江苏省淮安中学II部2020高三英语语法专题复习 十一、简单句和复合句（三大从句）

十一、简单句和复合句（一）概述I.句子的种类1、按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Light travels faster than sound.（说明事实）The film is rather boring.（说明看法）2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：a.一般疑问句（General Questions）：Can you finish the work in time?b.特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）：Where do you live? How do you know that?c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：Do you want tea or coffee?d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：He doesnt know her, does he?3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求, 建议或发出命令, 例如：Sit down, please. Dont be nervous!4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪, 例如：What good news it is! How beautiful the park is !2、句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句, 例如：She is fond of collecting stamps.(主) (谓)2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句, 句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接, 例如：The food was good, but he had little appetite.(主) (谓) (主)(谓)3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导, 例如：The film had begun when we got to the cinema.主句 从句II.五种基本句型五种基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：1）主 + 动（SV）例如：I work.2）主 + 系 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy.3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English.4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right.5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress.（二）三大从句之一：定语从句I. 知识重点1. 熟练掌握并使用引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词。2. 准确运用介词关系代词中的介词。3. 区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。II. 知识呈现主 从复 合句用 法分 类说 明例 句定语从句在复合句中担任定语的分句限 制性 定语 从句 （紧跟 先行 词,不 用逗 号分 开）先行词表人：关联词为who（主语）, whom（宾语）,whose（定语,其先行词也可以是“物”）, that（可替换who, 但不可替换whose）The man who/that is waiting for me is my father. The girl whom we want to meet is Carla.The boy with whom I went shopping is Tom.I bought a book whose cover is black.This is the man whose wallet was stolen yesterday.先行词表物：关联词为which,that（主语）, （宾语）I remember the days which/that we spent together.This is the street through which the cars pass. 先行词表时间：关联词为when（时间状语）I still remember the days when I studied at this school. 先行词表地点：关联词为where（地点状语）This is the house where I once lived.先行词为reason（只有reason 一个单词）, 关联词为whyThe reason why he was late for school yesterday is unknown.定语从句在复合句中担任定语的分句非限制性定语从句（与先行词用逗号隔开, 二者关系较松散）先行词表人：关联词为who（主语）, whom（宾语）,whose（定语,其先行词也可以是“物”）The man ,who was a popular singer,died in 2000.The house ,whose windows face east, is burned down.先行词表物：关联词为which,（主语, 宾语）The bridge,which is the oldest in this city,is 200 metres long.先行词表时间：关联词为when（时间状语）We will put off the picnic until the next week,when the weather may be better.先行词表地点：关联词为where（地点状语）This summer I am going to Hangzhou,where there is a beautiful lake.as,which修饰整个句子；此种用法中as有“正如, 正像”的意思As we know, the moon goes round the earth.The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.特别提示：1、关系词的选择1）一看先行词的意义, 即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因, 如指物时不能用who或whom, 指人时通常不用which等。2）二看关系词的句法功能, 即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分, 是作主语还是宾语 是作定语还是状语等, 如作定语通常用whose, 有时也用which；作状语要用when,where,why。注意, 不要一看先行词为时间地点原因的名词, 就认为一定要用when,where,why来引导定语从句, 要注意分清它们在定语从句中充当什么成分。如：I forget the time when he will come.我忘记了他来的时间。（when引导定语从句, 在定语从句中用作状语）I forget the time that he told me.我忘记他告诉我的时间。（that引导定语从句, 在定语从句中用作宾语）The reason why he cant come is that he is ill.（why引导定语从句, 在定语从句中用作状语）The reason that he told me is not true.（that引导定语从句, 在定语从句中用作宾语）3）看从句的种类, 即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句, 如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。2、关系词的辨析that 与which ：两者都可指物, 常可互换, 其区别是：（1）引导非限制性定语从句或直接放在介词后作宾语时, 要用which。如：Peter drove too fast,which was dangerous.This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.（2）当先行词为不定代词或被其修饰、受the very,the only, the same 等修饰、受形容词最高级或序数词（包括last, next ）等修饰、关系词在定语从句中用作表语或先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时, 通常用that。如：All that can be done must be done.This is the only book( that) I find useful.The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.China is not the country (that) it was.as 与which的区别：（1）引导限制性定语从句时, 在such,as,the same 后只能用as, 其他情况用which。如：He is not such a fool as he looks.他并不像看起来那么傻。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford.他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。(2)引导非限制性定语从句时, 有时两者可互换, 但若位于主语之前, 则只能用as 如：I live a long way from work, as /which you know.As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.另外, as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致, which无此限制。如：He went abroad,as/which was expected. 他出国了, 这是大家预料到的。He went abroad,which was unexpected.他出国了, 这让大家感到很意外。（不用as）3、定语从句与并列句有的考题为了增加难度与试题的灵活性, 通常将定语从句与并列句结合起来考查, 此时同学们要特别注意句中是否有并列连词and,but等, 比较：(1) He has two children,and both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who(2) He has two children, both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who第（1）题选A, 第（2）题选C。