2020高考英语 复习资料之难点讲解大全难点24 不可臆断的推理题

难点24 不可臆断的推理题此类题目，要求学生在通篇理解文章的基础上，依据文章提供的事实，将各种信息加以分析，从而得出正确的结论，切不可站在自己的立场上凭空臆断。难点磁场1.()In July 1994 Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, was struck by 21 pieces of comet(彗星). When the fragments(碎片)landed in the southern part of the giant planet, the explosions were watched by scientists here on earth. But what if our own planet was hit by a comet?The year is 2094. It has been announced that a comet is heading towards the Earth. Most of it will miss our planet, but two fragments will probably hit the southern part of the Earth. The news has caused panic.On 17 July, a fragment four kilometers wide enters the Earths atmosphere with a huge explosion. About half of the fragment is destroyed. But the major part survives and hits the South Atlantic at 200 times the speed of sound. The sea boils and an enormous wave is created and spreads. The wall of water rushes towards southern Africa at 800 kilometres an hour. Cities on the African coast are totally destroyed and millions of people are drowned. The wave moves into the Indian Ocean and heads towards Asia.Millions of people are already dead in the southern part of the Earth, but the north wont escape for long. Tons of broken pieces are thrown into the atmosphere by the explosions. As the sun is hidden by clouds of dust, temperatures around the world fall to almost zero. Crops are ruined. Wars break out as countries fight for food. A year later civilization has collapsed. No more than 10 million people have survived.Could it really happen? In fact, it has already happened more than once in the history of the Earth. The dinosaurs(恐龙)were on the Earth for over 160 million years. Then 65 million years ago they suddenly disappeared. Many scientists believe that the Earth was hit by a space fragment. The dinosaurs couldnt survive in the cold climate that followed and they became extinct. Will we meet the same end?Question 1:It can be concluded that the passage is most probably part of a(n) _.A.horror story B.news reportC.research paper D.article of popular science2.()The tower of Big Ben Londons most famous building,has always leaned (倾斜) slightly, but construction work on a new line for the London Underground seemed likely to give the tower a real lean. Engineers have had to prop up (支撑) its base to prevent it from damaging the rest of the Houses of Parliament.To control the towers movement, engineers pumped grout (水泥浆) into the soil under the tower. The tower now leans an extra few centimetres, but the lean can only be seen by the most sharp-eyed observer.Between 1995 and 1997, to lengthen the Jubilee line of the Underground, builders dug a 40-metre-deep hole just 31 metres north of the clock tower. And the new tube (underground) tunnels were even nearer to the tower. John Burland, who recently helped stop the increasing lean in the Leaning Tower of Pisa and was an adviser to the Jubilee line project, believed the work would affect the tower. In his opinion, no further lean should go beyond a safety limit of 27.5 millimetres over the existing lean of 220 millimetres.To keep the lean within this limit, Burland told the British Association about the new method of pumping grout immediately under the base of the tower. More than 300 tons of grout were pumped in during construction. The towers, additional lean went between 10 and 25 millimetres, but never passed 27.5 millimetres.After the construction work was completed in late 1997, a review of movements in nearby walls showed that the building was in better shape than had been thought before and the safety limit was raised to 35 millimetres before any action needs to be taken.Since 1997,the tower has continued to lean, Burland told Modern Construction.The latest measurements, taken this year, suggest that the towers lean had just reached 35 millimetres. But following regular re-examinations of the tower, experts are sure that the tower has stabilised (稳定). A spokesman for London Underground says: “We understand the tower has stabilised and returned to its normal movement cycle.”From Modern Construction, 16 September 2000Question 2:We can infer from the article that_.A.the tower of Big Ben with damage the Houses of ParliamentB.the Jubilee line should be stopped in Burlands opinionC.the writer is blaming Burland for making a mistakeD.the propping up work has proved to be successful3.()The use of the word imitation(模仿）reminds me that we ought to make some more comments on the risk of people imitating what they see on the screen in the way of crime(犯罪）or violence.First there was always a risk of children acting out scenes which could be dangerous.For example,I remember a woman who was head of a middle school telling me that she had happened to look out of her window when the children were in the playground and had seen them putting a small boy on a chair with a rope round his neck and the rope over the branch of a tree;fortunately she was in time to get there before the child was hung.I remember a film in particular in which the hero who was imprisoned had escaped by electrocuting(通电触死）his guard,the technique of doing this being shown in detail.This was the kind of scene which we could cut for these reasons.In films for young people and adults we always tried to keep off the screen any details of criminal techniques,such as how to open a locked door with a piece of hard plastic or how to open a safe;if we were consulted(请教）before production,I used to advise that the details should not be shown.When I gave talks in prisons about film checking I had full support for this ,since fathers who were in prison for criminal offences did not want their children to get on crime.Every time I gave a talk in a prison someone used to mention the French film Rififi made by Jules Dassin in 1954.This remarkable film