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2020高考英语语法复习 冠词 概念:放在所说明的名词之前的词,说明名词的含义。冠词是一种虚词,本身无独立的冠词 意义,在句中不重读,在句中不可独立使用。定冠词:the a用在其后名词或形容词为辅音音标开头(特指) 区别 eg:a useful book 分类 不定冠词:a/an an用在其后名词或形容词为元音音标开头(泛指) eg:an hour冠词的位置(1)冠词与名词连用,总是置于名词之前;若名词有形容词修饰时,冠词通常置于形容词之前。The potato is a vegetable ,not a fruit.In the train,we found an empty third-class carriage.(2)形容词有so、as、too、how修饰时,不定冠词a须置于形容词之后,名词之前。It was so warm a day that we decided to go to the sea.It was too good a chance to be missed. You are happy a couple as Ive ever seen.(3)指示代词such和感叹词what总是置于不定冠词a之前。How ever did you make such a mistake. What a lovely day.(4)many可置于不定冠词之前,后跟单数名词。I have heard many a young girl say that.(5)副词quite和rather可置于不定冠词a之前,也可置于其后。若副词quite和rather置于其前时,语气较强。She is quite a particular girl.She lived in rather a lonely part of the country.若副词quite和rather置于其前时,语气较弱。Thats a quite surprising result.Hes a rather hard man.(6)不定代词all、both和副词double须置于定冠词the之前。All the birds were asleep.Both (the) boys were late for dinner.(both后的定冠词常可省去)(7)half和twice均置于不定冠词a和定冠词the之前。Theyve only heard half the story.She paid twice the price for it.不定冠词的用法:不定冠词所指的名词为不特定者(泛指)(1)表示“一”的意思,与数词one相同。 Rome was not built in a day.(2)表示某类人或事物之一。 She became a skilled seaman(3)a/an用在单数名词前,强调的是名词的类别,表示一类人或事物,而不是强调数,相当于可数名词复数形式,也相当于不定冠词表示类别,one强调个数。The fox/A fox/Foxes may grow grey,but never good.狐狸会变老,但不会变好。(谚)A plane/The plane/Planes is a machine that can fly.(4)表示“每一”,相当于“per”,用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位词前。We have three meals a day.(5)表示同样的人或事物,相当于the same。Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚(谚)They are people of a kind.他们是同样的人。(6)放在物质名词前,使物质名词具体化,表示一种、一阵、一份、一杯等意思。Please give me a coffee.(一杯咖啡)(7)放在抽象名词前,使抽象名词具体化,表示一个具体的人或事。The sport meeting was a great success.(成功的事)She is a beauty.(美人)(8)用于表示引起某种情绪的事的名词前。It is an honour to be invited to the party.Its a pleasure to meet you.(9)用于专有名词1)不定冠词置于姓名前,相当于a certain,意为“某一(个)”或“一个叫的人”A Miss Wang is waiting for you.2)表示与之相似的人、事或物,意为“一个式的(人物)”。He is a Lei Feng of our class. He loves science.He wants to be a Newton.3)表示民族、社团、家庭中的一员或某人的文学作品同他所发明、创造的东西。He has bought a Shakespeare. Im a Han and my wife is a Miao.4)表示起了变化的人或地方。Hes now a different Tom from what he was before.5)不定冠词置于由定语修饰的专有名词前,表示该专有名词的某种属性或一时的特点。It was a hot August.(10)不定冠词可用于两件配对成套的器物或通常在一起出现的形象前。A knife and fork(刀叉)is on the table.a needle and thread(针线) a cup and saucer(一只带茶托的茶杯)(11)用于某些固定词组中at a time(一次) a few(一些) a lot of(许多) in a hurry(匆匆忙忙) to take a bow(谢幕)in a word(总而言之) take/have a rest(休息) have a good time(玩的愉快)as a rule(通常) have/catch/get a cold/cough/headache/pain/fever(患感冒/咳嗽/头痛/疼痛/发烧)make a living(谋生) take/have a bath/wash(洗澡) have a look at(看一看)take/have a walk(散步) once upon a time(从前) all of a sudden(突然)to have a gallop(快马加鞭) with a vengeance(猛烈地) to wait for an eternity(无期地等待)to beat a retreat(撤退) as a matter of fact(事实上) to make a fuss(大惊小怪)at a disadvantage(处于不利地位) to make a racket(大声喧闹) get a grip of(掌握)定冠词的用法:定冠词所指的名词为特定者(特指)(1)表示特指的人或事物。 The girl in red is Lin Limin(2)指双方心中都知道的人或事物。 Put it under the table.Close the door,please.(3)指世界上独一无二的东西,用定冠词;但当它们前面有修饰语时,则要用不定冠词。如:sun、moon、air、sky、universe、globe、world、earth、stars、capital。有些物体虽然也是独一无二,但习惯上不用冠词。如:space、nature、heaven、society、history。(4)重复提到上文提到的人或事物。 This is a room.In the room,theres a bed.(5)最高级前,若表示“最”时,加定冠词。 This is the nicest of all.最高级前,若表示“非常”时,加不定冠词。 This is a most trouble case.(6)序数词前加定冠词,表示“第几”。 He is the first to come.序数词前加不定冠词,表示“又一个”。 When I sat down,a fifth man rose to speak.(7)放在方向、方位的名词前。 In the Northeast it will be fine.(8)用于表示乐器的名词前,但在用汉语拼音表示的乐器名词前不用冠词。Fang Juan plays the piano very well. I dont know how to play erhu.(9)用于only(唯一的)、same(相同的)、very(恰好的)等形容词所修饰的名词。Man is the only animal that can talk.人是唯一会讲话的动物。Dont make the same mistakes again.不要再犯同样的错误。This is the very book that I wanted.