由于第（1）题中用了并列连词and, 从而使整个句子为并列句, and后应是一个独立的简单句, 所以选A 不选C；第（2）题没有并列连词and, both of whom are abroad.为非限制性定语从句。III. 高考真题1.（07上海）His movie won several awards at the film festival, _was beyond his wildest dream.A. whichB. that C. whereD. it2.（07 山东）Where did you get to know her? It was on the farm _ we worked.A. that B. there C. which D. where3.（07 安徽）Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _ wanted to buy it.A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom4.（07 北京）We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people,most of _are healthy.A. that B.which C. what D. whom5.（07湖南）By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, _ can be very eye-opening and rewarding.A. who B. which C. what D. that6.（07江苏）He was educated at the local high school, _ he went on to Beijing University.A. after whichB. after that C. in whichD. in that7.（07江西）After gradutation she reached a point in her career she needed to decide what to do. A.that B.what C.which D.where8.（07全国I）Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _they learn simple games and songs. A. then B. there C. while D. where9.（07 陕西）Today, well discuss a number of cases beginners of English fail to use the language properly.A.which B.asC.why D.where10.（07上海春）The thought of going back home was kept him happy while he was working abroad. A. that B. all that C. all what D. which11.（07四川）It is reported that two schools, _ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which12.（07 天津）Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing.A. when B. whose C. which D. where13.（07 浙江）Chans restaurant on Baker Street, _ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. A. that B. which C. who D. where14.（07 重庆）Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose.A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which15.（07 辽宁）Eric received training in computer for one year, _ he found a job in a big company.A. after that B. after which C. after it D. after this16.( 06江苏)The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, meant spending tens of thousands of pounds.A. who B. that C. as D. which17.（06福建）Look out! Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair.A. whoseB. whichC. of whichD. what18.（06湖南）We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _we gave some bells and glasses.A. to which B. to whomC. with whom D. with which19.（06重庆）I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _she had come. A. of whichB. by whichC. in which D. from which.20.（06江西）Do you have anything to say for yourselves?Yes, theres one point we must insist onA. why B. where C. how D. /21.（06北京）Women drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont.A. who ; / B. / ; whoC. who ; who D. / ; /22.（06山东）Were just trying to reach a point _both sides will sit down together and talk.A. where B. that C. when D. which23.（06陕西）She was educated at Beijing University, _she went on to have her advanced study abroad.A. after whichB. from which C. from that D. after that24. ( 06浙江) I was given three books on cooking, the first _ I really enjoyed.A. of that B. of which C. that D. which25.(06辽宁)I was told that there were about 50 foreign studentsChinese in the school, most_were from Germany.A. study; of whom B. study; of themC. studying; of themD. studying; of whom26.( 06天津)The Beatles,many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.A. what B. thatC. how D. as27.( 06上海春)You can find whatever you need at the shopping centre, is always busy at the weekend. A. that B. where C. what D. which28.（05全国I. II）I have many friends, some are businessmen.A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom29.（05北京） Why does she always ask you for help? There is no one else _ , is there?A. who to turn to B. she can turn toC. for whom to turn toD. for her to turn30.（05上海）If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. A. that B. which C. when D. where31.（05天津）Last month, part of Southeast Asia was stuck by floods, from _ effects the people are still suffering. A. that B. whose C. those D. what32.（05重庆） Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2020, _he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students Union.A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time33.（05湖北）Her sister has become a lawyer, _she wanted to be.A. who B. that C. what D. which34.（05湖南）Franks dream was to have his own shop_ to produce the workings of his own hands. A. that B. in which C. by which D. how35.（05江西）The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _ they are being trained.A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which36.（05江西）The way he did it was different _we were used to.A. in which B. in what C. from what D. from which37.（05辽宁）I walked in our garden, _Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. A. which B. when C. where D. that38.