12 China-music.ppt

ChineseMusic,HistoryofChinesemusic,ChineseMusic,acombinationofvocal（声乐）andinstrumental（器乐）musiccomposedandplayedbytheChinesepeople.,ForseveralthousandyearsChineseculturehasbeendominatedbytheteachingsofthephilosopherConfucius,whoconceivedmusicinthehighestsenseasameansofcalmingthepassionsandofdispellingunrestandlust,ratherthanasaformofamusement.,ChinesemusicisasoldasChinesecivilization.Instrumentsexcavated（挖掘）fromsitesoftheShangdynasty(circa1766-c.1027BC)includestonechimes（钟）,bronzebells,panpipes,andthesheng.,IntheZhoudynasty(circa1027-256BC)musicwasoneofthefoursubjectsthatthesonsofnoblemenandprinceswererequiredtostudy,andtheofficeofmusicatonetimecomprisedmorethan1400people.,Althoughmuchoftherepertoire（节目，技能）hasbeenlost,someoldChineseritualmusic(yayue)ispreservedinmanuscripts.,孔子开设了六门课程（六艺）：礼、乐、射、御、书、数，音乐占第二位。所谓“兴于诗，立于礼，成于乐”，就是说一个人的修养从诗开始，完善于乐,礼：礼节（即今德育）乐：音乐射：射箭技术（锻链体格，品格修养）御：驾驭马车的技术书：书法（即今文学）数：算法（即今数学）,TheancientChinesebeliefthatmusicismeantnottoamusebuttopurifyonesthoughtsfindsparticularexpressioninthecultoftheqin(chin),alongzitherpossessingarepertorycallingforgreatsubtletyandrefinementinperformanceandstillpopularamongasmallcircleofscholar-musicians.,声者，宫、商、角、徵、羽也。所以作乐者，谐八音，荡涤人之邪意，全其正性，移风易俗也。八音：土曰埙，匏曰笙，皮曰鼓，竹曰管，丝曰弦，石曰磬，金曰钟，木曰祝。五声和，八音谐，而乐成。,MostChinesemusicisbasedonthefive-tone,orpentatonic（五音）scale,Chinesemusicalinstrumentstraditionallyhavebeenclassifiedaccordingtothematerialsusedintheirconstructionnamelymetal,wood,silk,bamboo,gourd（葫芦）,clay（埙）,skin,andstone，gourd（葫芦）,clay（埙）,skin,andstone,DuringtheQindynasty(221-206BC)musicwasdenouncedasawastefulpastimeAlmostallmusicalbooks,instruments,andmanuscriptswereorderedtobedestroyed.,DespitethisseveresetbackChinesemusicexperiencedarenaissanceduringtheHandynasty(206BC-AD220),whenaspecialbureauofmusicwasestablishedtotakechargeofceremonialmusic.,DuringtheTangdynasty(618-906)Chinesesecular（世俗的）music(suyue)reacheditspeak.EmperorTai-Tsunghadtendifferentorchestras,eightofwhichweremadeupofmembersofvariousforeigntribes,ChineseOrchestra,TheclassicChineseOrchestrahasfoursections:thebowedstrings（拉奏）,pluckedstrings（拨奏）,winds（吹）,andpercussion（打击）.,MusicinChinaisplayedonsoloinstrumentsorinsmallensemblesofpluckedandbowedstringedinstruments,flutes,andvariouscymbals,gongs,anddrums.BamboopipesandqinareamongtheoldestknownmusicalinstrumentsfromChina,Thedizi,isaChinesetransverse（横向的）flute.,TheChineseShengisamouth-blownfreereedinstrumentconsistingessentiallyofverticaltubes,intheChineseorchestra.,AGongisanyoneofawidevarietyofmetalpercussioninstruments.TheinstrumentitselfappearstohaveoriginsinthebronzedrumsofChina,cymbals（钹）ofcentralAsia,andperhapseveninEuropeanbell-castingtechniques.,TheErhu,sometimesknownintheWestastheChineseviolinorChinesetwostringfiddle,isatwo-stringedbowedmusicalinstrument,usedasasoloinstrumentaswellasinsmallensemblesandlargeorchestras.,Theguqin,literallyancientstringed-instrument)isthemodernnameforapluckedseven-stringChinesemusicalinstrument,Theguzheng,orguzhengorzheng(箏)isatraditionalChinesemusicalinstrument.Itbelongstothezither(Amusicalstringedinstrumentwithstringsstretchoveraflatsoundingbox;playedwithaplectrum(琴拨)andwithfingers.)familyofstringinstruments.,ThepipaisapluckedChinesestringinstrument.SometimescalledtheChineselute,theinstrumenthasapear-shapedwoodenbody.IthasbeenplayedfornearlytwothousandyearsofhistoryinChina.Famouspiecesinclude十面埋伏AmbushedfromTenSides,大浪淘沙BigWavesPushingtheSand,昭君出塞ZhaojunOutsidetheFrontier,Themorinkhuurormorinhuur()or馬頭琴isachordophoneofMongolianoriginwhosenameroughlytranslatesashorse-headfiddleinEnglish.Itisplayedwithabowandproducesasoundwhichispoeticallydescribedasexpansiveandunrestrained,likeawildhorseneighing,orlikeabreezeinthegrasslands.ItisthemostimportantmusicalinstrumentoftheMongolianpeople,andisconsideredasymboloftheMongoliannation.,ThesuonaisaHanChineseshawm(oboe).Ithasadistinctivelyloudandhigh-pitchedsound,andisusedfrequentlyinChinesetraditionalmusicensembles,particularlythosethatperformoutdoors.,BianzhongisanancientChinesemusicalinstrumentconsistingofasetofbronzechimebells,playedmelodically.,ThexunisaChineseocarinamadeofclayorceramic.ItisoneoftheoldestChineseinstruments.,ThehulusiisafreereedwindinstrumentfromChina.Itisheldverticallyandhasthreebamboopipeswhichpassthroughagourdwindchest;onepipehasfingerholesandtheothertwoaredronepipes.,Thesanxian三弦(literallythreestrings)isaChineseluteathree-stringedfretlesspluckedmusicalinstrument.Ithasalongfingerboard,andthebodyistraditionallymadefromsnakeskinstretchedoveraroundedrectangularresonator.,Theruan(阮)isaChinesepluckedstringinstrument.Itisalutewithafrettedneck,acircularbody,andfourstrings.,MightyMountainandFlowingRiver(GaoShanLiuShui，高山流水)GuanglingSan广陵散WildGeese(PingShaLuoYan平沙落雁)MeiFlower(MeiHuaSanNong梅花三弄)Besieged(ShiMianMaiFu十面埋伏)Sunset(XiYangXiaoGu夕阳箫鼓)Conversationbetweenafishermanandawoodman(YuQiaoWenDa渔樵问答)HomeReturn(HuJiaShiBaPai胡笳十八拍)AutumnMoonintheHanPalace(HanGongQiuYue汉宫秋月)SunnySpring&WhiteSnow(YangChunBaiXue阳春白雪),ChineseWell-knownMusic,TheButterflyLoversViolinConcertoisoneofthemostfamousworksofChinesemusicandcertainlythemostfamousoutsideofChina.Itisanorchestraladaptationofanearlierlegend,theButterflyLovers.Writtenforthewesternstyleorchestra,itfeaturesasoloviolinplayedusingsomeChinesetechniques.TheButterflyLoversViolinConcertowaswrittenbytwoChinesecomposers,HeZhanhaoandChenGangin1959whiletheywerestudentsattheShanghaiConservatoryofMusic.Chinesename:梁祝，liangzhu,ChineseWell-knownMusic,TheYellowRiverCantata(黄河大合唱)isacantatabyChinesecomposerXianXinghai(19051945).ComposedinYananinearly1939duringtheSecondSino-JapaneseWar,theworkwasinspiredbyapatrioticpoembyGuangWeiran,whichwasalsoadaptedasthelyrics.PremieredonApril13ofthesameyearintheShanbeiGongxueHallofYanan,theworksoonspreadtoallpartsofChinaandgreatlyinspiredthepeopletotakeuparmsagainstJapaneseinvaders,8musicalinstrumentmaterials,metalLUOThispercussioninstrumentisoftenusedtodepicttocreatelivelinessandhappyandfestivespirit.,WoodBANClappersorban(banmeanswood)can