showed in great detail a robbery of a jewellers shop,the robbery lasting about half an hour and being backed only by natural soundone of the most brilliant film sequences(连续镜头）of all time.I remember our discussions at the time.We thought that the robbery was finished only with the use of advanced and obviously expensive equipment and that only the most experienced and skilled criminals could possible imitate it;we believed therefore that it was relatively safe.When talking in prisons some years later I learned that there had been several robberies in which the techniques had been copied,so perhaps we were wrong.Question 3:It can be inferred from the passage that_.A.it is hard for the children to tell the differences between real life and the imaginaryB.only the people in prison supported film checkingC.only children imitated what they had seen on the screenD.the writer used to advise the details of crime should be shown4.()The next time you try for a high-ranking post, you could let your possible boss listen to a recommending(推荐） phone call “made” by US President George W. Bush or British Prime Minister Tony Blair.Of course, neither of them could really do that for youyou would just“borrow” their voices.At & T labs will start selling speech software that it says is so good at reproducing the sounds of a human voice that it can recreate voices and even bring the voices of long-dead famous people back to life.The software, which turns printed text into speech, makes it possible for a company to use recordings of a persons voice to say things that the person never actually said.Possible customers for the software, which is priced in the thousands of dollars, include telephone call centres, companies that make software that reads digital(数字的） files aloud, and makers of automated voice devices(装置）. The advances raise several problems. Who, for example, owns the rights to a famous persons voice?(Some experts even believe that new contracts(合同） will be drawn that include voice-licensing clauses.)And although scientists say the technology is not yet good enough to commit fraud(假冒）, would the synthesized(合成的）voices at last be able to trick people into thinking that they were getting phone calls or digital audio recordings from people they know?Even Mr Fruchterman, one of AT& T labs possible first customers, said he wondered what the new technology might bring. “Just like you cant trust a photograph anymore.” he said, “you wont be able to trust a voice either.”Question 4:According to the passage, you can infer that _.A.the software will turn out to be an immediate success in the marketB.the government will forbid the sale of the software in the marketC.its hard to decide whether the software will enjoy popularityD.the software will soon prove to be nothing but rubbish案例探究1.Grossroads InternationalHow does Grossroads work?Crossroads is a resource network. We take goods Hong Kong doesnt want and give them to people who badly need them.We collect those goods and give them out in the welfare arena(福利院)in Hong Kong,Mainland China,elsewhere in Asia,Eastern Europe and Africa.So Crossroads is just that:a Crossroads between need and resource.Who do we help?The welfare agencies we help do not run on large budgets(预算).They are grass-root groups who have seen a need and tried to meet it.They cant get the job done without back-up,though,so our task is to help them do their task.Our warehouse is full of goods,from computers to high chairs,clothing to books,stationery to medical provision,cupboards to dining sets.They send us a list of their needs and we try to match it with the resource we have in stock.How do we operate?Crossroads itself also operates on a low budget.We do not buy the goods we send.They are donated(捐赠).Similarly,rather than raising funds for freight(货运),we ask transport companies to donate their services.Nobody in our organization receives a salary.Even our full-time staff work on a voluntary basis.Those that donate goods and services:Factories ManufacturersHospitalsHotelsEducational InstitutionsHouseholdersTransport CompaniesOfficesOther CharitiesOne resource that we are always in need of is people.While we receive large quantities of goods and there is never a short supply of requests for them,we are always in need of hands to help sort and prepare them for shipping.What can I do?We are always in need of people.We have a lot of tasks.If you are volunteering regularly,we can offer work in some of the following categories,some of the time.You are welcome to number your top three choices and we will do our best to accommodate(提供) them.Clothing categorizationSewingToy categorizationFurniture handlingBook categorizationDrivingHousehold goods categorizationOffice workElectrical goods categorizationBook keepingStationery categorizationFund-raisingMedical categorizationWhere to find us All volunteer work is done at our warehouse:Located in Basement Zone M of the Kai Tak Government BuildingOur warehouse hours:TuesSat,10am5:0pmPostal Address:16 Man Tong,Silvermine Bay,Lantau Island,Hong Kongffice details:Ph:2984909 240965Fax:2984452E-mail:106122.2524Question:From the above brochure,we can conclude that_.A.people who work at Crossroads get low pay from itB.Crossroads doesnt give goods directly to the people who need themC.you can do whatever you like if you offer help at CrossroadsD.Crossroads has collected more goods than needed命题意图：本题旨在考查学生选取有用信息进行推理判断的能力，属五星级题目。错解分析：本题错选的原因主要在于对选项的理解不准确，以及对文章中的有关信息研读不细致。解题方法与技巧：（1）仔细阅读题干，准确理解conclude一词的准确含义（即：推断，得出结论）。（2）仔细研读选项，把握其准确意思，从文章中选取相关信息，与此对照，去伪存真。（3）文章首段告诉我们“We collect those goods and give them out in the welfare arena in Hong Kong”，第二段作者又叙述道：福利院将人们的需求列成清单报给Crossroads,Crossroads负责配齐这些物品，由此可见，Crossroads doesnt give goods directly to the people who need them。