2020高考英语语法部分二轮强化讲与练（五）（原创）

2020高考英语语法部分二轮强化讲与练（五）动词时态和语态部分【说明解读】一、动词的时态：1、一般现在时的用法：1）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。2）表示主语的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客观事实或真理。4）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go, come, leave, start, stop, be等开始或移动意义的词。）2、一般过去时的用法：1）表示过去的动作或状态。2）叙述过去连续发生的事情。3）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。3、一般将来时的用法：1）表示将来的动作或状态。2）表示将来的经常动作。4、现在进行时的用法：1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行。）5、过去进行进的用法：1）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2）表示移动的动词：come, start, stay, leave, go等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。3）was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。6、现在完成时的用法：1）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与just连用。2）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与since, for连用，但for, since不能与终止性的动词连用。3）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。7、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时与现在有联系，它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，与现在没什么联系。2）现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为；一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。8、过去完成的用法：1）表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作。常与by, before等介词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示。2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for（有时可省去）或since 构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。9、过去将来时的用法：表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。二、动词的语态：英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。对于大多数学生而言，主动语态较易接受理解，而被动语态则是学习及备考的难点。1. 被动语态的构成形式被动语态由“系动词be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成，其中be本身没有意义，但有人称、数及时态的变化。2. 动词的语态一般用于强调动作的承受者，谓语动词不再跟名词或宾语。在试题中动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语态和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下几点。1) 被动语态的适用情况表示不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时。Paper was first invented in China. 纸是中国人发明的。表示需要突出或强调动作的承受者。The song was composed by a student.这首歌是一个学生谱的曲。2)被动语态的构成方式：“be+过去分词”，口语中也可用“get/become+过去分词”表示。3)一些常用经典被动句型：It is said/ reported / estimated / expected thatIt is widely believed【热身训练】1. The two sides _ to make peace, but something unusual _.A. had intended; happened B. intended; happenedC. intended; had happened D. would intend; happened2. No sooner _ themselves in their seats in the theatre _ the curtain went up.A. they have settle; before B. had they settled; thanC. have they settled; when D. they had settled; than3. They become friends again that day. Until then, they _ to each other for nearly two years.A. didnt speak B. hadnt spokenC. havent spoken D. havent been speaking4. I _ there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist.A. would be B. have been C. had been D. will be5. Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been6. When first _ to the market, the products didnt attract much attentionAintroducing Bintroduced Cwas introduced Dbeing introduced7. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk the good opportunity _.Ato lose Blosing Cto be lost Dbeing lost8. The bank is reported in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday.A. to be robbed B. robbedC. having been robbed D. to have been robbed9. Its many years since I saw you last, I you at all.I wouldnt have, either, if someone you by the name.A. didnt recognize; hadnt called B. didnt recognize; didnt callC. havent recognized; didnt call D. recognized; had called10. Where have you been?I in the heavy traffic. Otherwise I here earlier.A. have got stuck; would have come B. got stuck; wasC. got stuck; would have come D. had go stuck; would come11. They claimed a cure for the disease, but this hasnt been proved.Ahaving discoveredBdiscoveringCto have discoveredDto discover12. Ladies and gentlemen, due to an unexpected accident, one of the singers whom all of you _ to hear _ tonight.A. have come; wont be performing B. come; wont performC. had come; dont perform D. came; wouldnt perform13. - Have you ever heard that Beijing taxi drivers are required to learn English for the 2020 Olympic Games?- Yeah, I it on the radio.A. had heard B. would hear C. heard D. will hear14. Why on earth didnt you answer the phone?Im sorry, but the doorbell _ too.A. is ringing B. was ringing C. rang D. was about to ring15. I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he _ on it for more than an hour.A. has been working B. will have workedC. would have workedD. had worked【诊断指导】重难点突破： 时间和条件等状语从句中时态的替代。要用一般现在时来表示一般将来时。Well give him the book if he wants it.要用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。Jack said he would go home when he finished his work.要用现在进行时来表示将来进行时Well explain it to your friend when were seeing him off at the station.要用现在完成时来表示将来完成时Ill call you as soon as Ive done my work.要用过去完成时来表示过去将来完成时She said she would come as soon as she had done her work.其他状语从句也有用现在时态替代将来时态的现象。a. Ill go or stay according as the situation requires.b. Well give them firm support even though they may make mistakes. 