（05福建） Did Jack come back early last night? Yes. It was not yet eight o clock_ he arrived home.A. before B. when C. that D. until39.（05福建） Is that the small town you often refer to? Right, just the one_ you know I used to work for years.A. that B. which C. where D. what40（05山东）He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge.A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this41.（05浙江）Jim passed the driving test, _surprised everybody in the office.A. which B. that C. this D. it42. （05浙江）_ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next morning.A. When B. after C. As D. Since43.（05江苏）The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which44.（05广东）Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger.A. in which B. by which C. which D. that45.(05北京春)Do you still remember the chicken farm we visited three months ago?A. where B. when C. that D. what46.（05全国II）The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _ didnt help.A. it B. she C. which D. he47.（04北京）George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.A. the real nameB. what his real nameC. his real name D. whose real name48.（04北京）_ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. A. It B. As C. That D. What49.（04天津）Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy him.A. who B. that C. what D. which50.(04江苏) is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.A. Which B. As C. What D. When51.(09全国1)Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneof_Ihadevermetbefore.A.them B.who C.whomD.these52.(09全国2)Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown,_wasveykindofhim.A.which B.that C.whereD.it53.(北京)-Whatdoyouthinkofteaching,Bob?-Ifinditfunandchallenging.Itisajob_youaredoingsomethingseriousbutinteresting.A.whereB.which C.whenD.that54.(09湖南)I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city _name will create a picture of beautiful treesand green grass in our mind.A.which B.of which C.that D.whose55.(09湖南)Guncontrolisasubject_Americanshavearguedforalongtime.A.ofwhichB.withwhichC.aboutwhich D.intowhich56.(09重庆)Lifeislikealongrace_wecompetewithotherstogobeyondourselves.A.why B.what C.that D.where57.(09山东)WheneverImether,_wasfairlyoften,shegreetedmewithasweetsmile.A.who B.which C.when D.that58.(09福建)Itshelplfultoputchildreninasituation_theycanseethemselvesdifferently.A.that B.when C.which D.where59.(09安徽)Many children, _parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village.A.their B.whose C.of them D.with whom60.(09天津)Aperson_e-mailaccountisfullwontbeabletosendorreceiveanye-mails.A.who B.whom C.whose D.whoever61.(09辽宁)Theyvewontheirlastthreematches,_Ifindabitsurprisingactually.A.that B.when C.what D.which62. (09浙江)I have reached a point in my life_I am supposed to make decisions of my own.A.which B.where C.how D.why63.(09四川) Shell never forget her stay there _she found her son who had gone missing twoyears before.A.that B.which C.where D.when64.(09江西)Thehouse_Igrewuphasbeentakendownandreplacedbyanofficebuilding.A.init B.in C.inthat D.inwhich65.(09海南) She brought with her three friends, none of _I had ever met before.A. them B. who C. whom D. these66.(08福建)Nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon.A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which67. (08陕西卷)The man pulled out a gold watch, _ were made of small diamonds.A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands ofC. which the hands of D. the hands of which68. (08重庆)They will fly to Washington, _ they plan to stay for two or three days.A. where B. there C. which D. when69. (08山东) Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with the kids.A. who B. which C. why D. when70. (08湖南)The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _ are beyond our control.A. most of themB. most of which C. most of what D. most of that71. (08北京)Ill give you my friends home address, _I can be reached most evenings.A. which B. when C. whom D. where72. (08安徽)All the neighbor admire this family. _the parents are treating their child like a friend.A. why B. where C. which D. that73. (08上海春)Villagers here depend on the fishing industry, _ there wont be much work.A. where B. that C. by which D. without which74. (08上海) For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _ New York is an example.A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which75. (08上海) We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which（三）三大从句之二：名词性从句I.知识重点1、掌握4种从句的基本句型结构；2、掌握各个连词的基本意义及用法II.知识呈现1、 名词性从句的用法从句类型用法分类说明例句主语从句在复合句中 作主句的主语由连词that引导在从句中不作成分, 无词汇意义That I was right is clearIts certain that he will come here 由连词whether引导起连词作用, 词义为“是否”Its unknown yet whether they will come todayWhether its true or not is unknown.由连接代词what引导在从句中充当主语、表语、宾语What surprised me most is that he had known it .What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality .由连接代词who, whom, which引导who在从句中作主语, whom作宾语, which作定语,主语,宾语(有范围)Who will teach us hasnt been told yet谁来教我们还没告诉呢。Which one is our teacher is unknown .哪一位是我们的老师还不知道。由连接副词when,where, why, how引导在从句中