华中农业微生物学一英文版PPT课件

.,1,MicroorganismsandMicrobiology,Chapter1,.,2,Chapteroutline,1.1Whatisamicrobe?1.2TheimportanceofMicrobiology1.3Microbesinourlives1.4Thehistoryofmicrobiology1.5Importanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiology,.,3,Concepts,Microorganismsareresponsibleformanyofthechangesobservedinorganicandinorganicmatter(e.g.,fermentationandthecarbon,nitrogenandsulfurcyclesthatoccurredinnature.Thedevelopmentofmicrobiologyasascientificdisciplinehasdependedontheavailabilityofthemicroscopeandtheabilitytoisolateandgrowpureculturesofmicroorganisms.Microbiologyisalargediscipline,whichhasagreatimpactonotherareasofbiologyandgeneralhumanwelfare,.,4,Thewordmicrobe(microorganism)isusedtodescribeanorganismthatissosmallthatcannotbeseenwithouttheuseofamicroscope.Viruses,bacteria,fungi,protozoaandsomealgaeareallincludedinthiscategory.,1.1Whatisamicrobe?,.,5,Ourworldispopulatedbyinvisiblecreaturestoosmalltobeseenwiththeunaidedeye.Theselifeforms,themicrobesormicroorganisms,maybeseenonlybymagnifyingtheirimagewithamicroscope.,.,6,Microbialworld,Organisms(living),Infectiousagents(non-living),Prokaryotes(unicellular),eukaryotes,viruses,viroids,prions,Eubacteria,Archaea,Algae(unicellularormulticellular),Fungi(unicellularormulticellular),Protozoa(unicellular),Other(multicellularorganisms),.,7,Mostofthebacteria,protozoa,andfungiaresingle-celledmicroorganisms,andeventhemulticelledmicrobesdonothaveagreatrangeofcelltypes.Virusesarenotevencells,justgeneticmaterialsurroundedbyaproteincoatandincapableofindependentexistence.,Thesizeandcelltypeofmicrobes,.,8,Thesizeandcelltypeofmicrobes,.,9,Microbesimpingeonallaspectsoflife,justafewofthesearelistedbelow:,Theenvironment,Medicine,Food,Biotechnology,Research,1.2Theimportanceofmicrobiology,.,10,TheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearch,Pressheretocontinue,.,11,Microbesareresponsibleforthegeochemicalcycles.Theyarefoundinassociationwithplantsinsymbioticrelationships.Somemicrobesaredevastatingplantpathogens,butothersmayactasbiologicalcontrolagentsagainstdiseases.,.,12,Thedisease-causingabilityofsomemicrobesiswellknown.However,microorganismshavealsoprovideduswiththemeansoftheircontrolintheformofantibioticsandothermedicallyimportantdrugs.,.,13,Microbeshavebeenusedtoproducefood,frombrewingandwinemaking,throughcheeseproductionandbreadmaking,tothemanufactureofsoysauce.Butmicrobesarealsoresponsibleforfoodspoilage.,.,14,Traditionallymicrobeshavebeenusedtosynthesizeimportantchemicals.Theadventofgeneticengineeringtechniqueshasledtothecloningofpolypeptidesintomicrobes.,.,15,Microbeshavebeenusedasmodelorganismsfortheinvestigationofbiochemicalandgeneticalprocesses.Millionsofcopiesofthesamesinglecellcanbeproducedveryquicklyandgiveplentyofhomogeneousexperimentalmaterial.Mostpeoplehavenoethicalobjectionstoexperimentswiththesemicroorganisms.,.,16,1.3Microbesinourlives,MicroorganismsasDiseaseAgentsMicroorganismsandAgricultureMicroorganismsandtheFoodIndustryMicroorganisms,Energy,andtheEnvironmentMicroorganismsandtheFuture,.,17,BranchesofMicrobiology,Bacteriology,Protozoology,Parasitology,MicrobialMorphology,Mycology,Virology,PhycologyorAlgology,Microbialphysiology,Microbialtaxonomy,Microbialgenetics,Molecularbiology,Microbialecology,.,18,Thefutureofmicrobiologyisbright,Microbiologyisoneofthemostrewardingofprofessions,becauseitgivesitspractitionerstheopportunitytobeincontactwithalltheothernaturalscienceandthustocontributeinmanydifferentwaystothebettermentofhumanlife.,.,19,1.4Thehistoryofmicrobiology,Inthefieldofobservation,chancefavorsonlypreparedminds.