时态的一致（时态的呼应）1）当主句的谓语为过去时态，其从句中的谓语就要用相应的过去时态。从句和主句谓语的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时。a. She did not mind how much money she spent.b. We saw that the smoke was coming from a window.主句谓语的动作发生在前，从句谓语的动作发生在后，从句中须用过去将来时。I didnt know if she would come.从句谓语的动作发生在前，主句谓语的动作发生在后，从句中须用过去完成时。He admitted that he had been on the march.从句谓语的动作发生在前，主句谓语的动作发生在后，但从句中有表示具体过去的时间状语，从句中仍用一般过去时。如果表示的时间不具体，则仍要用过去完成时。He said he was born in 1984.She said that she had never seen such a beautiful bird before.2) 不需要进行时态调整的情况如果从句说的是一种普遍真理，虽然主句谓语为过去时态，从句仍然用一般现在时。Long ago, people didnt know the earth moves round the sun.当从句的谓语改成过去时可能造成误会时，可保持原来时态。Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30?口语中，如果强调这个动作和状态依然如此时，也可以不作时态调整。She told me that she hasnt missed a single class since she came.3) 需要遵循时态一致（时态呼应）的从句。宾语从句Marie discovered that she had left a light on in the laboratory.作表语用的sorry, afraid, glad, worried, sure, certain,等形容词后的从句。We were afraid you wouldnt be able to join us.主语从句It hadnt been decided who was to head the group.表语从句The difficulty was how he could prove his ideas to other scientists.同位语从句a. We heard the news that our team had won.b. Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of their happiness. 瞬间动词在完成时态中的使用1）英语中有些动词只表示一瞬间的短暂动作（动作的开始便是它的结束）。如：go, come, stop, leave, reach, arrive, finish, kill, die, break, receive, join, marry, graduate等等，称为“非延续动词”或“瞬间动词”。2）瞬间动词的完成时态的肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语（如while, during, for, since等）连用。如不能说：I have received her letter for three months.因为received这一动作不可能延续三个月之久。这时可换一种表达方法：I received her letter three months ago.或It is three months since I received her letter.3）但是瞬间动词的完成时态的否定式可以和表示延续的时间的状语连用，这时它已经不是表示动作，而是表示一种状态的延续。I havent received her letter for three months.注意某些要求一定时态的固定的句型1）was/were doing sth. whendid sth.(正在做某事，这时突然)I was reading a book when the bell rang.2）was/were about to do sth. whendid sth. (正在做某事，这时突然)We were about to leave when the telephone rang.3）表示做事做了第几次或是共几次，要用完成时。Its the first time Ive seen her.We have been there three times.如果句中有比较确定的时间状语，则服从时间状语的要求。如：Last year I saw him many times.4）It is/has been sinceIt is (has been) two weeks since I came here.She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.5）Hardly whenHardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.6）No sooner thanI had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed. 习惯上不使用被动语态的几种情况1)不能用于被动语态的动词和词组，常为结束性动词或状态动词。如：add up to, appear, arrive, become, belong to, be to blame(受谴责), be to rent(出租), break out, consist of, come true, die, escape, exist, fail, fall, happen, last, occur, remain, rise, stay, succeed, take placeThe news quickly spread in the country.这个消息在国内很快传开了。2)下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义，而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。如：lock（锁）; wash（洗）; sell（卖）; read（读）; wear（穿）; blame（责备）; ride（乘坐）; write(写); draw(画); cut（削）; end（结束）; shut（关）;My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。The cloth looks good and washes well. 那种布看起来不错，还很耐洗。3)不定式在easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, fit, comfortable, dangerous, impossible等形容词之后作状语时，常用主动形式表示被动意义His speech isnt easy to understand. 他的演讲不易理解。The coffee is better to taste. 这咖啡味苦。4)在need, want, require等动词后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义The bike wants/needs repairing. (=The bike needs to be repaired.) 这辆自行车需要修理。5)在形容词worth后面用动名词的主动形式表被动意义，不可接不定式。但可用be worthy to be done 或be worthy of being done形式亦可表达同样的意思。如：The book is worth reading again.=The book is worthy to be read again.=The book is worthy of being read again. 这本书值得再读。6)不定式作定语时，如果和被修饰的名词有动宾关系，又和另一个名词或代词有主谓关系，要用主动形式表示被动意义。I have something important to do. 我有重要的事要做。Please lend me a pen to write with.请借给我一支钢笔用。7)在too, enough等词后面的不定式，句子主语是其逻辑宾语时。The water is too hot to drink.这水太热不能喝。l 方法与技巧解决时态问题要遵循如下解题思路：1)这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干句中参照的时间信息有哪些？2)这个动作处于什么状态：是进行中，还是已结束（完成）？限制或修饰这个动作的状态信息有哪些？3)这个动作与主语的关系是主动还是被动？解题注意点1) 时态并不是“源于”语法规则的，而是说话人用来表达一定意思的。我们不可以说某个句子“只能用这个时态”而“不能用那个时态”。一个句子应该用什么时态只能取决于它需要表达的意思，以及它所处的语言环境，绝不可脱离实际应用，一味死记硬背语法条条。2) 要认真研读试题的题干，搜索尽可能多的“时间参照信息”，尤其是动词冗余信息中的时间信息。【即时训练】2020高考题1. So far this year we _ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. （2020福建卷）A. saw B. seeC. had seen D. have seen2. The moment I got home, I found I _ my jacket on the playground. (2020陕西卷)A. had left B. left C. have left D. was leaving3. -Did you go to the show last night?-Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _ invited(2020陕西卷)A. were B. have been C. has been D. was4. Though we dont know what discussed, yet we can feel the topic _ . (2020陕西卷)A. had changed B. will change C. was changed D. has been changed5. Judy is going to marry the sailor she _ in Rome last year.（2020重庆卷）A. meets B. met C. has met D. would meet6. Teenagers their health because they play computer games too much. （2020重庆卷）A. have damaged B. are damagingC. damaged D. will damage7. - Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.