这正是我想要的书。(10)用于表示计量的名词前,如by the dozen/hour=in dozens/hours(以计算、按计算)We are sold by the dozen. We are paid by the month.特例:Meat is sold by weight.(11)用于表示发明物的单数名词前。The compass was invented in China. Bell(贝尔)invented the telephone.(12)用于年的复数形式前,表示年代。 in the 1990s/1990s区别 in the twenties (二十年代)in ones twenties (二十几岁)In the twenties,she was already in her twenties.(13)用于某些专有名词前1)在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Reads(瑞德一家)are sitting at the breakfast table.2)在江河、海洋、湖泊、运河、海湾、海峡、山脉、群岛、报刊杂志、大建筑物、朝代、时代、政党、会议条约、语法名词以及含有普通名词的国名、组织机构等前必加定冠词。the Yangzi River (扬子江) the Black Sea (黑海) the West Lake (西湖)the Suze Canal (苏伊士运河) the Taiwan Straits (台湾海峡) the Persian Gulf (波斯湾)the Alps (阿尔卑斯山脉) the Hawaiian lslands (夏威夷群岛) the Times (时代周刊)the Great Wall (长城) the Summer Palace (颐和园) the Middle Ages (中世纪)the Ming Pynasty(Period) (明朝) the Chinese Communist Party (中国共产党)the Communist Youth League (共青团) the Nouns (名词)(14)在某些形容词前,使之名词化,表示一类人或事物。the old/young/wounded/rich/poor/dead/living /unemployed /sick/deaf/blind/oppressed老人/年青人/伤员/富人/穷人/死者/生存者/失业者/病人/聋人/盲人/受压迫的人(15)用于表示全体国民、阶级等名词前。如:the Japanese (日本人民) the Americans (美国人民) the English (英国人民)the middle class (中产阶级) the bourgeoisie (资产阶级)(16)身体的某部位接受外来的动作时,在表示该部位的名词前,用定冠词,不可用物主代词。beat/hit/knock/pat/strike sb+in/on the+部位 catch/pull/grasp/take/seize sb+by the+部位be blind wounded/hurt sb+in the+部位(17)用于带有限定性定语或分词短语修饰的名词前,表示特定的人或事物。The city of Beijing is the capital of China. the students who I taught the water in the well(18)用于某些固定短语to keep the peace 维持治安 to break the ice 打破沉默 to put the cart before the horse 本末倒置to burn the midnight oil 开夜车 in the morning(afternoon、evening)在早上(下午、晚上)with the exception of 除外 to pick up the pieces收拾残局 to tell the truth 说实话to pass the buck 推卸责任 on the whole 整体看来、总之 the day after tomorrow 后天by the way 顺便说一下 in the distance 在远处 at the moment 此时 in the endthe last month of the year 一年中的最后一个月 on the left/right 在左边/右边零冠词的用法:(1)表示某一类人或事物的复数名词前,表示为泛指,不用冠词。 Children like cartoons(2)在表示学科名词前,不用冠词。 She has improved her study of physics and chemistry.若学科后有language时,要加定冠词the。 I think the Greek language is difficult to learn.如果学科名词作修饰语时,其前常加冠词。He likes history became he can learn the history of China.(3)在表示三餐名词前,不用冠词;当特指某一餐时,要用定冠词。Mother will come out to dinner with us. I will never forget the dinner that we had together.在季节、月份、日期、星期前不加冠词。March 8 is Womens Day. We call it Mid-Autumn Day.在表示季节、月份、日期、三餐等名词前,若有修饰语修饰时,则可以用不定冠词。We had a very cold winter last year. We had a wonderfullunch.(4)在表示球类、棋类运动的名词前,不用冠词。 Playing chess is very interesting.(5)在表示国际性的节假日前,不用冠词;在表示中国传统的节假日前,应加定冠词the。Children often wear new clothes on New Years Day. The Mid-Autumn Festival is coming near.(6)名词前有物主代词(my、your等)、指示代词(this、that等)及名词所有格和不定代词时,不用冠词。(7)有些个体名词有时可以转而具有抽象意义,名词前常不加冠词。 at table 吃饭 at school 求学、上学 by day 白天 go to bed 上床睡觉at the table 在桌子 at the school 在学校 by the day 按日计算 go to the bed 朝床边走去 in place of 代替 in office 执政、掌权 on earth 到底、究竟、在世界上in the place of 在的位置上 in the office 在办公室 on the earth 在地球上 go to sea 当水手、出航 in hospital/prison 在住院/坐牢go to the sea 到海边去 in the hospital/prison 在(那个)医院/监狱等go to church/college/hospital/prison/school 礼拜/上大学/住院/坐牢/上学go to the church/college/hospital/prison/school 到(那个)教堂/大学/医院/监狱/学校去(8)turn和go作“变成、成为”解时,后面的名词不用冠词。He was a medical student before he turned writer. He has gone socialist.become表示“变成、成为”,后面的名词要用不定冠词。He became a doctor when he grew up.(9)用by表示运输、通讯等方式时,名词前不加冠词。by ship 坐船 by bus=take a taxi 作公共汽车 by plane/air=on the plane/air坐飞机by hand 以手工 by letter 以信件 by land 由陆地(10)不含普通名词的专有名词前(如人名、地名、国名、车站、街名、公园等),不用冠词。China is the largest country in Asia. The building stands on Lincoln Street.(11)出现“kind of/sort of/type of +名词”句型时,该名词前不加冠词。Zhuang Dandan is my type of girl. I think this kind of car is better.(12)表示程度的形容词最高级形式用作表语时,不加冠词。

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