-LouisPasteur,.,20,Thediscoveryofmicroorganisms,Thespontaneousgenerationconflict,Therecognitionofmicrobialroleindisease,Thediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatter,Thedevelopmentofmicrobiologyinthiscentury,.,21,Thediscoveryofmicroorganisms,Thefirstpersontoaccuratelyobserveanddescribemicroorganisms,AntonyvanLeeuwenhock(1632-1723),.,22,ThefirstpersontoobserveanddescribemicroorganismswastheamateurmicroscopistAntonyvanleeuwenhoekofDelft,Holland.,Leeuwenhockmadehissimple,single-lensmicroscopewhichcouldamplifytheobjectbeingviewed50300times.Between1673-1723,hewroteaseriesofletterstotheRoyalSocietyofLondondescribingthemicrobesheobservedfromthesamplesofrainwater,andhumammouth.,.,23,Leeuwenhoeksdrawingsofbacteriafromthehumanmouth.,Adrawingofoneofthemicroscopesshowingthelensa;mountingpinb;andfocusingscrewscandd.,lens,Objectbeingviewed,adjusting,screws,.,24,Pasteurscontributions:,LouisPasteurworkinginhislaboratory,LouisPasteur(18221895),Pasteur(1857)demonstratedthatlacticacidfermentationisduetotheactivityofmicro-organismsPasteur(1861)conflictoverspontaneousgenerationbirthofmicrobiologyasasciencePasteur(1881)developedanthraxvaccinePasteurization,.,25,Spontaneousgenerationthatlivingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingordecomposingmatter.,Thespontaneousgenerationconflict,.,26,Pasteursswanneckflasksusedinhisexperimentsonthespontaneousgenerationofmicroorganisms,.,27,Conclusion:Microorganismsarenotspontaneouslygeneratedfrominanimatematter,butareproducedbyothermicroorganisms,.,28,RobertKochinhislaboratory,Therecognitionofmicrobialroleindisease,RobertKoch(18431910),.,29,Kochsdemonstrationofspecialorganismscausespecialdiseases,.,30,Kochspostulates,Themicroorganismsmustbepresentineverycaseofthediseasebutabsentfromhealthyorganisms.,Thesuspectedmicroorganismsmustbeisolatedandgrowninapureculture.,Thediseasemustresultwhentheisolatedmicroorganismsisinoculatedintoahealthyhost.,Thesamemicroorganismsmustbeisolatedagainfromthediseasedhost,.,31,TheGoldenageofmicrobiology,Kochandpurecultures,FermentationandPasteurization,Germtheoryofdisease,Vaccination,.,32,Thediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatter,TheRussianmicrobiologistWinograskydiscoveredthatsoilbacteriacouldoxidizeiron,sulfurandammoniatoobtainenergy,andalsoisolatednitrogenfixingbacteria.Beijerinckmadefundamentalcontributionstomicrobialecology.HeisolatedAzotobacterandRhizobium.,.,33,AlexanderFleming(1881-1955),SirAlexanderFlemingdiscoveredtheantibioticpenicillin.Hehadtheinsighttorecognizethesignificanceoftheinhibitionofbacterialgrowthinthevicinityofafungalcontaminant.,.,34,DateMicrobiologicalHistory1676LeeuwenhoekdiscoversanimalculesPasteurshowsthatlacticacidfermentationisduetoamicroorganismPasteurshowsthatmicroorganismsdonotarisebyspontaneousgeneration1867Listerpublisheshisworkonantisepticsurgery1869Miescherdiscoversnucleicacids1876-1877KochdemonstratesthatanthraxiscausedbyBacillusanthracisLaverandiscoversPlasmodium,thecauseofmalaria1881KochculturesbacteriaongelatinPasteurdevelopsanthraxvaccine,1.5Importanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiology,.,35,1884KochspostulatesfirstpublishedMetchnikoffdescribesphagocytosisGramstaindeveloped1887Petridish(plate)developedbyRichardPetriBeijerinckisolatesrootnodulebacteriaBeijerinckprovesthatavirusparticlecausesthetobaccomosaicdisease1921Flemingdiscoverslysozyme1923FirsteditionofBergeysManual1928Griffithdiscoversbacterialtransformation1929FlemingdiscoverspenicillinRuskadevelopsfirsttransmissionelectronmicroscope1935Stanleycrystallizesthetobaccomosaicvirus,.,36,AveryshowsthatDNAcarriesinformationduringtransformationWaksmandiscoversstreptomycinWatsonandCrickproposethedoublehelixstructureforDNA1961-1966Cohenetaluseplasmidvectorstoclonegenesinbacteria1980Developmentofthescanningtunnelingmicroscope1983-1984ThepolymerasechainreactiondevelopedbyMullis1990Firsthumangene-therapytestingbegunDiscoveryofThiomargaritanamibiensis,thelargestknownbacteriumEscherichiacoligenomesequencedDiscoverythatVibriocholeraehastwoseparatechromosomes,.,37,1.HowdidPasteursfamousexperimentdefeatthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration?2.HowcanKochspostulatesprovecauseandeffectinadisease?3.Whowasthefirstpersontousesolidculturemediainmicrobiology?Whatadvantagesdosolidmediaofferforthecultureofmicroorganisms?,REVIEWQUESTIONS:,.,38,4.Whatistheenrichmentculturetechniqueandwhywasitausefulnewmethodinmicrobiology?5.WhenandhowAlexanderFlemingdiscoveredantibiotics?,.,39,1.Pasteursexperimentsonspontaneousgenerationwereofenormousimportancefortheadvanceofmicrobiology,havinganimpactonthemethodologyofmicrobiology,ideason(heoriginoflife,andthepreservationoffood,tonamejustafew.Explainbrieflyhowtheimpactofhisexperimentswa