- I think so. He _ for it for months. （2020江苏卷）A. is preparing B. was preparingC. had been preparing D. has been preparing8. He _ football regularly for many years when he was young. （2020天津卷）A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played9. The telephone _, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.（2020四川卷）A. had rung B. was ringing C. rings D. has rung10. By the time he realizes he _ into a trap, itll be too late for him to do anything about it. （2020山东）A. walks B. walked C. has walkedD. had walked11. If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it _ all day. （全国卷II ）A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining12. If their marketing plans succeed, they _ their sales by 20 percent. （全国卷II ）A. will increase B. have been increasingC. have increased D. would be increasing13. -Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?-Yes, since she _ the Chinese Society. （2020全国卷1）A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined14. We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we _ each other for years. (2020辽宁卷)A. knew B. have known C. had known D. know15. - Have you got any job offers?- No. I _.(2020辽宁卷)A. waited B. had been waitingC. have waited D. am waiting16. - Do you think we should accept that offer?- Yes, we should, for we _ such bad luck up till now, and time _ out. （2020江西卷）A. have had; is running B. had; is runningC. have; has been run D. have had; has been run17. I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldnt get through her brother _ on the phone all the time! (2020湖南卷)A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked18. -Have you read book called Waiting for Anya?-Who _ it? （2020北京卷）A. writes B. has written C. wrote D. had written19. The hotel wasnt particularly good. But I _ in many worse hotels. （2020北京卷）A .was staying B. stayed C. would stay D. had stayed20. -Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?-Yes, I did. You know, my brother _ in the match.（2020安徽卷）A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. had played【总结提升】一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。 1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：SheknowsyouhavebeeninBeijingforfiverears. 2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：Shesaidshewasbusythen.(2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：IdidntknowthatshehadbeentoLondontwice.(3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：Theydidntknowwhentheywouldhavearest.(4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：WhenIwasalittlechild,myfathertoldmethattheearthisround.(5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tomesaidhewasbornin1975. 二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。 1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。 2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished? (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时：Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasnt been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.【课后训练】1.（07郑州一质测）It is the first time that he _ to join us in a research.A. agree B. agreed C. has agreed D. will agree2. （07郑州一质测）We should all remember that some great scientific discoveries_ by chance.A. occurredB. were occurredC. have occurredD. had been occurred3. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _to eat more fruit and vegetables.A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded4. - Why did you leave that position?- I _ a better position at IBM.A. offer B. offered C. am offered D. was offered5. According to the art dealer, the painting _ to go for at least a million dollars.A. is expected B. expects C. expected D. is expecting6. Scientists think that the continents _ always where they _ today.A. arent; are B. arent; were C. werent; are D. werent; were7. He _ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.A. has learned B. would have learned .C learned D. had learned8. The county life he was used to _ greatly since 1992.A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed9. I _ you not to move my dictionary-now I cant find it.A. asked B. ask C. was asking D. had asked10. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year.A. is washing away B. is being washed awayC. are washing away D. are being washed away11. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money.A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning12. - If the traffic hadnt been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 oclock.- What a pity! Tina _ here to see you.A. is B. was C. would be D. has been13. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.A. work B. working C. is working D. are working14. More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year.A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent15. - Did you tell Julia about the result?- Oh, no, I forgot. I _ her now.A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call16. -I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.-Oh, how nice! Do you know when she _?A. was leav