答案：B2.When I opened my e-mail the other day,a pretty woman named Rachel appeared on my computer screen.She greeted me by name and started talking with great enthusiasm(热情).Every now and then she stopped to smile at me or blow a kiss.She was reading to me an e-mail from my brother,and a lot of it was about the trouble he had getting the phone company to give him a high-speed Internet connection.It was pretty cool.Rachel was there thanks to a new technology called Facemail.Facemail lets you send e-mail that gets read to the recipient(收件人) by an attractive male or female form or by a clown(小丑).The software,which is free,can be downloaded at .Facemail faces are lifelike,and they simulate(模拟) emotions based on emotionsfor examplethat you put in your text.Type in:-X,and Rachel blows a kiss.Life FX,the company that develops the Facemail,is sure there are broad business uses.The reason e-business is not popular,the company says,is that buying over the Internet lacks the human touch.But what if you went to the Nike website and Michael Jordan greeted you by name,waited on you and personally closed the sale?And it is talking with Whirpool(惠尔普公司) about using the technology in a computer screen on a fridge.Then if Mom cant be home when the kids get back from school,she can leave a note with voice and image telling them what there is to eat.Facemail could get hot fast.Personally,Im a fan.But Facemail should be used with care.The clown looks lively and funny at first.But if you select the clown,put a few rude words in an e-mail and add some angry emotions,youve got psychomail(疯人型电子邮件).Question:We can infer from the passage that Facemail _.A.is likely to be used in other aspects(方面) of our daily lifeB.can destroy your e-mail if not properly usedC.can be downloaded free of chargeD.will take the place of the e-mail system命题意图：考查推理判断能力。属五星级题目。错题分析：本题错选B、C项的学生较多。主要原因是文章研读不细和只重事实不重推理。解题方法与技巧：（1）准确理解题干的关键词汇“infer”，意为“推断出”，故所选答案不可以是文章所列事实，以此可排除C项。（2）准确理解B项含义：如果使用不当，Facemail会毁坏你的e-mail。在文章中找出相对应的语句：But if you select the clown,put a few rude words in an e-mail and add some angry emotions,youve got psychomail(疯人型电子邮件)。此句含义并非Facemail can destroy your e-mail。（3）根据尾段前两句话Facemail could get hot(流行) fast.Personally,Im a fan,以及文章前部分对Facemail用途的描述，可得出答案。答案：A锦囊妙计1.仔细阅读题干，抓住关键词汇。例：infer,conclude,imply,suggest,2.仔细研读选项，把握其准确意思，从文章选取相关信息，与此对照，去伪存真。3.站在作者立场思考，把握作者意图，切忌推己及人，凭空臆断。4.注重依据事实推断，不可简单选择和文中某一事实完全相同的选项。歼灭难点训练AIm afraid to grow oldwere all afraid .In fact, the fear of growing old is so great that every aged person is an insult(伤害）and a threat to society .They remind us of our own death,that our body wont always remain smooth and responsive(敏感的）, but will some day betray(暴露） us by aging. The ideal way to age would be to grow slowly invisible, gradually disappearing, without causing worry or discomfort to the young. In some ways that does happen. Sitting in a small park across from a nursing home one day, I noticed that young mothers and their children gathered on the “wrong” side, chasing(追逐） a ball or just trying to cover all the available space, the old people would lean forward and smile. But before any communication could be established(开始）, the mother would come over, making embarrassed(尴尬) apologies, and take her child back to the “young” side.Now, it seemed to me that the children didnt feel any particular fear and the old people didnt seem to be threatened by the children. The division of space was drawn by the mothers. And the mothers never looked at the old people who lined the other side of the park. These well dressed young women had a way of sliding(忽视） their eyes over, around, through the old people; they never looked at them directly. The old people may as well have been invisible, they offended(冒犯） the aesthetic(审美的） eye of the mothers.My early experiences were somewhat different; since I grew up in a small town, my childhood had more of a nineteenth century flavor(特点）. I knew a lot of old people, and considered some of their friends.1.()It can be inferred that young mothers would try to keep their children away from the old because _.A.they feared their children might hurt the oldB.they didnt like their children to take up the space belonging to the oldC.they felt it was wrong to play balls near where the old stayedD.they didnt want their children to have anything to do with the oldBIn spite of the strong opposition to new and stricter environmental laws,however,it is still possible to attack the problem of chemical pollution;but we must attack it from three directions.First,we need more independent research into the effects of chemicals by scientists who are not paid by the government or by the large industrial companies.Second,scientists need to educate the general public and inform them about the dangers of chemicals in the environment.If the public knows that a certain chemical threatens the health of their childen,then they will put pressure on politicians in local and national governments.If the politicians want to remain in office,they will take action to correct the situation.Third,economists need to educate governments about the long-term economic costs of chemicals.It will be extremely expensive to clean areas of land which are polluted by chemicals;it will be even more costly to give medical treatment to people who are suffering from serious illnesses after exposure to dangerous chemicals.If governments realize this,the short-term economic benefits of chemicals will seem much less attractive to them.If we can put pressure on governments in these three ways,perhaps they will begin to behave more responsibly（有责任心地）,and they will perhaps pass new laws against pollution and enforce them strictly.Perhaps,then,the chemical producers will begin to behave more responsibly.2.()Which of the following can be inferred from this passage?A.The economy is more important to government than peoples health is.B.Go