamiliartoyou,indicateswhethertheinvitationisintendedforthatpersononlyorincludesafriend.Whenissuinganinvitationtoafamilywithyoungchildren,listeachchildbyfirstnameontheenveloponthelineunderneaththeparentsnames,neveradd”andfamily.”,InvitationLetterFormat-InformalOccasionslikebirthdaysandmarriagearesocialfunctionsandareinformalinnature.Invitationletterforinformaloccasionsmustbecordial,respectfulandwholehearted.Itshouldalwaysmaketheinviteefeelspecialandthathispresenceintheoccasionismosteagerlyawaited.Thereisnoparticularruleforaninformalletterformatbutyourinvitationlettermusthaveapositivevibeoverall.Heresasampleofinvitationletterforbirthdayinvitation.,BirthdayPartyInvitationDoublethepleasure,doublethefunTerryandThomasareturningone!Withfourbrighteyesandtwowidegrins!Itsthefirstbirthdaypartyforthetwins!Bringyourparents,bringyourgrinsWellbewearingcakeandicecreamonourchins!Saturday,June2nd3:00p.m.to5:00p.m.attheJacobshome125WoodlandDriveRSVPbyMay27th,725-5341,-BirthdayToCarlaandfamilyMybirthdayfallson22ndAprilandIamcountingdaysofhappiness.Iamwaitingformyfriendsandfamilytogatheratmyhomeon22ndAprilandshowerwishesonme.Onthisspecialoccasion,Icordiallyinviteyouandyourfamilytobepresentwithme.Yourpresencewillbemosteagerlyawaitedbyme.Lookingforwardtoseeyouonthatday.Yourslovingly,BenneDickson,Mr.AndMrs.JohnSmithRequestthehonorofyourpresenceAtthemarriageoftheirdaughterBarbaraToMr.DavidClarkTuesday,thetwenty-firstMayAtthreeoclockHolyFamilyChristianChurchNewYorkAndafterwardsatthereceptionInQueenHotelR.S.V.P.bythe25ofMaytoJohnMiltonxxxxxxxx,Costumedance,Dr.andMrs.ThomasClintonRequestthepleasureofthecompanyofMr.DavidSmithAtacostumedanceFortheirdaughterMissShellingClintonThursday,theeighthofOct.Atnineoclockp.m.TheWuhanPlazaRegretsonly305-659-3223,PartyInvitationYouareherebysummonedtoanafternoonoffunandamusementEveryonewillberoyallyfedandhappyforthestayatQueenMadelines30thBirthdayKingRaymondandQueenMadelinerequestthehonorofyourpresenceattheircastle545HillsideManorSaturday,theeleventhofMay(2010)atthreeoclockintheafternoonRegretsonlybythefirstofMay732-2123,InvitationLetterFormat-FormalWritingaformalinvitationletterisactuallyeasierthantheinformalones.Themostimportantthingthatformalinvitationletterprovidesistheformat.Theformatshouldbeprecise.Youshouldcometothesubjectmatterdirectlyandinformalwordingsshouldbeavoided.Invitationlettersampleforformaloccasionsincludebusiness,sales,grants,delegationsetc.Atschoolsoruniversities,formalinvitationisgiventostudentsandtheirfamiliesforattendinganyeventormeeting.Studentsalsosendinvitationtoteachersforattendinganyeventorexhibitionorganizedbythem.Formalinvitationletterformatshouldcontaintheaddressoftheinviterandtheinviteeaswell.Businesslettershouldclearlyclarifythedealandshouldbedetailedandconcise.Theformatmustreflectprofessionalism.Itshouldalsocontainthelogoofthecompanyatitsletterhead.Heresasimpleformat,MaymeetingTopic:computerapplicationinmedicalcarePanel:ThomasWood,RedCrossCenter,GreatBritishRobertAnderson,GreatMedicalCollege,CanadaChairperson:Dr.WilliamWeilandPlace:CountryClubTime:6.00p.m.Social7.00p.m.DinnerDate:Monday,May15,2006Cost:$10R.S.V.P.bythe25ofMaytoJohnMiltonxxxxxxxx,invitationDate:July20th,2004DearProfessorGreen,YouarecordiallyinvitedtotheMeetingofTourismandDevelopment,2009onFriday,August15that7:00AM.FTDisayearlyforumfocusingondevelopingthenationstourism.Expertsinhisareamayfindmoreinformationandopportunitiesattendingthismeeting.Seatingmaybelimited,sopleaseR.S.V.P.,bycalling:PhilipFink410-719-961.Thereisnochargetoattend.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,donthesitatetocallusorvisitourwebsiteatSincerely,XXXXXXPS:pleasedressformallyasthiswillbeaformalmeeting.,US-VisitInvitationDate:_UnitedStatesConsulateGeneralDearHonorableConsul,MynameisDavidMa,andIresideatNewYork.IamaUnitedStatescitizen(orlawfulpermanentresidentalien).Iamrequestingthatyouissueatourist(B-2)visatoHuaMa,inordertoallowhimtovisitmeintheUnitedStates.HuaMaismybrotherwhowillbevisitingmefromFeb.1toApirl1toseemyfamily.DuringhisstayintheUnitedStates,hewillstaywithmeatmyhome.IwillberesponsibleforallofhisroomandboardexpenseswhileheisintheUnitedStates.Upontheterminationofhisvisit,hewillreturntohiscountry.,_HuaMawillbepresentingthislettertoyou,togetherwithotherevidencetoestablishhisclosetiestohiscountry,andtoassureyouthathewillreturnpriortotheexpirationofhisstayintheUnitedStates.Yourkindconsiderationtothisrequestwillbegreatlyappreciated.Verytrulyyours,Name_Address_TelephoneNo.,Thegraduationexercises,thePresidentWuHandongofTheZhongNanUniversityofEconomicsandLawrequeststhehonorofyourpresenceattheGraduationExercisesat3:30p.m.onTuesday,July8th,2007atauditorium,GraduationCeremonyInvitationDr.andMrs.DonaldShawareproud